Impacts of air pollution on the ecosystem and human health: A sustainability perspective

Air Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 447-492

  Ciumasu, Ioan Manuel ^a   Costica, Naela ^a  

^a ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA UNIVERSITY OF IASI   (Romania)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860350164     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/EBK1439809624     Document Type: Chapter

References (176)

1. Abrahamsen, G. 1983. Effects of lime and artificial acid rain on the enchytraeid (Oligochaeta) fauna in coniferous forest. Holarctic Ecology 6(3): 247-254.
2. Aerts, R. 2006. The freezer defrosting: Global warming and litter decomposition rates in cold biomes. Journal of Ecology 94: 713-724.
3. Aerts, R., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Dorrepaal, E., and Van Logtestijn, R.S.P. 2004. Effects of experimentally imposed climate scenarios on flowering phenology and flower production of subarctic bog species. Global Change Biology 10: 1599-1609.
4. Armstrong, D.P. 2005. Integrating the metapopulation and habitat paradigms for understanding broad-scale declines of species. Conservation Biology 19(5): 1402-1410.
5. Barbier, E.B. 2005. Natural Resources and Economic Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 409.
6. Barrett, J. and Simmons, C. 2003. An ecological footprint of the UK: Providing a tool to measure the sustainability of local authorities. Report of the Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/sei/odpm/ODPM%20Main%20Report.pdf
7. BCPR. 2004. Reducing disaster risk, a challenge for development, A global report. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Bureau for Disaster Risk and Recovery, p. 146, http://www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/documents/publications/rdr/english/rdr_english.pdf
8. Beckerman, W. 1992. Economic growth and the environment: Whose growth? Whose environment? World Development 20: 481-496.
9. Bergkvist, B., Folkeson, L., and Berggren, D. 1989. Fluxes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems. A literature review. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 47(3-4): 217-286.
10. Blum, J.D., Klaue, A., Nezat, C.A., et al. 2002. Mycorrhizal weathering of apatite as an important calcium source in base-poor forest ecosystems. Nature 417: 729-731.
11. Bobbink, R. and Roelofs, J.G.M. 1995. Nitrogen critical loads for natural and semi-natural ecosystems: The empirical approach. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85(4): 2413-2418.
12. Bobbink, R., Homung, M., and Roelofs, J.G.M. 1998. The effects of airborne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural European vegetation. Journal of Ecology 86(5): 717-738.
13. Bolund, P. and Hunhammar, S. 1999. Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics 29: 293-301.
14. Boron, S. and Murray, K. 2003. Bridging the unsustainability gap: A framework for sustainable development. Sustainable Development (12)2: 65-73.
15. Breitholtz, M., Ruden, C., Hansson, S.O., and Bengtsson, B.E. 2006. Ten challenges for improved ecotoxicological testing in environmental risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 63(2): 324-335.
16. Brenner-Weiss, G. and Obst, U. 2003. Approaches to bioresponse-linked instrumental analysis in water analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 377(3): 408-416.
17. Brydges, T. 2001. Ecological change and the challenges for monitoring. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67(1-2): 89-95.
18. Caldwell, M.M., Bjorn, L.O., Bornmann, J.F., et al. 1998. Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 46: 40-52.
19. Cano-Ruiz, J.A. and McRae, G.J. 1998. Environmentally conscious chemical process design. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 23(1): 499-536.
20. Cape, J.N. 1993. Direct damage to vegetation caused by acid rain and polluted cloud: Definition of critical levels for forest trees. Environmental Pollution 82(2): 167-180.
21. Cash, D.W., Clark, W.C., Alcock, F., et al. 2003. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(14): 8086-8091.
22. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. 1999. Ecology: Principles and Applications (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
23. Cheng, S., Grosse, W., Karrenbrock, F., and Thoennessen, M. 2002. Efficiency of constructed wetlands in a decontamination of water polluted by heavy metals. Ecological Engineering 18(3): 317-325.
