Specificity of fear and disgust experienced during traumatic interpersonal victimization in predicting posttraumatic stress and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 590-598

  Badour, Christal L ^a   Bown, Stephanie ^a   Adams, Thomas G ^a   Bunaciu, Liviu ^a   Feldner, Matthew T ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^b LAUREATE INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Disgust; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Posttraumatic stress disorder

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISGUST; EMOTION; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MOOD; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREDICTION; PSYCHOTRAUMA; SYMPTOM; TRAUMATIC INTERPERSONAL VICTIMIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; CRIME VICTIMS; EMOTIONS; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OBSESSIVE BEHAVIOR; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 84860642382     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: 18737897     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.03.001     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Adams T.G., Willems J.L., Bridges A.J. Contamination aversion and repeated exposure to disgusting stimuli. Anxiety Stress and Coping: An International Journal 2011, 24:157-165.
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1994, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
3. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed. text revision.
4. Andrews B. Methodological and definitional issues in shame research. Shame: interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture 1998, 39-54. Oxford University Press, New York. P. Gilbert, B. Andrews (Eds.).
5. Andrews B., Brewin C.R., Rose S., Kirk M. Predicting PTSD symptoms in victims of violent crime: the role of shame, anger, and childhood abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2000, 109:69-73.
6. Badour C.L., Feldner M.T., Babson K.A., Smith R.C., Blumenthal H., Trainor C.D., et al. Differential emotional responding to ideographic cues of traumatic interpersonal violence compared to non-interpersonal traumatic experiences. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 2011, 2:400-417.
7. Badour C.L., Feldner M.T., Blumenthal H., Bujarski S.J., Leen-Feldner E.W., Babson K.A. Specificity of peritraumatic fear in predicting panic-relevant reactivity to a biological challenge among traumatic event-exposed adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2011, 42:427-438.
8. Barret K.C., Zahn-Waxler C., Cole P.M. Avoiders versus amenders: implications for the investigation of guilt and shame during toddlerhood?. Cognition and Emotion 1993, 7:481-505.
9. Beike D., Olatunji B.O., Armstrong T., Ciesielski B.G., Bondy C., Broman-Fulks J. Incremental specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: cross-sectional and prospective approaches. Experimental Psychiatry 2009, 40:533-543.
10. Berle D., Starcevic V., Brakoulias V., Sammut P., Milicevic D., Hannan A., et al. Disgust propensity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: cross-sectional and prospective relationships. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2012, 43:656-663.
11. Blake D.D., Weathers F.W., Nagy L.M., Kaloupek D.G., Gusman F.D., Charney D.S., et al. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1995, 8:75-90.
12. Bonanno G.A., Keltner D., Noll J.G., Putnam F.W., Trickett P.K., LeJeune J., et al. When the face reveals what the words do not: facial expressions of emotion, smiling and the willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:94-110.
13. Boudreaux E., Kilpatrick D.G., Resnick H.S., Best C.L., Saunders B.E. Criminal victimization, posttraumatic stress disorder, and comorbid psychopathology among a community sample of women. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1998, 11:665-678.
14. Bovin M.J., Marx B.P. The importance of the peritraumatic experience in defining traumatic stress. Psychological Bulletin 2011, 137:47-67.
15. Brady R.E., Adams T.G., Lohr J.M. Disgust in contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review and model. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2010, 10:1295-1305.
16. Breslau N., Kessler R.C. The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: an empirical investigation. Biological Psychiatry 2001, 50:699-704.
17. Brewin C.R., Andrews B., Rose S. Fear, helplessness and horror in posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating DSM-IV criterion A2 in victims of violent crime. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2000, 13:499-509.
18. Broman-Fulks J.J., Ruggiero K.J., Green B.A., Smith D.W., Hanson R.F., Kilpatrick D.G., et al. The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2009, 22:146-152.
19. Brown T.A., Campbell L.A., Lehman C.L., Grisham G.R., Mancill R.B. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2001, 110:585-599.
20. Brown T.A., Chorpita B.F., Barlow D.H. Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1998, 107:179-192.
21. Calamari J.E., Rector N.A., Woodard J.L., Cohen R.J., Chik H.M. Anxiety sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Assessment 2008, 15:351-363.
