Social connectedness, discrimination, and social status as mediators of acculturation/enculturation and well-being

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 86-96

  Yoon, Eunju ^a   Hacker, Jason ^a   Hewitt, Amber ^a   Abrams, Matthew ^a   Cleary, Sarah ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Acculturation; Discrimination; Enculturation; Social connectedness; Social status

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASIAN AMERICAN; CULTURAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; MIGRATION; MOTIVATION; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOMETRY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REPRODUCIBILITY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS; STUDENT; VALIDATION STUDY;

ACCULTURATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ASIAN AMERICANS; ASPIRATIONS (PSYCHOLOGY); EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PREJUDICE; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STUDENTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84860788863     PISSN: 00220167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0025366     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Abe-Kim, J., Okazaki, S., &Goto, S. G. (2001). Unidimensional versus multidimensional approaches to the assessment of acculturation for Asian American populations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 232-246. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.7.3.232
2. American Psychological Association, Task Force on Socioeconomic Status. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Status. Washington, DC: Author.
3. Araújo, B., &Borrell, L. (2006). Understanding the link between discrimination, life chances and mental health outcomes among Latinos. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28, 245-266. doi:10.1177/ 0739986305285825
4. Awad, G. H. (2010). The impact of acculturation and religious identification on perceived discrimination for Arab/Middle Eastern Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 59-67. doi: 10.1037/a0016675
5. Baron, R. M., &Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
6. Benner, A. D., &Kim, S. Y. (2009). Experiences of discrimination among Chinese American adolescents and the consequences for socioemotional and academic development. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1682-1694. doi:10.1037/a0016119
7. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
8. Berry, J. W. (1994). Acculturation and psychological adaptation: An overview. In A. Bouvy, F. J. R. Van de Vijver, P. Boski, &P. Schmitz (Eds.), Journeys into cross-cultural psychology (pp. 129-141). Berwyn, PA: Swets &Zeitlinger.
9. Birman, D., &Taylor-Ritzler, T. (2007). Acculturation and psychological distress among adolescent immigrants from the former Soviet Union: Exploring the mediating effect of family relationships. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 337-346. doi:10.1037/1099- 9809.13.4.337
10. Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., &Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
11. Brown, M. T., D'Agruma, H. D., Brown, A., Sia, A., Yamini-Diouf, Y., Porter, S., &Ruiz de Esparza, C. (2002, August). Differential status identity: Construct, measurement, and initial validation. Symposium presented at the 110th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
12. Brown, M. T., Fukunaga, C., Umemoto, D., &Wicker, L. (1996). Annual review, 1990-1996: Social class, work, and retirement behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 159-189. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1996.0039
13. Browne, M. W., &Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. BollenJ. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
14. Cook, B., Alegria, M., Lin, J. Y., &Guo, J. (2009). Pathways and correlates connecting Latinos' mental health with exposure to the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2247-2254. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2008.137091
15. David, E. J. R., Okazaki, S., &Saw, A. (2009). Bicultural self-efficacy among college students: Initial scale development and mental health correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 211-226. doi: 10.1037/a0015419
16. Dawson, B. A. (2009). Discrimination, stress, and acculturation among Dominican immigrant women. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 31, 96-111. doi:10.1177/0739986308327502
17. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., &Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
18. Eap, S., DeGarmo, D. S., Kawakami, A., Hara, S. N., Hall, G. C. N., &Teten, A. L. (2008). Culture and personality among European American and Asian American men, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 630-643. doi:10.1177/0022022108321310
19. Fouad, N. A., &Brown, M. T. (2000). The role of race and class in development: Implications for counseling psychology. In S. D. Brown &R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (3rd ed., pp. 379-408). New York, NY: Wiley.