24. Cherian, S. and Oliveira, M.M. 2005. Transgenic plants in phytoremediation: Recent advances and new possibilities. Environmental Science and Technology 39(24): 9377-9390.
25. Ciumasu, I.M., Krämer, P.M., Weber, C.M., et al. 2005. A new, versatile single-use field immunosensor for environmental pollutants. Development and proof of principle with TNT, diuron and atrazine. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 21, 354-364.
26. Costanza, R. and Daly, H.E. 1992. Natural capital and sustainable development. Conservation Biology 6(1): 37-46.
27. Cornejo, J.J., Munoz, F.G., Ma, C.Y., and Stewart, A.J. 1999. Studies on the decontamination of air by plants. Ecotoxicology 8(4): 311-320.
28. Costica, N., Ciumasu, I.M., and Costica, M. 2006. Partnership for human resources development in Romania and the European Union: Training the trainers in environmental education. Proceedings of the 2nd European Fair on Education for Sustainable Development “Promoting Education for Sustainable Development in Europe,” September 13-15, 2006, Hamburg.
29. Cunningham, S.D., Berti, W.R., and Huang, J.W. 1995. Phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Trends in Biotechnology 13(9): 393-397.
30. Daly, H.E. 1991. Steady-State Economics (2nd edition). Freeman & Co., San Francisco; Island Press, Washington, DC.
31. Dasgupta, P., Levin, S., and Lubchenco, J. 2000. Economic pathways to ecological sustainability. Challenges for the new millennium. BioScience 50(4): 339-345.
32. Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H., and Wheeler, D. 2002. Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of Economic Perspectives 16(1): 147-168.
33. DaSilva, E. 1998. Biotechnology: Developing countries and globalization. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 14(4): 463-486.
34. De Groot, R.S., Wilson, M.A., and Boumans, R.M.J. 2002. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41: 393-408.
35. De Leo, G.A., Rizzi, L., Caizzi, A., and Gatto, M. 2001. The economic benefits of the Kyoto Protocol. Nature 413: 478-479.
36. Ek, A., Grahn, O., Hultberg, H., and Renberg, I. 1995. Recovery from acidification in Lake Oervattnet, Sweden. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85(3): 1795-1800.
37. Ekins, P. 2003. Identifying critical natural capital. Conclusions about critical natural capital. Ecological Economics 44: 277-292.
38. Eldredge, N. 1995. Dominion. University of California Press, Berkeley, 190pp.
39. Ehrlich, P.R. and Ehrlich, A.H. 1981. The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species. Random House, New York.
40. Ehrlich, P.R., Wolff, G., Daily, G.C., et al. 1999. Knowledge and the environment. Ecological Economics 30: 260-284.
41. El-Ali, J., Sorger, P.K., and Jensen, K.F. 2006. Cells on chips. Nature 442: 403-411.
42. Emerton, L. and Bos, E. 2004. Value. Counting Ecosystems as an Economic Part of Water Infrastructure. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 88pp.
43. Epstein, P.R. 2005. Climate change and human health. The New England Journal of Medicine 353(14): 1433-1436.
44. Ernst, W.H.O. 1998. Sulfur metabolism in higher plants: Potential for phytoremediation. Biodegradation 9(3-4): 311-318.
45. Esty, D.C., and Levy, M., Srebotnjak, T., and de Sherbinin, A. 2005. 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index: Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship. Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, New Haven.
46. Folke, C., Jansson, A., Larsson, J., and Costanza, R. 1997. Ecosystem appropriation by cities. Ambio 26(3): 167-172.
47. Galloway, J.N. 1995. Acid deposition: Perspectives in time and space. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85(1): 15-24.
48. Galloway, J.N., Likens, G.E., and Hawley, M.E. 1984. Acid precipitation: Natural versus anthropogenic components. Science 226: 829-830.
49. Gavrilescu, M. and Chisti, Y. 2004. Biotechnology-a sustainable alternative for chemical industry. Biotechnology Advances 23: 471-499.
