Sodium, potassium, and high blood pressure

ACSM's Health and Fitness Journal

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 13-21

  Martin, Thomas P ^a   Fischer, Anastasia N ^b  

^a WITTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular Disease; Dietary Reference Intakes; Health Care Costs; Nutrition; Salt

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860767741     PISSN: 10915397     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/01.FIT.0000414751.69007.b5     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Understanding blood pressure readings. [cited 2011 November 20]. Available from: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/ AboutHighBloodPressure/Understanding-Blood-Pressure-Readings-UCM-301764-Article. jsp.
2. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Why blood pressure matters. [cited 2011 November 20]. Available from: http://www.heart.org/ HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/WhyBloodPressureMatters/ Why-Blood-Pressure-Matters-UCM-002051-Article.jsp.
3. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Potassium and high blood pressure. [cited 2011 November 20]. Available from: http://www.heart.org/ HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/PreventionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/ Potassium-and-High-Blood-Pressure-UCM-303243-Article.jsp.
4. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:590Y9.
5. Bray GA, Vollmer WM, Sacks FM, et al. DASH Collaborative Research Group. A further subgroup analysis of the effects of DASH diet and three dietary sodium levels on blood pressure: results of the DASH-Sodium Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(2):222Y7.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Usual sodium intakes compared with current dietary guidelines V United States, 2005Y2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(41):1413Y7.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site [Internet]. Most Americans should consume less sodium. [cited 2011 November 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/salt/.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site [Internet]. Sodium: The facts. [cited 2011 November 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/salt/ pdfs/Sodium-Fact-Sheet.pdf.
9. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003; 289(19):2560Y72.
10. Chobanian AV. The hypertension paradox V more uncontrolled disease despite improved therapy. N Eng J Med. 2009;361:878Y87.
11. Dickinson KM, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Effects of a low-salt diet on flow-mediated dilatation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89: 485Y90.
12. He FJ, Marciniak M, Visagie E, et al. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure, urinary albumin, and pulse wave velocity in White, Black, and Asian mild hypertensives. Hypertension. 2009; 54(3):482Y8.
13. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2011;378(9789):380Y2.
14. Institute of Medicine. A Population-Based Policy and Systems Change Approach to Prevent and Control Hypertension. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2010. 236 p.
15. Institute of Medicine. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2010. 506 p.
16. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2005. 640 p.
17. Liebson PR, Grandits G, Prineas R, et al. Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular structure among 844 mildly hypertensive men and women in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation. 1993;87:476Y86.
18. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics V 2009 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):480Y6.
19. Mattes RD, Donnelly D. Relative contributions of dietary sodium sources. J Am Coll Nutr. 1991;10(4):383Y93.
20. Moyer MW. It's time to end the war on salt. Scientific American, July 8, 2011 [cited 2011 November 20]. Available from: http://www.scientificamerican. com/article.cfm?id=its-time-to-end-the-war-on-salt.
21. National Restaurant Association Web site [Internet]. Facts at a glance: 2011 restaurant industry overview. [cited 2011 November 20]. Available from: http://www.restaurant.org/research/facts.
22. Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD, editors. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2006. 560 p.
23. Palar K, Sturm R. Potential societal savings from reduced sodium consumption in the U.S. adult population. Am J Health Prom. 2009;24(1):49Y57.
24. Reilly CM, Frediani J, Clark P, et al. Heart failure patients may have trouble following low-sodium diets, paper presented at the American Heart Association's 10th Scientific Forum on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research in Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke. Washington DC, April 25, 2009, abstract 235.
25. Sondik EJ. Focus area 19: nutrition and overweight progress review. National Center for Health Statistics, April 3, 2008. [cited 2011 November 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy-people/hp2010/focus-areas/fa19- nutrition2.htm.
26. Taylor RS, Ashton KE, Moxham T, Hooper L, Ebrahim S. Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Cochrane Review). Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:843Y53.
27. Teucher B, Dainty JR, Spinks CA, et al. Sodium and bone health: Impact of moderately high and low salt intakes on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Bone and Miner Res. 2008;23(9): 1477Y85.
28. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Beltsville, MD: USDA; May 2010, p. 445. Available from: http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DGAs2010-DGACReport. htm.
29. U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA unveils critical upgrades to nutritional standards for school meals. News Release No. 0010.11, January 13, 2010. Available from: http://www.usda.gov.
30. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. Nutrition and Weight Status, NWS-19. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010. Available from: http://www.healthypeople.gov.
31. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. DASH eating plan: Lower your blood pressure. NIH publication No. 06-4082; 1998, revised April 2006, p. 56. Available from: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/new-dash. pdf.
32. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287(8):1003Y10.
33. Verhave JC, Hillege HL, Burgerhof JGM, et al. Sodium intake affects urinary albumin excretion especially in overweight subjects. J Intern Med. 2004;256:324Y30.
34. Yang Q, Liu T, Kuklina EV, et al. Sodium and potassium intake and mortality among US adults: Prospective data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(13):1183Y91.