20. Gee, G. C., Spencer, M. S., Chen, J., &Takeuchi, D. (2007). A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 7, 1275-1282. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.091827
21. Hu, L. T., &Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/ 10705519909540118
22. Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., &Liebkind, K. (2007). A structural model of acculturation and well-being among immigrants from the former USSR in Finland. European Psychologist, 12, 80 -92. doi:10.1027/1016- 9040.12.2.80
23. Jöreskog, K. G., &Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 8.80 for Windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
24. Juang, L. P., &Cookston, J. T. (2009). Acculturation, discrimination, and depressive symptoms among Chinese American adolescents: A longitudinal study. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 475-496. doi:10.1007/ s10935-009-0177-9
25. Kim, B. S. K., &Abreu, J. M. (2001). Acculturation measurement: Theory, current instruments, and future directions. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casa, L. Suzuki, &C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed., pp. 394-424). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
26. Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., &Umemoto, D. (2001). Asian cultural values and the counseling process: Current knowledge and directions for future research. The Counseling Psychologist, 29, 570 - 603. doi: 10.1177/0011000001294006
27. Kim, D., Sarason, B., &Sarason, I. (2006). Implicit social cognition and culture: Explicit and implicit psychological acculturation and distress of Korean-American young adults. Journal of Social &Clinical Psychology, 25, 1-32. doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.1.1
28. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principle and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
29. Kulis, S., Marsiglia, F. F., &Nieri, T. (2009). Perceived ethnic discrimination versus acculturation stress: Influences on substance use among Latino youth in the Southwest. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 443-459. doi:10.1177/002214650905000405
30. LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L. K., &Gerton, J. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 395-412. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.395
31. Lee, R. M. (2003). Do ethnic identity and other-group orientation protect against discrimination for Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 133-141. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.133
32. Lee, R. M. (2005). Resilience against discrimination: Ethnic identity and other-group orientation as protective factors for Korean Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 36 - 44. doi:10.1037/0022- 0167.52.1.36
33. Lee, R. M., Draper, M., &Lee, S. (2001). Social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress: Testing a mediator model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 310-318. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.48.3.310
34. Lee, R. M., Yoon, E., &Liu-Tom, H. T. (2006). Structure and measurement of acculturation/enculturation for Asian Americans using the ARSMA-II. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 39, 42-55.
35. Lent, R. W. (2004). Toward a unifying theoretical and practical perspective on well-being and psychosocial adjustment, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 482-509. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.482
36. Liu, W. M., Ali, S. R., Soleck, G., Hopps, J., Dunston, K., &Pickett, T., Jr. (2004). Using social class in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 3-18. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.3
37. Mallinckrodt, B., Abraham, W. T., Wei, M., &Russell, D. W. (2006). Advances in testing the statistical significance of mediation effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 372-378. doi:10.1037/0022- 0167.53.3.372
38. Miller, M. J. (2007). A bilinear multidimensional measurement model of Asian American acculturation and enculturation: Implications for counseling interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 118-131. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.2.118
39. Moradi, B., &Risco, C. (2006). Perceived discrimination experiences and mental health of Latina/o American persons. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 411-421. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.411
40. Mossakowski, K. (2003). Coping with perceived discrimination: Does ethnic identity protect mental health? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 318-331. doi:10.2307/1519782
41. Negy, C., Schwartz, S., &Reig-Ferrer, A. (2009). Violated expectations and acculturative stress among U.S. Hispanic immigrants. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 255-264. doi:10.1037/ a0015109
42. Negy, C., &Woods, D. J. (1992). A note on the relationship between acculturation and socioeconomic status. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 14, 248-251. doi:10.1177/07399863920142004
43. Noh, S., Beiser, M., Kaspar, V., Hou, F., &Rummens, J. (1999). Perceived racial discrimination, depression, and coping: A study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 193-207. doi:10.2307/2676348
44. Oishi, S., &Diener, E. (2001). Goals, culture, and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1674 -1682. doi: 10.1177/01461672012712010
45. Padilla, A. M. (2008). Social cognition, ethnic identity, and ethnic specific for coping with threat specific to prejudice and discrimination. In C. Willis-Esqueda (Ed.), Motivational aspects of race and prejudice (pp. 7-42). New York, NY: Springer.
46. Phinney, J. S. (1992). Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176. doi:10.1177/074355489272003
47. Ponterotto, J. G., Baluch, S., &Carielli, D. (1998). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA): Critique and research recommendations. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 31, 109-124.