50. Georgescu-Roegen, N. 1971. The Entropy Law and Economic Process. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
51. Giddings, B., Hopwood, B., and O’Brian, G. 2002. Environment, economy and society: Fitting them together into sustainable development. Sustainable Development 10: 187-196.
52. Gilbert, O.L. 1986. Field evidence for an acid rain effect on lichens. Environmental Pollution A EPEBD7 40(3): 227-231.
53. Gray, R. and Milne, M.J. 2002. Sustainability reporting: Who’s kidding whom? Chartered Accountants Journal of New Zealand 81(6): 66-70.
54. Grubb, M.J., Hope, C., and Fouquet, R. 2002. Climatic implications of the Kyoto Protocol: The contribution to the international spillover. Climatic Change 54(1-2): 11-28.
55. Haagvar, S. 1984. Effects of liming and artificial acid rain on Collembola and Protura in coniferous forest. Pedobiologia 27(5): 341-354.
56. Haines, A., McMichael, A.J., and Epstein, P.R. 2000. Environment and health: 2. Global climate change and health. Canadian Medical Association Journal 163(6): 728-734.
57. Hames, R.S., Rosenberg, K.V., Lowe, J.D., Barker, S.E., and Dhondt, A.A. 2002. Adverse effects of acid rain on the distribution of the wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99(17): 11235-11240.
58. HDR. 2003. Human Development Report 2003. Millennium Development Goals: A Compact Among Nations to End Human Poverty. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Oxford University Press, New York. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org.reports/global/2003/pdf/hdr03_complete.pdf
59. Herman, J.R., Bhartia, P.K., Ziemke, J., Ahmad, Z., and Larko, D. 1996. UV-B increases (1979-1972) from decreases in total ozone. Geophysical Research Letters 23: 2117-2120.
60. Hilton, F.G. 2006. Poverty and pollution abatement: Evidence from lead phase-out. Ecological Economics 56(2006): 125-131.
61. Honney, O., Verheyen, K., Butaye, J., Jacquemyn, H., Bossuyt, B., and Hermy, M. 2002. Possible effects of habitat fragmentation and climate change on the range of forest plant species. Ecology Letters 5(4): 525-530.
62. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2005. Carbon dioxide capture and storage. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://arch.rivm.nl/env/int/ipcc/pages_media/SRCCS-final/ccsspm.pdf
63. IPCC-WGIII. 2007. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group III-Mitigation. International Panel for Climate for Climate Change, http://www.ippc.ch/
64. IUCN. 2004. A daily report of the 3rd IUCN World Conservation Congress. IUCN Congress Bulletin, Volume 39 (15), published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development, New York.
65. Jameton, A. and Pierce, J. 2001. Environment and health: 8. Sustainable health care and emerging ethical responsibilities. Canadian Medical Association Journal 164(3): 365-369.
66. Jansson, A.M., Hammer, M., Folke, C., and Costanza, R. (Eds). 1994. Investing in Natural Capital-the Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability. ISEE Press/Island Press, Covelo, CA.
67. Jha, R. and Bhanu Murthy, K.V. 2003. An inverse global environmental Kuznets cuve. Journal of Comparative Economics 31(2): 352-368.
68. Johnson, D.W. and Taylor, G.E. 1989. Role of air pollution in forest decline in Eastern North America. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 48(1-2): 21-43.
69. Jump, A.S. and Penuelas, J. 2005. Running to stand still: Adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change. Ecology Letters 8(9): 1010-1020.
70. Kalkstein, L.S. and Smoyer, K.E. 1993. The impact of climate change on human health: Some international implications. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 49(11): 969-979.
71. Kaly, U.L., Pratt, C.R., and Mitchell, J. 2004. The demonstration environmental vulnerability index (EVI) 2004. South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), Technical Report 384, http://www.vulnerabilityindex.net/Files/EVI%202004%20Technical%20Report.pdf
72. Keller, W.B., Gunn, J.M., and Yan, N.D. 1998. Acid rain-perspectives on lake recovery. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery (Formerly Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health) 6(3): 207-216.
