Do fiber-reinforced polymer composites provide environmentally benign alternatives? A life-cycle-assessment-based study

MRS Bulletin

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 374-382

  Duflou, Joost R ^a   Deng, Yelin ^a   Van Acker, Karel ^a   Dewulf, Wim ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b Associatie KULeuven   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Composite; Environmentally benign; Polymer; Steel; Sustainability sustainable development

Indexed keywords

COMPLETE PRODUCTS; END OF LIVES; ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN; FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES; LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENTS; MATERIAL PROPERTY;

COMPOSITE MATERIALS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; LIFE CYCLE; STEEL;

POLYMERS;

COMPOSITES; POLYMERS; SERVICE LIFE; STEEL; SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT;

EID: 84860511022     PISSN: 08837694     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2012.33     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. D.L. Chung, Composite Materials: Science and Applications (Springer, New York, ed. 2, 2010).
2. R.D. Anandjiwala, S. Blouw, J. Nat. Fibers 4, 91 (2007).
3. A.N. Netravali, S. Chabba, Mater. Today 6, 22 (2003).
4. F. Vilaplana, E. Strömberg, S. Karlsson, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 2147 (2010).
5. D. Kellenberger, H.-J. Althaus, N. Jungbluth, T. Kunniger, M. Lehmann, P. Thalmann, Life Cycle Inventories of Building Products (Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 2007).
6. A. Subic, A. Mouritz, O. Troynikov, Sports Technol. 2, 67 (2009).
7. J. Takahashi, H. Zushi, T. Suzuki, H. Nagai, K. Kageyama, H. Yoshinari, in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on EcoBalance (Society of Non-Traditional Technology, Tsukuba, Japan, 2002), pp. 259-262.
8. S. Das, Int. J. Life Cycle Assessment 16, 268 (2011).
9. LCI values of carbon fi ber (Japan Carbon Fiber Manufacturers Association, Tokyo, Japan, 2009).
10. V. Khanna, B.R. Bakshi, L.J. Lee, in Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (IEEE, New York, 2007), pp. 128-133.
11. A. Dowling, R. Clift, N. Grobert, D. Hutton, R. Oliver, O. O'Neill, J. Pethica, N. Pidgeon, J. Porritt, J. Ryan, Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, London, 2004).
12. M.J. John, S. Thomas, Carbohydr. Polym. 71, 343 (2008).
13. A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, G. Hinrichsen, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 276-277, 1 (2000).
14. P. Wambua, J. Ivens, I. Verpoest, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 1259 (2003).
15. H. Liu, F. Xie, L. Yu, L. Chen, L. Li, Prog. Polym. Sci. 34, 1348 (2009).
16. L. Avérous, P.J. Halley, Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefi n. 3, 329 (2009).
17. A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal, Eds. Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites (Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2005).
18. K. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, Polym. Test. 21, 433 (2002).
19. J.C. Ronda, G. Lligadas, M. Galià, V. Cádiz, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 113, 46 (2011).
20. Y. Lu, R.C. Larock, ChemSusChem 2, 136 (2009).
21. D.D. Andjelkovic, M. Valverde, P. Henna, F. Li, R.C. Larock, Polymer 46, 9674 (2005).
22. M. Sacristán, J.C. Ronda, M. Galià, V. Cádiz, Polymer 51, 6099 (2010).
23. Y. Xia, R.C. Larock, Green Chem. 12, 1893 (2010).
24. M. Galià, L.M. de Espinosa, J.C. Ronda, G. Lligadas, V. Cádiz, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 112, 87 (2010).
25. V. Sharma, P.P. Kundu, Prog. Polym. Sci. 33, 1199 (2008).
26. P. Czub, Polym. Adv. Technol. 20, 194 (2009).
27. M.A.J. Huijbregts, L.J.A. Rombouts, S. Hellweg, R. Frischknecht, A.J. Hendriks, D. van de Meent, A.M.J. Ragas, L. Reijnders, J. Struijs, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 641 (2005).
28. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN Document FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1, Decision 1/CP.3, Annex 7, United Nations, New York, 1997).