22. Cisler J.M., Olatunji B.O., Lohr J.M. Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review 2008, 29:34-46.
23. Cisler J.M., Reardon J.M., Williams N.L., Lohr J.M. Anxiety sensitivity and disgust sensitivity interact to predict contamination fears. Personality and Individual Differences 2007, 42:935-946.
24. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed.
25. Cohen J., Cohen P. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences 1975, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
26. Creamer M., McFarlane A.C., Burgess P. Psychopathology following trauma: the role of subjective experience. Journal of Affective Disorders 2005, 86:175-182.
27. Davey G.C.L. Disgust. Encyclopedia of human behavior 1994, San Diego Press, San Diego, CA. V.S. Ramachandran (Ed.).
28. Deacon B., Abramowitz J. Anxiety sensitivity and its dimensions across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2006, 20:837-857.
29. Deacon B., Olatunji B.O. Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45:2110-2120.
30. de Silva P., Marks M. Traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Review of Psychiatry 2001, 13:172-180.
31. Elliott C.M., Radomsky A.S. Analyses of mental contamination: Part 1, experimental manipulations of morality. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2009, 47:995-1003.
32. Engelhard I.M., Olatunji B.O., de Jong P.J. Disgust and the development of posttraumatic stress among soldiers deployed to Afghanistan. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2010, 25:58-63.
33. Fairbrother N., Rachman S. Feelings of mental pollution subsequent to sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42:173-189.
34. Feldner M.T., Frala J., Badour C., Leen-Feldner E.W., Olatunji B.O. An empirical test of the association between disgust and sexual assault. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 2010, 3:11-22.
35. Finucane A.M., Dima A., Ferreira N., Halvorsen M. Basic emotion profiles in health, chronic pain, depressed and PTSD individuals. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2012, 19:14-24.
36. Foa E.B., Huppert J.D., Leiberg S., Langner R., Kichic R., Hajcak G., et al. The obsessive-compulsive inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychotherapy Research 2002, 16:12-25.
37. Foa E.B., Kozak M.J. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin 1986, 99:20-35.
38. Fontenelle L.F., Nascimento A.L., Mendiowicz M.V., Shavitt R.G., Versiani M. An update on the pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2007, 8:563-583.
39. Foy D.W., Sipprelle R.C., Rueger D.B., Carroll E.M. Etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: analysis of premilitary, military, and combat exposure influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1984, 52:79-87.
40. Gershuny B.S., Baer L., Jenike M.A., Minichiello W.E., Wilhelm S. Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: impact on treatment outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002, 159:852-854.
41. Gershuny B.S., Baer L., Parker H., Gentes E.L., Infield A.L., Jenike M.A. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety 2008, 25:67-71.
42. Gershuny B.S., Baer L., Radomsky A.S., Wilson K.A., Jenike M.A. Connections among symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a case series. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2003, 41:1029-1041.
43. Gilboa-Schechtman E., Foa E.B. Patterns of recover from trauma: the use of intraindividual analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2001, 110:392-400.
44. Haynes S.N., Lench H.C. Incremental validity of new clinical assessment measures. Psychological Assessment 2003, 15:456-466.
45. Huppert J.D., Moser J.S., Gershuny B.S., Riggs D.S., Spokas M., Filip J., et al. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2005, 19:127-136.
46. Jung K., Steil R. The feeling of being contaminated in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse and its treatment via a two-session program of cognitive restructuring and imagery modification: a case study. Behavior Modification 2012, 36:67-86.
47. Keane T.M., Zimering R.T., Caddell J.M. A behavioral formulation of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behavior Therapist 1985, 8:9-12.
48. Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-627.
49. Kilpatrick D.G., Acierno R. Mental health needs of crime victims: epidemiology and outcomes. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2003, 16:119-132.
50. Krinsley K.E., Gallagher J.G., Weathers F.W., Kutter C.J., Kaloupek D.G. Consistency of retrospective reporting about exposure to traumatic events. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2003, 16:399-409.
51. Lancaster S.L., Melka S.E., Rodriguez B.F. Emotional predictors of PTSD symptoms. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy 2011, 3:313-317.