73. Khemani, L.T., Momin, G.A., Praksa Rao, P.S., Safai, P.D., and Singh, G. 1989. Spread of acid rain over India. Atmospheric Environment ATENBP 23(4): 757-762.
74. Killham, K., Firestone, M.K., and McColl, J.G. 1983. Acid rain and soil microbial activity: Effects and their mechanisms, Journal of Environmental Quality 12: 133-137.
75. Kimbal, K.D. and Levin, S.A. 1985. Limitations of laboratory bioassays: The need for ecosystemlevel testing. BioScience 35(3): 165-171.
76. Kosatsky, T. 2005. The 2003 European heat waves. Eurosurveillance 10(7-9): 148-149.
77. Krajick, K. 2001. Acid rain. Long-term data show lingering effects from acid rain. Science 292(5515): 195-196.
78. Kutz, S.J., Hoberg, E.P., Polley, L., and Jenkins, E.J. 2005. Global warming is changing the dynamics of Arctic host-parasite systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272(1581): 2571-2576.
79. Langelle, O. 2000. Why ecological modernization and sustainable development should not be conflated. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 2(4): 303-322.
80. Lawrence, G.B. 2002. Persistent episodic acidification of streams linked to acid rain effects on soil. Atmospheric Environment 36(2002): 1589-1598.
81. Lecocq, F. and Kapoor, K. 2005. State and Trends of the Carbon Market. World Bank, Washington, DC. Available at: http://carbonfinance.org/docs/CarbonMarketStudy2005.pdf
82. Lee, J.J., Neely, G.E., Perrigan, S.C., and Grothaus, L.C. 1981. Effect of simulated sulphuric acid rain on yield, growth and foliar injury of several crops. Environmental and Experimental Botany 21(2): 171-185.
83. Likens, G.E. and Bormann, F.H. 1974. Linkages between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. BioScience 24(8): 447-456.
84. Likens, G.E., Driscoll, C.T., and Buso, D.C. 1996. Long-term effects of acid rain: Response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 272(5259): 244-246.
85. Lubchenco, J. 1998. Entering the century of the environment: A new social contract for science. Science 279(5350): 491-497.
86. Manne, A.S. and Richels, R.G. 2001. An alternative approach to establish trade-offs among greenhouse gases. Nature 410: 675-677.
87. McCann, K.S. 2000. The diversity-stability debate. Nature 405: 228-233.
88. McMichael, A.J., Butler, C.D., and Folke, C. 2003. New visions of addressing sustainability. Science 302(5652): 1919-1920.
89. Meijkamp, B., Aerts, R., Van de Staaj, J., Tosserams, M., Ernst, W.H.O., and Rozema, J. 1999. Effects of UV-B on secondary metabolites in plants. In: J. Rozema (Ed), Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: The Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Terrestrial Ecosystems, pp. 71-79. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
90. Miller, C.A. 2005. New civic epistemologies of quantification: Making sense of indicators of local and global sustainability. Science, Technology & Human Values 30(3): 403-432.
91. Moser, A. 1994. Trends in biotechnology: Sustainable technology development: From high tech to eco tech. Acta Biotechnologica 14(4): 315-335.
92. Newman, J.R. and Schreiber, R.K. 1984. Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions. Environmental Management 8(4): 309-324.
93. Niemi, G.J. and McDonald, M.E. 2004. Application of ecological indicators. Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics 35: 89-111.
94. Odum, E.P. 1985. Trends expected in stressed ecosystems. BioScience 35(7): 419-422.
95. OECD. 1997. Report of the final ring test of the Daphnia magna reproduction test.OCDE/GD(97)19. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-OECD, Paris. OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publication, Series on Testing and Assessment, No.6, 190pp.
96. OECD. 2004. OECD Key Environmental Indicators. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
97. Oechel, W.C., Hastings, S.J., Vourltis, G., Jenkins, M., Riechers, J., and Grulke, N. 1993. Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from net carbon dioxide sink to a source. Nature 361: 520-523.