29. M. Goedkoop, R. Heijungs, M. Huijbregts, A. De Schryver, J. Struijs, R. van Zelm, ReCiPe 2008, A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level. Report I: Characterisation (VROM, The Hague, The Netherlands, 2009).
30. Y.S. Song, J.R. Youn, T.G. Gutowski, Composites A 40, 1257 (2009).
31. V. Khanna, B.R. Bakshi, L.J. Lee, in Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (IEEE, New York, 2008), pp. 1-6.
32. T. Corbière-Nicollier, B.G. Laban, L. Lundquist, Y. Leterrier, J.A.E. Månson, O. Jolliet, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 33, 267 (2001).
33. T. Suzuki, T. Odai, R. Hukui, J. Takahashi, paper presented at the International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment 2005, San Jose, Costa Rica, 25-28 April 2005.
34. P. Puri, P. Compston, V. Pantano, Int. J. Life Cycle Assessment 14, 420 (2009).
35. J. Diener, U. Siehler, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 272, 1 (1999).
36. O. De Vegt, W. Haije, Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Composite Materials (Report ECN-I-97-050, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands, 1997).
37. S.M. Luz, A. Caldeira-Pires, P.M.C. Ferrão, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54, 1135 (2010).
38. R.A. Daniel, paper presented at Lightweight Bridge Decks: European Bridge Engineering Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 27-28 March 2003.
39. K. Wötzel, R. Wirth, M. Flake, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 272, 121 (1999).
40. M. Pietrini, L. Roes, M.K. Patel, E. Chiellini, Biomacromolecules 8, 2210 (2007).
41. T. Suzuki, J. Takahashi, in 9th Japan International SAMPE Symposium & Exhibition (JISSE-9) (SAMPE-Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 2005), pp. 14-19.
42. M. Patel, Energy 28, 721 (2003).
43. I. Boustead, Eco-profi les of the European Plastics Industry (Association of Polymer Manufacturers in Europe, Brussels, Belgium, 2005).
44. Ecolizer 2.0 (Openbare Vlaamse Afvalstoffenmaatschappij, Mechelen, Belgium, 2003-2011).
45. H. Kindler, A. Nikles, Kunststoffe 70, 802 (1980).
46. Environmental Production Declaration (EPD). MATER-BI NF Type: Biodegradable Plastic Pellets for Films, (Novamont, Novara, Italy, 2001).
47. E.T.H. Vink, S. Davies, J.J. Kolstad, Ind. Biotechnol. 6, 212 (2010).
48. T.U. Gerngross, Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 541 (1999).
49. M. Akiyama, T. Tsuge, Y. Doi, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 80, 183 (2003).
50. S. Kim, B. Dale, Int. J. Life Cycle Assessment 10, 200 (2005).
51. A. Diehlmann, G. Kreisel, Ökologische Bilanzierung ausgewählter Lackrohstoffe: Vergleich von Bindemitteln auf nativer und petrochemischer Basis (Jena University, Jena, Germany, 2000).
52. S. González-García, A. Hospido, G. Feijoo, M. Moreira, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54, 923 (2010).
53. L. Shen, M. Patel, J. Polym. Environ. 16, 154 (2008).
54. J.E.G.V. Dam, H.L. Bos, The Environmental Impact of Fibre Crops in Industrial Applications (Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 2004).
55. S.M. Schexnayder, S. Das, R. Dhingra, J.G. Overly, B.E. Tonn, J.H. Peretz, G. Waidley, G.A. Davis, Environmental Evaluation of New Generation Vehicles and Vehicle Components (Report ORNL/TM-2001-266, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 2001).
56. J. Kasai, JSAE Rev. 20, 387 (1999).
57. Sustainability of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics-An Assessment Based on Selected Examples of Application (Industrievereinigung Verstärkte Kunststoffe e.V., Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2010).
58. D. Codd, Advanced, Lightweight Materials Development and Technology for Increasing Vehicle Effi ciency (KVA Incorporated, Escondido, CA, 2008).
59. S. Das, The Cost of Automotive Polymer Composites: A Review and Assessment of DOE's Lightweight Materials Composites Research (Report ORNL/TM-2000/283, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 2001).
60. J. Batchelor, Mater. Des. 2, 172 (1981).
