Electrical protection for the grid-interconnection of photovoltaic- distributed generation

Electric Power Systems Research

Volumn 89, Issue , 2012, Pages 85-99

  Hernandez J C ^a   De La Cruz, J ^b   Ogayar, B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JAÉN   (Spain)

^b Endesa SA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Electrical protection; Grid codes; Interconnection; Photovoltaic distributed generation; Standards; Technical requirements

Indexed keywords

ELECTRICAL PROTECTION; GRID CODES; INTERCONNECTION; PHOTOVOLTAIC-DISTRIBUTED GENERATION; TECHNICAL REQUIREMENT;

PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; STANDARDS;

DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION;

EID: 84860493947     PISSN: 03787796     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2012.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. IEEE Std. 1547.2, Application Guide for IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems, 2008.
2. J.C. Hernández, M.J. Ortega, J. De la Cruz, and D. Vera Guidelines for the technical assessment of harmonic, flicker and unbalance emission limits for PV-distributed generation Electric Power Systems Research 81 2011 1247 1257
3. Basic Standard regarding Technical Conditions of Connection for Power Plants in Special Regime, Endesa Distribution Company, Spain, 2000 (in Spanish).
4. Draft Technical Guidelines regarding the Conditions for Connection to the Endesa Distribution Network for Power Plants in Special Regime, Endesa Distribution Company, Spain, 2010 (in Spanish).
5. Technical Conditions of the Installation of Self-Producers Plants (MT 3.53.01), Iberdrola Company, Spain, 2004 (in Spanish).
6. Criterion of Connection for Production Installations of Enel LV Distribution Network (DK 5940), Enel Corporation, Italy, 2007 (in Italian).
7. Criterion of Connection of Production Installations of Enel MV Distribution Network (DK 5750), Enel Corporation, Italy, 2005 (in Italian).
8. K. Malmedal, and P.K. Sen Comparison of some randomly selected utilities interconnection requirements and the compliance with the IEEE Std. 1547 - Interconnection guidelines Proc. 2008 IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference, North Charleston South Carolina, USA 2008 pp. C3-C3-8
9. Draft Technique Guidelines regarding the Conditions for the Connection to the Endesa LV Distribution Network of Photovoltaic Energy Resources of Rated Power Lower than 100 kVA, Endesa Distribution Company, Spain, 2009 (in Spanish), http://blogs.ujaen.es/jcasa/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/NGL00100.pdf.
10. IEEE Std. 1547, Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems, 2003.
11. IEEE Std. P1547.6/Draft 8.0, Draft Recommended Practice for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems - Distribution Secondary Networks, 2011.
12. Order 5/9/1985, Administrative Technical Rules for the Operation and Interconnection to the Grid of Hydroelectric Power Plants up to 5 MVA and Self-Producer Plants, Spain, 1985 (in Spanish).
13. DIN VDE Std. 0126-1-1, Automatic Disconnection Device between a Generator and the Public Low-Voltage Grid, 2006 (in German).
14. VDE-AR-N Std. 4105/Draft, Application Rule on Production Installations at the Low Voltage Network, Technical Least Requests for Connection and Parallel Performance of Production Installations at the Low Voltage Network, 2011 (in German).
15. Generating Plants Connected Generating Plants Connected to the Low-Voltage Network, Bundesverband der Energieund Wasserwirtschaft e.V. (BDEW), 2005 (in German).
16. UK ER G83/1, Recommendations for the Connection of Small-Scale Embedded Generators (up to 16 A per Phase) in Parallel with Public Low-Voltage Distribution Networks, 2003.
17. UK ER G59/2-1, Recommendations for the Connection of Embedded Generating Plant to the Regional Electricity Companies' Distribution Systems, 2011.
18. IEC Std. 62103, Electronic Equipment for Use in Power Installations, 2003.
19. IEEE Std. 929, Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic Systems, 2000.
20. EN Std. 50438, Requirements for the Connection of Micro-Generators in Parallel with Public Low-voltage Distribution Networks, 2007.