98. Orr, D.W. 1992. Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World. SUNY Press, Albany, NY, 210pp.
99. Oskamp, S. 2000. Psychology of promoting environmentalism: Psychological contributions to achieving an ecologically sustainable future for Humanity. Journal of Social Issues 56(3): 373-390.
100. Overrein, L.N., Seip, H.M., and Tollan, A. 1980. Acid precipitation-effects of forest and fish. Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 333, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway.
101. Owensby, C.E., Coyne, P.I., and Auen, L.M. 1993. Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics of a tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to elevated carbon dioxide. Plant, Cell and Environment 16: 843-850.
102. Paavola, J. and Adger, W.N. 2005. Fair adaptation to climate change. Ecological Economics 56: 594-609.
103. Panayotou, T. 1993. Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. International Labour Office, Working paper WP238 Technology and Employment Programme, Geneva.
104. Parmesan, C. and Yohe, G. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421: 37-42.
105. Patz, J.A. 2002. A human disease indicator for the effects of recent global climate changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99(20): 12506-12508.
106. Patz, J.A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T., and Foley, J.A. 2005. Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature 438: 310-317.
107. Petrovic, M., Eljarrat, E., Lopez de Alda, M.J., and Barcelo, D. 2004. Endocrine disrupting compounds and other emerging contaminants in the environment: A survey on new monitoring strategies and occurrence data. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 378: 549-562.
108. Pielke, Jr., R.A., Landsea, C., Mayfield, M., Laver, J., and Pasch, R. 2005. Hurricanes and global warming. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86: 1571-1575.
109. Ramakrishnan, P.S. 1998. Sustainable development, climate change and tropical rainforest landscape. Climatic Change 39(2-3): 583-600.
110. Rapport, D.J., Regier, H.A., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1985. Ecosystem behavior under stress. The American Naturalist 125(5): 617-640.
111. Reuss, J.O., Cosby, B.J., and Wright, R.F. 1987. Chemical processes governing soil and water acidification. Nature 329: 27-32.
112. Reich, P.B. and Amundson, R.G. 1985. Ambient levels of ozone reduce net photosynthesis in tree and crop species. Science 230: 566-570.
113. Reich, J.W. and Schlesinger, W.H. 1992. The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationships to vegetation and climate. Tellus 44B: 81-99.
114. Richard, Y., Rosa, E.A., and Dietz, T. 2004. The ecological footprint intensity of national economies. Journal of Industrial Ecology 8(4): 139-154.
115. Richardson, S.D. 2003. Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues. Analytical Chemistry 75(12): 2831-2857.
116. Rossignol, P.A., Orme-Zavaleta, J., and Rossignol, A.M. 2006. Global climate change and its impact on disease embedded in ecological communities. Environmental Geosciences 13(1): 55-63.
117. Rusek, J. 1993. Air-pollution-mediated changes in Alpine ecosystems and ecotones. Ecological Applications 3(3): 409-416.
118. Salt, D.E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, N.P.B.A., et al. 1995. Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Bio/Technology 13: 468-474.
119. Santiago, S., Becker van Slooten, K., Chèvre, N., et al. 2002. Guide pour l’utilisation des testes ecotoxicologiques avec les daphnies, les bactéries luminescentes et les algues vertes, appliqués aux échantillons de l’environnement. Institut Forel, Université de Genève; Ecole Polytechniques Fédérale de Lausanne, http://www.cipel.org/sp/IMG/pdf/Guide-ECOTOX-Nov2002.pdf
120. Scheu, S. 2001. Plants and generalist predators as links between the below-ground and aboveground system. Basic and Applied Ecology 2(1): 3-13.
121. Scheu, S., Schlitt, N., Tiunov, A.V., Newington, J.E., and Jones, H.T. 2002. Effects of the presence and community composition of earthworms on microbial community functioning. Oecologia 133(2): 254-260.