61. P. Noury, B. Hayman, D. McGeorge, J. Weitzenböck, paper presented at the 37th Western Europe Graduate Education Marine Technology Summer School, Madrid, Spain, 11-15 November 2002.
62. D. Gay, Composite Materials: Design and Applications (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003).
63. B. Dahlke, H. Larbig, H.D. Scherzer, R. Poltrock, J. Cell. Plast. 34, 361 (1998).
64. T.G. Schuh, Renewable Materials for Automotive Applications (Daimler-Chrysler AG, Stuttgart, Germany, 2000).
65. L.T. Drzal, paper presented at the 2001 SPE Automotive Composites Conference, Troy, MI, 19-20 September 2001.
66. R. Joffe, L. Wallström, L. Berglund, paper presented at the International Scientifi c Colloquium "Modelling for Saving Resources," Riga, Latvia, 17-18 May 2001.
67. M. Pervaiz, M.M. Sain, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 288, 553 (2003).
68. M.G. Kamath, G.S. Bhat, D.V. Parikh, D. Mueller, Int. Nonwovens J. 14 (1), 34 (2005).
69. J. Holbery, D. Houston, JOM 58, 80 (2006).
70. E. Mangino, J. Carruthers, G. Pitarresi, Int. J. Vehicle Des. 44, 211 (2007).
71. B. Svennerstedt, paper presented at the 9th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, Brisbane, Australia, 17-21 March 2002.
72. S.V. Joshi, L. Drzal, A. Mohanty, S. Arora, Composites A 35, 371 (2004).
73. F. Stodolsky, A. Vyas, R. Cuenca, paper presented at the Second World Car Conference, Riverside, CA, 22-24 January 1995.
74. I. Verpoest, T.C. Thanh, S. Lomov, in 9th Japan International SAMPE Symposium & Exhibition (JISSE-9) (SAMPE-Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 2005), pp. 56-61.
75. TECABS: Technologies for Carbon Fibre Reinforced Modular Automotive Body Structures (Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium), www.mtm. kuleuven. be/Onderzoek/ Composites/projects/fi nished-projects/(accessed January 2012).
76. A.B. Lovins, D.R. Cramer, Int. J. Vehicle Des. 35, 50 (2004).
77. P.S. Castellan, I. Blanc, M.G. Ferrier, B. Caber, M. Wakeman, J.A. Manson, D. Emery, S.H. Han, J. Hong, O. Jolliet., Int. J. Life Cycle Assessment 14, 429 (2009).
78. C. Souris, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 412, 171 (2005).
79. K. Olofsson, G. Arnestad, A. Lönnö, A. Hedlund- Åström, T. Jansson, M. Hjortberg, paper presented at 13th European Conference of Composite Materials (ECCM-13), Stockholm, Sweden, 2-5 June 2008.
80. I. Stenius, A. Rosén, J. Kuttenkeuler, Mar. Struct. 24, 43 (2011).
81. D. Malen, K. Reddy, Preliminary Vehicle Mass Estimation Using Empirical Subsystem Infl uence Coeffi cients (Auto/Steel Partnership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 2007).
82. T.C. Moore, paper presented at the 13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS-13), Osaka, Japan, 13-16 October 1996.
83. M. Bertram, K. Buxmann, P. Furrer, Int. J. Life Cycle Assessment 14, 62 (2009).
84. L. Scelsi, M. Bonner, A. Hodzic, C. Souris, C. Wilson, R. Scaife, K. Ridgway, eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 5, 209 (2011).
85. H. Helms, U. Lambrecht, Energy Saving by Light-Weighting II (Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Germany, 2004).
86. Y. Leterrier, in Comprehensive Composite Materials, K. Anthony, Z. Carl, Eds. (Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2000), pp. 1073-1102.
87. A. Hedlund-Aström, Model for End of Life Treatment of Polymer Composite Materials (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005).
88. J.R. Dufl ou, J. De Moor, I. Verpoest, W. Dewulf, CIRP Ann. 58, 9 (2009).
89. A Report on the Environmental Benefi ts of Recycling-A Critical Review of the Data for Steel (Bureau of International Recycling, Brussels, Belgium, 2010).
90. A Report on the Environmental Benefi ts of Recycling-A Critical Review of the Data for Aluminum (Bureau of International Recycling, Brussels, Belgium, 2010).
91. Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on landfi ll of waste, in Offi cial Journal L 182, 16/07/1999 (European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 1999).
92. G. Tchobanoglous, H. Theisen, S. Vigil, Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993).