21. UL Std. 1741, Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for Use with Distributed Energy Resources, 2005.
22. IEC Std. 61727, Photovoltaic Systems - Characteristics of the Utility Interface, 2004.
23. IEC Std. 62116, Test Procedure of Islanding Prevention Measures for Utility-Interconnected Photovoltaic Inverters, 2008.
24. Royal Decree 1663/2000, Dated September 29th, on the Connection of Photovoltaic Installations to the LV Network, 2000 (in Spanish).
25. Generating Plants Connected to the Medium-Voltage Network, Bundesverband der Energieund Wasserwirtschaft e.V. (BDEW), 2008.
26. Draft Technical Guidelines for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Plants Connected Directly to the Distribution and Transmission Network: Minimum Requirements of Design, Equipment, Operation, Setting in Service and Security, Red Eléctrica, Spain, 2009 (in Spanish).
27. Royal Decree 1565/2010, Dated November 19th, by Means of Which Certain Aspects of the Production of Energy under the Special Regime are Modified, 2010 (in Spanish).
28. Arrêté, Dated December 23th 2010, Technical Prescriptions for Conception and Performance of the Connection to a Public Electricity Distribution Network of an Electric Energy Production Installation, 2010 (in French).
29. Guidelines on Renewables-based Generating Plants Connected to the High and Extra-high Voltage Network, VDE, 2004 (in German).
30. M. Geidl Protection of Power Systems with Distributed Generation-State of the Art 2005 Power Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich
31. M.A. Eltawil, and Z. Zhao Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: technical and potential problems - a review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 2010 112 129
32. O. Raipala, S. Repo, K. Mäki, and P. Järventausta Studying the effects of distributed generation on autoreclosing with a real time digital simulator and real protection relays Proc. 9th Nordic Electricity Distribution and Asset Management Conference Aalborg, Denmark 2010 1 11
33. V. Zolingen Electrotechnical requirements for PV on buildings Progess in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 12 2004 409 414
34. Evaluation of Islanding Detection Methods for Photovoltaic Utility-Interactive Power Systems (IEA-PVPS T5-09), International Energy Agency (IEA) - Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2002.
35. W. Bower, and M. Ropp Evaluation of Islanding Detection Methods for Utility-Interactive Inverters in Photovoltaic Systems, Report SAND2002-3591 2002 Sandia National Laboratories
36. G.M.S. Azevedo Photovoltaic inverters with fault ride-through capability Proc. 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics Seoul, Korea 2009 549 553
37. C. Photong, C. Klumpner, and P. Wheeler A current source inverter with series connected AC capacitors for photovoltaic application with grid fault ride through capability Proc. 35th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Oporto Portugal 2009 390 396
38. J.C. Vazquez Voltage support provided by a droop-controlled multifunctional inverter IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 56 11 2009 4510 4519
39. E. Caamaño-Martín Interaction between photovoltaic distributed generation and electricity networks Progess in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16 2008 629 643
40. R.M. Tumilty, M. Brucoli, G.M. Burt, and T.C. Green Approaches to network protection for inverter dominated electrical distribution systems Proc. 3rd IET International Conference on Power Electronics Machines and Drives Nagasaki, Japan 2006 622 626
41. C. González Assess the impact of photovoltaic generation systems on low-voltage network: software analysis tool development Proc. 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation Barcelona, Spain 2007 1 6
42. K.I. Jennett, and C.D. Booth Protection of converter dense power systems Proc. 45th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference Cardiff, Wales, UK 2010 1 6
43. M. Dewadasa, A. Ghosh, and G. Ledwich Line protection in inverter supplied networks Proc. 2008 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference Sydney, Australia 2008 1 6