52. Lang A.J., Kennedy C.M., Stein M.B. Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD among female victims of intimate partner violence. Depression and Anxiety 2002, 16:77-83.
53. Lawrence N.S., An S.K., Mataix-Cols D., Ruths F., Speckens A., Phillips M.L. Neural responses to facial expressions of disgust but not fear are modulated by washing symptoms in OCD. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 61:1072-1080.
54. Mason E.C., Richardson R. Looking beyond fear: the extinction of other emotions implicated in anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2010, 24:63-70.
55. McKay D. Treating disgust reactions in contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2006, 37:53-59.
56. Mitte K. Trait-disgust vs fear of contamination and the judgmental bias of contamination concerns. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2008, 39:577-586.
57. Mohlman J., Zinbarg R.E. The structure and correlates of anxiety sensitivity in older adults. Psychological Assessment 2000, 12:440-446.
58. Monson C.M., Price J.L., Rodriquez B.F., Ripley M.P., Warner R.A. Emotional deficits in military-related PTSD: an investigation of content and process disturbances. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2004, 17:275-279.
59. Moraes E.C., Torresan R.C., Trench E.V., Torres A.R. A possible case of posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2008, 30:291.
60. Moretz M.W., McKay D. Disgust sensitivity as a predictor of obsessive-compulsive contamination symptoms and associated cognitions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2008, 22:707-715.
61. Muris P., Mayer B., Huijding J., Konings T. A dirty animal is a scary animal! Effects of disgust-related information on fear beliefs in children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2008, 46:137-144.
62. O'Brien R.M. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality and Quantity 2007, 41:673-690.
63. Olatunji B.O. Changes in disgust correspond with changes in symptoms of contamination-based OCD: a prospective examination of specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2010, 24:313-317.
64. Olatunji B.O., Babson K.A., Smith R.C., Feldner M.T., Connolly K.M. Gender as a moderator of the relation between PTSD and disgust: a laboratory test employing individualized script-driven imagery. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009, 23:1091-1097.
65. Olatunji B.O., Cisler J., McKay D., Phillips M.L. Is disgust associated with psychopathology? Emerging research in anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research 2010, 175:1-10.
66. Olatunji B.O., Elwood L., Williams N., Lohr J.M. Feelings of mental pollution and PTSD symptoms in victims of sexual assault. The mediating role of trauma-related cognitions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2008, 22:37-47.
67. Olatunji B.O., Forsyth J.P., Cherian A. Evaluative conditioning of disgust: a sticky form of relational learning that is resistant to extinction. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2007, 21:820-834.
68. Olatunji B.O., Lohr J.M., Sawchuk C.N., Tolin D.F. Multimodal assessment of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45:263-276.
69. Olatunji B.O., Tart C.D., Ciesielski B.G., McGrath P.B., Smits J.A.J. Specificity of disgust vulnerability in the distinction and treatment of OCD. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2010, 45:1236-1242.
70. Olatunji B.O., Wolitzky-Taylor K.B., Willems J., Lohr J.M., Armstrong T. Differential habituation of fear and disgust during repeated exposure to threat-relevant stimuli in contamination-based OCD: an analogue study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2009, 23:118-123.
71. Osman A., Gutierrez P.M., Smith K., Fang Q., Lozano G., Devine A. The anxiety sensitivity index-3: analyses of dimensions, reliability estimates, and correlates in nonclinical samples. Journal of Personality Assessment 2010, 92:45-52.
72. Overton P.G., Markland F.E., Taggart H.S., Bagshaw G.L., Simpson J. Self-disgust mediates the relationship between dysfunctional cognitions and depressive symptomatology. Emotion 2008, 8:379-385.
73. Peles E., Adelson M., Schreiber S. Association of OCD with a history of traumatic events among patients in methadone maintenance treatment. CNS Spectrums 2009, 14:547-554.
74. Petrak J., Doyle A., Williams L., Buchan L., Forster G. The psychological impact of sexual assault: a study of female attenders of a sexual health psychology service. Sexual and Marital Therapy 1997, 12:339-345.
75. Phillips M.I., Marks I.M., Senior C., Lythgoe D., O'Dwyer A.M., ...McGuire P.K. A differential neural response in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with washing compared with checking symptoms of disgust. Psychological Medicine 2000, 30:1037-1050.