93. S.J. Pickering, Composites A 37, 1206 (2006).
94. S. Pimenta, S.T. Pinho, Waste Manage. 31, 378 (2011).
95. J. Takahashi, N. Matsutsuka, T. Okazumi, K. Uzawa, I. Ohsawa, K. Yamaguchi, A. Kitano, in 10th Japan International SAMPE Symposium & Exhibition (JISSE-10) (SAMPE-Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 2007). pp. 8-11.
96. R. Derosa, E. Telfeyan, J.S. Mayes, J. Thermoplastic Composite Mater. 18, 219 (2005).
97. J.D. Diniz Melo, E.A. Dos Santos, J. Reinforced Plastics Composites 28, 2459 (2009).
98. J. Palmer, Ph.D. thesis, University of Exeter, Exeter, Exeter, U.K., 2009.
99. L.O. Meyer, K. Schulte, E. Grove-Nielsen, J. Compos. Mater. 43, 1121 (2009).
100. J. Gañan, J.F. González, C.M. González-García, E.M. Cuerda-Correa, A. Macías-García, Bioresour. Technol. 97, 711 (2006).
101. W. Dang, M. Kubouchi, H. Sembokuya, K. Tsuda, Polymer 46, 1905 (2005).
102. C.-K. Lee, Y.-K. Kim, P. Pruitichaiwiboon, J.-S. Kim, K.-M. Lee, C.-S. Ju, Transp. Res. D 15, 197 (2010).
103. E. Lester, S. Kingman, K.H. Wong, C. Rudd, S. Pickering, N. Hilal, Mater. Res. Bull. 39, 1549 (2004).
104. J.P. Heil, M.J. Hall, D.R. Litzenberger, R. Clearfi eld, J.J. Cuomo, P.E. George, W.L. Carberry, paper presented at SAMPE '09, Baltimore, MD, 18-21 May 2009.
105. A.M. Cunliffe, N. Jones, P.T. Williams, Environ. Technol. 24, 653 (2003).
106. G. Jiang, S.J. Pickering, G.S. Walker, K.H. Wong, C.D. Rudd, Appl. Surf. Sci. 254, 2588 (2008).
107. K.H. Wong, S.J. Pickering, T.A. Turner, N.A. Warrior, paper presented at Composites Innovation 2007-Improved Sustainability and Environmental Performance, Barcelona, Spain, 4-5 October 2007.
108. V. Srebrenkoska, G.B. Gaceva, M. Avella, M.E. Errico, G. Gentile, Polym. Int. 57, 1252 (2008).
109. A. Le Duigou, I. Pillin, A. Bourmaud, P. Davies, C. Baley, Composites A 39, 1471 (2008).
110. A. Bourmaud, C. Baley, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 1034 (2007).
111. G. Marsh, Mater. Today 6, 36 (2003).
112. F.P. La Mantia, M. Morreale, Composites A 42, 579 (2011).
113. R.P. Singh, J.K. Pandey, D. Rutot, P. Degée, P. Dubois, Carbohydr. Res. 338, 1759 (2003).
114. C.R. di Franco, V.P. Cyras, J.P. Busalmen, R.A. Ruseckaite, A. Vázquez, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 86, 95 (2004).
115. D. Plackett, T. Løgstrup Andersen, W. Batsberg Pedersen, L. Nielsen, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 1287 (2003).
116. R. Kumar, M. Yakubu, R. Anandjiwala, eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 4, 423 (2010).
117. N.M. Barkoula, S.K. Garkhail, T. Peijs, Ind. Crops Prod. 31, 34 (2010).
118. G.R. Saad, H. Seliger, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 83, 101 (2004).
119. T. Ohkita, S.-H. Lee, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100, 3009 (2006).
120. L. Yu, K. Dean, L. Li, Prog. Polym. Sci. 31, 576 (2006).
121. A. Kapanen, M. Itävaara, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 49, 1 (2001).
122. R. Jayasekara, S. Sheridan, E. Lourbakos, H. Beh, G.B.Y. Christie, M. Jenkins, P.B. Halley, S. McGlashan, G.T. Lonergan, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 51, 77 (2003).
123. E. Rudnik, N. Milanov, G. Matuschek, A. Kettrup, Chemosphere 70, 337 (2007).
124. J. Tuominen, J. Kylmä, A. Kapanen, O. Venelampi, M. Itävaara, J. Seppälä, Biomacromolecules 3, 445 (2002).
125. B.G. Hermann, L. Debeer, B. De Wilde, K. Blok, M.K. Patel, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96 (6), 1159 (2011).
126. K. Van Acker, I. Verpoest, J. De Moor, J.-R. Dufl ou, W. Dewulf, Rev. Met. Paris, 541 (2009).
127. S.A. Miller, A.E. Landis, T.L. Theis, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 5176 (2007).
128. V. Piemonte, F. Gironi, Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy 30 (3), 459 (2010).
129. Y. Deng, K. Van Acker, W. Dewulf, J.R. Dufl ou, in Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing: Proceedings of the 18th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, May 2nd-4th, 2011, J. Hesselbach, C. Herrmann, Eds. (Springer, New York, 2011); pp. 605-610.