44. S. Conti Analysis of distribution network protection issues in presence of dispersed generation Electric Power Systems Research 79 2009 49 56
45. B. Hussain, S.M. Sharkht, S. Hussain, and M.A. Abusara Integration of distributed generation into the grid: protection challenges and solutions Proc. 10th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection Manchester, UK 2010 1 5
46. IEEE Std. C37.2, IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and Contact Designations, 1996.
47. UK ER G75/1, Recommendations for the Connection of Embedded Generating Plant to Public Distribution Systems above 20 kV or with Outputs over 5 MW, 2002.
48. IEEE Std. 1547-5/Draft, Draft Guidelines for Interconnection of Electric Power Sources Greater than 10 MVA to the Power Transmission Grid.
49. NERC Std. PRC-024-1/Draft 2, Draft on Generator Performance During Frequency and Voltage Excursions, 2007.
50. Criterion of Connection of Customer to HV Distribution Network (DK 5400), Enel Corporation, Italy, 2004 (in Italian).
51. IEC Std. 11-32, Systems of Conversion Connected to Public Network of III Category, 2008 (in Italian).
52. Great Britain National Grid Code (Issue 4 Revision 5), National Grid Electricity Transmission plc, Great Britain, 2011.
53. Draft Final Straw Proposal: Interim Interconnection Requirements for Large Generator Facilities Review Initiative, California ISO, 2010.
54. N. Jenkins Embedded Generation 2000 The Institution of Electrical Engineers Cambridge
55. C.A. Plet, M. Graovac, T.C. Green, and R. Iravani Fault response of grid-connected inverter dominated networks Proc. 2010 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 2010 1 8
56. Y. Sun, M.H.J. Bollen, and G. Ault Improving distribution system reliability by means of distributed generation Proc. 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Vienna, Austria 2007 1 4
57. PVPS Report - Risk Analysis of Islanding of Photovoltaic Power Systems within Low Voltage Distribution Networks, (IEA-PVPS T5-08), International Energy Agency (IEA) - Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2002.
58. H. Kobayashi, and K. Takigawa Statistical evaluation of optimum islanding preventing method for utility interactive small scale dispersed PV systems Proc. 1st IEEE World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Village Waikoloa, Hawaii 1994 1085 1088
59. R. Bruendlinger et al., State of the Art Solutions and New Concepts for Islanding Protection, DISPOWER Project 2006, European Commission, Contract No. ENK-CT-2001-522.
60. A. Woyte International harmonization of grid connection guidelines: adequate requirements for the prevention of unintentional islanding Progess in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 11 2003 407 424 (Pubitemid 37201383)
61. E. Caamaño et al., Utilities Experience and Perception of PV Distributed Generation, Final PV Up-Scale Report, http://www.pvupscale.org.
62. B. Bletterie, R. Bründlinger, and H. Fechner Sensitivity of photovoltaic inverters to voltage sags - test results for a set of commercial products Proc. 18th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Turin, Italy 2005 1 4
63. P.T. Carroll Distribution line protection practices industry survey results IEEE Power System Relaying Committee Report 2002
64. S. Kwon, C. Shin, and W. Jung Evaluation of protection coordination with distributed generation in distribution networks Proc. 10th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection Manchester, UK 2010 1 5
65. J. Morren, and S.W.H. De Haan Impact of distributed generation units with power electronic converters on distribution network protection Proc. 9th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection Glasgow, UK 2008 664 669
66. Martin Geidl Protection of Power Systems with Distributed Generation: State of the Art 2005 Power Systems Laboratory ETH Zurich
67. The Impact of Distributed Resources on Distribution Relaying Protection, IEEE PES, Power System Relaying Committee, 2004.
68. L. Kumpulainen, and K. Kauhaniemi Analysis of the impact of distributed generation on automatic reclosing Proc. 2004 IEEE Power Systems Conference and Exposition New York, USA 2004 10 13