122. Schiermeier, Q. 2006. Carbon market survives gas leaks. Nature 441: 405.
123. Schindler, D.W., Curtis, P.J., Parker, B.R., and Stainton, M.P. 1996. Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-B penetration in North American boreal lakes. Nature 379: 705-708.
124. Scholtens, B. 2005. What drives socially responsible investment? The case of the Netherlands. Sustainable Development 13: 129-137.
125. Schuetz, S., Schoening, M.J., Schroth, P., et al. 2000. An insect-based BioFET as bioelectronic nose. Sensors and Actuators B 65: 291-295.
126. Schwitzguebel, J.-P. 2001. Hype or hope: The potential of phytoremediation as an emerging green technology. Remediation Journal 11(4): 63-78.
127. Shadbegian, R.J. and Gray, W.B. 2005. Pollution abatement expenditures and plant-level productivity: A production function approach. Ecological Economics 54: 196-208.
128. Singh, S.P. 1998. Chronic disturbance, a principal cause of environmental degradation in developing countries. Environmental Conservation 25(1): 1-2.
129. SOLGCS. 2005. Safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate system: Issues related to hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. Special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Montreal Protocol., ISBN 92-9169-118-6, http://arch.rivm.nl/env/int/ipcc/pages_media/SROC-final/srocspmts_en.pdf
130. SOPAC-UNEP-EVI. 2005. Building resilience in SIDS. The Environmental Vulnerability Index, http://www.vulnerabilityindex.net
131. Sprinz, D.F. 1992. Why countries supports international environmental agreements: The regulation of acid rain in Europe. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan, 195pp.
132. SRES. 2000. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emissions Stafford, N. 2006. Gas for the greenhouse. Nature 422: 499.
133. Stern, D.I., Common, M.S., and Barbier, E.B. 1996. Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development 24(7): 1151-1160.
134. SR. 2007. Stern Review: The economics of climate change, http://www.sternreview.org.uk Straton, A. 2006. A complex systems approach to the value of ecological resources. Ecological Economics 56: 402-411.
135. Sunyer, J. and Grimalt, J. 2006. Global climate change, widening health inequalities, and epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology 35(2): 213-216.
136. Sutherland, W.J. 2006. Predicting the ecological consequences of environmental change: A review of the methods. Journal of Applied Ecology 43: 599-616.
137. The Economist. 2005a. Don’t despair. Most of the news on the climate change is bad, but not all of it. Issue December 10-16: 11-12; related articles at pages 75-77 and 86-87.
138. The Economist. 2005b. The Oiloholics. Oil prices could yet go higher-unless the world’s guzzlers curb their thirst. Issue August 27 to September 2: 11; related survey at pages 57-58.
139. The Economist. 2005c. The real trouble with oil. How to avoid the next energy shock. Issue April 30th to May 6th: 11; related survey on oil after page 48.
140. The Economist. 2005d. Rescuing environmentalism. Market forces could prove the environment’s best friend-if only greens could learn to love them. Issue April 23-26; related article at pages 78-80.
141. The Economist. 2006a. Cleaning up. Power companies and shorting traders have done better than the environment. Issue May 6-12: 79.
142. The Economist. 2006b. Sins of emission. The idea of offsetting carbon emissions is sound in theory, but not yet in practice. Issue August 5-11: 11.
143. Travis, C.C. and Hester, S.T. 1991. Global chemical pollution. Environmental Science and Technology 25: 814-819.
144. Travisi, C.M., Nijkamp, P., and Vindigni, G. 2006. Pesticide risk valuation in empirical economics: A comparative approach. Ecological Economics 56(4): 455-474.
145. Tilman, D. and Downing, J.A. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367: 363-365.
146. Turner, R.E. 2005. On the cusp of restoration: Science and society. Restoration Ecology 13(1): 165-173.
147. UN Agenda 21. 2005. United Nations Agenda 21. Available at: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm
148. UNDESA-DSD. 2006. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. Trends in sustainable development. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development.
149. UNFCCC. 2005. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kyoto protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations, http://unfcc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
150. US EPA. 2002. Methods for evaluating wetland condition. Using algae to assess environmental conditions in wetlands. EPA-822-R-02-021. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.