76. Pitman R.K., Orr S.P. The black hole of trauma. Biological Psychiatry 1990, 27:469-471.
77. Power M., Dalgleish T. Cognition and emotion: from order to disorder 1997, Psychology Press, East Sussex, UK.
78. Rasmussen S.A., Tsuang M.T. Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1986, 143:317-322.
79. Resick P.A., Schnicke M.K. Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992, 60:748-756.
80. Resnick H.S., Kilpatrick D.G., Dansky B.S., Saunders B.E., Best C.L. Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993, 61:984-991.
81. Roemer L., Orsillo S.M., Borkovec T.D., Litz B.T. Emotional response at the time of a potentially traumatizing event and PTSD symptomatology: a preliminary retrospective analysis of the DSM-IV Criterion A-2. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1998, 29:123-130.
82. Rozin P., Fallon A.E. A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review 1987, 94:23-41.
83. Rüsch N., Schulz D., Valerius G., Steil R., Bohus M., Schmahl C. Disgust and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. European Archives of Clinical Neuroscience 2011, 261:369-376.
84. Ruscio A.M., Ruscio J., Keane T.M. The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: a taxometric investigation of reactions to extreme stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:290-301.
85. Sasson Y., Dekel S., Nacasch N., Chopra M., Zinger Y., Amital D., et al. Posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case series. Psychiatry Research 2005, 35:145-152.
86. Saunders B.E., Villeponteaux L.A., Lipovsky J.A., Kilpatrick D.G., Veronen L.J. Child sexual assault as a risk factor for mental disorders among women: a community study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1992, 7:189-204.
87. Schnurr P.P., Spiro A., Vielhauer M.J., Findler M.N., Hamblen J.L. Trauma in the lives of older men: findings form the Normative Aging Study. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology 2002, 8:175-187.
88. Sechrest L. Incremental validity: a recommendation. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1963, 23:153-158.
89. Shin L.M., McNally R.J., Kosslyn S.M., Thompson W.L., Rauch S.L., Alpert N.M., et al. Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: a PET investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:575-584.
90. Simpson J., Hillman R., Crawford T., Overton P.G. Self-esteem and self-disgust both mediate the relationship between dysfunctional cognitions and depressive symptoms. Motivation and Emotion 2010, 34:399-406.
91. Solomon Z., Bleich A., Koslowsky M., Kron S., Lerer B., Waysman M. Post-traumatic stress disorder: issues of co-morbidity. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1991, 25:89-94.
92. Southwick S.M., Krystal J.H., Bremner J.D., Nicolaon A.L., Nagy L.M., Johnson D.R., et al. Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997, 54:749-758.
93. Stein D.J., Liu Y., Shapira N.A., Goodman W.K. The psychobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: how important is the role of disgust?. Current Psychiatry Reports 2001, 3:281-287.
94. Steketee G.S., Grayson J.B., Foa E.B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: differences between washers and checkers. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1985, 23:197-201.
95. Taylor S. Anxiety sensitivity and its implications for understanding and treating PTSD. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2003, 17:179-186.
96. Taylor S., Zvolensky M.J., Cox B.J., Deacon B., Heimberg R.G., Ledley D.R., et al. Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity-3. Psychological Assessment 2007, 19:176-188.
97. Tolin D.F., Woods C.M., Abramowitz J.S. Disgust sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2006, 37:30-40.
98. Ulrich O., Maercker A. Posttraumatic anger in crime victims: directed at the perpetrator and at the self. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2009, 22:158-161.
99. van Overveld W.J.M., de Jong P.J., Peters M.L., Cavanagh K., Davey G.C.L. Disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: separate constructs that are differentially related to specific fears. Personality and Individual Differences 2006, 41:1241-1252.
100. Watson D. Mood and temperament 2000, The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
101. Watson D., Clark L.A., Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 54:1063-1070.
102. Weathers F.W., Keane T.M., Davidson J.R. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: a review of the first ten years of research. Depression and Anxiety 2001, 13:132-156.
103. Weathers F.W., Ruscio A.M., Keane T.M. Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychological Assessment 1999, 11:124-133.
104. Woody S.R., Teachman B.A. Intersection of disgust and fear: normative and pathological views. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2000, 7:291-311.