69. S.A. Papathanassiou A technical evaluation framework for the connection of DG to the distribution network Electric Power Systems Research 77 2007 24 34 (Pubitemid 44233191)
70. L. Kumpulainen, K. Kauhaniemi, P. Verho, and 0. Vähämäki New requirements for system protection caused by distributed generation Proc. 18th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Turin, Italy 2005 1 4
71. M. Coddington Technical Report on Photovoltaic Systems Interconnected onto Secondary Network Distribution Systems - Success Stories (NREL/TP-550-45061) 2009 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
72. Distributed Generation in Europe - Physical Infrastructure and Distributed Generation Connection, KEMA, 2011.
73. Specific Standards for Technical and Safety Conditions, Sevillana Endesa Electrical Energy Distribution Company, Spain, 2005 (in Spanish).
74. J.C. Hernández, A. Medina, and F. Jurado Impact comparison of PV system integration into rural and urban feeders Energy Conversion and Management 49 2008 1747 1765
75. Second German Law on the Energy Industry, 2005.
76. P.O. 12.1 Y 12.2 Operating Procedure (OP) 12.1 and 12.2 of REE, Published in the Official Gazette 01/03/2005, OP 12.1 Access Applications for the Connection of New Facilities To the Transmission System, 0P 12.2 Installations Connected to the Delivery Grid: Minimum Requirements for Design, Equipment, Functionality, Reliability and Energization, Spain, 2005 (in Spanish).
77. Transmission Code: Network and System Rules of the German Transmission System Operators, Verband der Netzbetreiber VDN e.V. beim VDEW, Germany, 2007.
78. Code for Transmission, Dispatching, Development and Security of the Grid, Terna, Italy, 2011.
79. Référentiel Technique de Réseau de Transport dÉlectricité, Réseau de Transport dÉ lectricité, France, 2009.
80. Le Référentiel Technique, EDF Réseau Distribution, France, 2003.
81. Regeln für den Zugang zu Verteilungsnetzen, VDN, 2003.
82. Royal Decree 436/2004, Dated March 12th, on Production of Electric Energy by Installations Fed by RES, Waste and Cogeneration, 2004 (in Spanish).
83. T. Stetz, W. Yan, and M. Braun Voltage control in distribution systems with high level PV-penetration -Improving absorption capacity for PV systems by reactive power supply Proc. 25th EU PVSEC Valencia, Spain 2010 1 7
84. J.M.E. Huerta A synchronous reference frame robust predictive current control for three-phase grid-connected inverters IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 57 3 2010 954 962
85. F. Delfino Integration of large-size photovoltaic systems into the distribution grids: a P-Q chart approach to assess reactive support capability IET Renewable Power Generation 4 4 2010 329 340
86. L. Hassaine Digital power factor control and reactive power regulation for grid-connected photovoltaic inverter Renewable Energy 34 1 2009 315 321
87. K. Turitsyn Options for control of reactive power by distributed photovoltaic generators Proceedings of the IEEE 99 6 2011 1063 1073
88. M. Oshiro Optimal voltage control in distribution systems using PV generators International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 33 3 2011 485 492
89. G. Tsengenes, and G. Adamidis Investigation of the behavior of a three phase grid-connected photovoltaic system to control active and reactive power Electric Power Systems Research 81 1 2011 177 184
90. Operating Procedure 7.4, Published in the Official Gazette 18/03/2000, Ancillary Service of Voltage Control for Transmission Network, 2005 (in Spanish).
91. Cagnano Can PV plants provide a reactive power ancillary service? A treat offered by an on-line controller Renewable Energy 37 3 2011 1047 1052
92. General Protection Requirements of the Spanish Peninsular Electric System, Red Eléctrica, Spain, 1995 (in Spanish).
93. IEC 61850-9-2, Communication Networks and Systems in Substations - Part 9-2: Specific Communication Service Mapping - Sampled Values over ISO/IEC 8802-3, 2004.
94. Draft on Guidelines for Grid Interconnection of Small Power Projects in Tanzania - Part A: Mandatory Requirements and Test Procedure, Government of Tanzania, Ministry of Energy and Minerals, 2011.