48. Reitzel, L. R., Mazas, C. A., Cofta-Woerpel, L., Vidrine, J. I., Businelle, M. S., Kendzor, D. E., . . . Wetter, D. W. (2010). Acculturative and neighborhood influences on subjective social status among Spanishspeaking Latino immigrant smokers. Social Science &Medicine, 70, 677-683. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.024
49. Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., &Diener, E. (2002). Cultural influences on the relation between pleasant emotions and unpleasant emotions: Asian dialectic philosophies or individualism-collectivism. Cognition &Emotion, 16, 705-719. doi:10.1080/02699930143000590
50. Schimmack, U., Radhakrishnan, P., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V., &Ahadi, S. (2002). Culture, personality, and subjective well-being: Integrating process models of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 582-593. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.582
51. Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., &Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research. American Psychologist, 65, 237-251. doi:10.1037/a0019330
52. Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., &Jarvis, L. H. (2007). Ethnic identity and acculturation in Hispanic early adolescents: Mediated relationships to academic grades, prosocial behaviors, and externalizing symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 364-373. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.364
53. Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., &Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 302-317. doi:10.2307/1519781
54. Shen, B. J., &Takeuchi, D. T. (2001). A structural model of acculturation and mental health status among Chinese Americans. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 387- 418. doi:10.1023/A: 1010338413293
55. Shrout, P. E., &Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
56. Steiger, J. H., &Lind, J. C. (1980, May). Statiscally-based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual Spring meeting of the Pscyhometric Society, Iowa City, IA.
57. Sue, D. W. (2005). Racism and the conspiracy of silence: Presidential address. The Counseling Psychologist, 33, 100 -114. doi:10.1177/ 0011000004270686
58. Thompson, M. N., &Dahling, J. J. (2010). Image theory and career aspirations: Indirect and interactive effects of status-related variables. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 21-29. doi:10.1016/ j.jvb.2010.02.001
59. Thompson, M. N., &Subich, L. M. (2006). The relation of social status to the career decision-making process. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 289-301. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.04.008
60. Thompson, M. N., &Subich, L. M. (2007). Exploration and validation of the Differential Status Identity Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 15, 227-239. doi:10.1177/1069072706298155
61. Tsai, J. L., Ying, Y. W., &Lee, P. A. (2000). The meaning of "being Chinese" and "being American": Variation among Chinese American young adults. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 302-332. doi: 10.1177/0022022100031003002
62. U.S. Census Bureau. (2007). The American Community-Asians: 2004. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/acs-05.pdf
63. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
64. Ying, Y. W., Lee, P., &Tsai, J. (2000). Cultural orientation and racial discrimination: Predictors of coherence in Chinese American young adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 427-442. doi:10.1002/ 1520-6629(200007)28:4427::AID-JCOP53.0.CO;2-F
65. Yoo, H. C., &Lee, R. M. (2005). Ethnic identity and approach-type coping as moderators of the racial discrimination/well-being relation in Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 497-506. doi:10.1037/ 0022-0167.52.4.497
66. Yoo, H. C., &Lee, R. M. (2008). Does ethnic identity buffer or exacerbate the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational well-being of Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 63-74. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.63
67. Yoo, H. C., Steger, M. F., &Lee, R. M. (2010). Validation of the Subtle and Blatant Racism Scale for Asian American College Students (SABR-A2). Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 323-334. doi:10.1037/a0018674
68. Yoon, E. (2006). Acculturation, social connectedness, and subjective wellbeing (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
69. Yoon, E., Jung, K., Lee, R. M., &Felix-Mora, M. (2011). Validation of Social Connectedness in Mainstream and Ethnic Communities Scales. Manuscript submitted for publication.
70. Yoon, E., Langrehr, K., &Ong, L. (2011). Content analysis of acculturation research in counseling and counseling psychology: A 22- year review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 83-96. doi: 10.1037/a0021128
71. Yoon, E., &Lee, R. M. (2010). Importance of social connectedness as a moderator in Korean immigrants' subjective well-being. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1, 93-105. doi:10.1037/a0019964
72. Yoon, E., Lee, R. M., &Goh, M. (2008). Acculturation, social connectedness, and subjective well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 246-255. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.3.246
73. Yoon, E., Lee, D. Y., Koo, Y. R., &Yoo, S. K. (2010). A qualitative investigation of Korean immigrant women's lives. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 523-553. doi:10.1177/0011000009346993
74. Zea, M. C., Asner-Self, K. K., Birman, D., &Buki, L. P. (2003). The Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale: Empirical validation with two Latino/Latina samples. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 107-126. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.9.2.107