151. Van de Staaij, J., Rozema, J., Van Beem, A., and Aerts, R. 2001. Increased solar UV-B radiation may reduce infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in dune grassland plants: Evidence from five years of field exposure. Plant Ecology 154: 171-177.
152. Van Griethuysen, P. 2002. Sustainable development: An evolutionary economic approach. Sustainable Development 10: 1-11.
153. Vincent, K. 2004. Creating an index of social vulnerability for Africa. Working Paper 56, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
154. Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H., A., Lubchenco, J., and Melillo, J.M. 1997. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277(5325): 494-499.
155. Vitousek, P.M., Aber, J.D., Howarth, R.W., et al. 1993. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences. Ecological Applications 7(3): 737-750.
156. Wackernagel, M. and Rees, W. 1996. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. New Society Publishers, Philadelphia.
157. Wackernagel, M., Schulz, N.B., Deumling, D., et al. 2002. Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy. PNAS 99(14): 9266-9271.
158. Waltner-Towes, D. 2004. Ecosystem Sustainability and Health: A Practical Approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 138pp.
159. Watt, W.D. 1986. A summary of the impact of acid rain on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Canada. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 35(1-2): 27-35.
160. WCCDL. 2006. Workshop climate change and disaster losses: Understanding and attributing trends and projections, May 25-26, 2006, Hohenkammer, Germany. Proceedings available at: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/sparc/research/projects/extreme_events/munich_workshop/workshop_booklet.pdf
161. WCED. 1987. Our common future. (“The Brundtland Report”) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), to the General Assembly of the United Nations (04.08.1987).
162. WDR. 2004. World Disaster Report 2004. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2004/
163. Welsh, R., Ervin, D.E. 2006. Precaution as an approach to technology development. Science, Technology & Human Values 31(2): 153-172.
164. 4 and climate implications. Geophysical Research Letters 25(13): 2285-2288.
165. Winner, W.E. 1994. Mechanistic analysis of plant responses to air pollution. Ecological Applications 4(4): 651-661.
166. Wolterbeek, B. 2002. Biomonitoring of trace element air pollution: Principles, possibilities and perspectives. Environmental Pollution 120(1): 11-21.
167. Wright, R.F. 1989. RAIN project: Role of organic acids in moderating pH change following reduction in acid deposition. Water, Soil and Air Pollution 46(1-4): 251-259.
168. Wright, R.F. and Schindler, D.W. 1995. Interaction of acid rain and global changes: Effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 85(1): 88-99.
169. Wurst, S., Langel, R., Reineking, A., Bonkowski, M., and Scheu, S. 2003. Effects of earthworms and organic litter distribution on plant performance and aphid reproduction. Oecologia 137(1): 90-96.
170. WHO. 2002. The World Health Report 2002. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Lives. The World Health Organization, Geneva.
171. WHOE. 2004. Heat-Waves: Risks and Responses. Series Health and Global Environmental Change, No. 2. World Health Organization Europe, Copenhagen, http://www.euro.who.int/document/e82629.pdf
172. Wilson, E.O. 2002. The Future of Life. Little, Brown by arrangement with Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Published again in 2003 by Abacus, 230 pages, ISBN 0-349-115795. Chapter two “The Bottleneck” published in Scientific American, February 24, 2002.
173. WWF. 2004. The Living Planet Report 2004. World Wildlife Fund in the US and Canada, United Nations Environmental Program-World Conservation Monitoring Program, Global Footprint Network, www.panda.org/downloads/lpr2004.pdf
174. Yachi, S. and Loreau, M. 1999. Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: The insurance hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96: 1463-1468.
175. Yager, P., Edwards, T., Fu, E., et al. 2006. Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health. Nature 442: 412-418.
176. Yan, N.D., Keller, W., Scully, N.M., Lean, D.R., and Dillon, P.J. 2002. Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to drought-induced acidification. Nature 381: 141-143.