Enterprise and Inequality: A Study of Avon in South Africa

Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 543-568

  Scott, Linda ^a   Dolan, Catherine ^a   Johnstone Louis, Mary ^a   Sugden, Kimberly ^a   Wu, Maryalice ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84860339067     PISSN: 10422587     EISSN: 15406520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00507.x     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595-621.
2. Bliss, R. & Garratt, N. (2001). Supporting women entrepreneurs in transitioning economies. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(4), 336-344.
3. Brush, C., Carter, N., Greene, P., Gatewood, E., & Hart, M. (2001). An investigation of women-led firms and venture capital investment. Report prepared for the U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy and the National Women's Business Council.
4. Brush, C., De Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women's entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8-24.
5. Byrd, V. (1994, October 24). The Avon lady of the Amazon. Businessweek, 93.
6. Calǎs, M.B., Smircich, L., & Bourne, K. (2007). Knowing Lisa? Feminist analyses of "gender and entrepreneurship." In D. Bilimoria & S.K. Piderit (Eds.), Handbook on women in business and management (pp. 78-105). Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar.
7. Calǎs, M.B., Smircich, L., & Bourne, K. (2009). Extending the boundaries: Reframing "entrepreneurship and social change" through feminist perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 552-569.
8. Carter, N. & Rosa, P. (1998). The financing of male and female-owned businesses. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 10, 225-241.
9. Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
10. Cliff, J.E. (1998). Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender, and business size. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 523-542.
11. De Bruin, A., Brush, C.G., & Welter, F. (2006). Introduction to the special issue: Towards building cumulative knowledge on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 585-593.
12. De Bruin, A., Brush, C.G., & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 323-339.
13. DeTienne, D.R. & Chandler, G.N. (2007). The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, May, 365-384.
14. Duran, J. (1993). The intersection of pragmatism and feminism. Hypatia, 8(2), 159-171.
15. Fairlie, R.W. & Robb, A.M. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: Evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners Survey. Small Business Economics, 33, 375-395.
16. Fels, A. (2005). Necessary dreams. New York: Anchor.
17. Ferber, M.A. & Nelson, J.A. (1993). Beyond economic man. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
18. Ferguson, A. (1998). Socialism. In A. Jaggar & I. Young (Eds.), A companion to feminist philosophy (pp. 520-529). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
19. Fischer, E., Reuber, A., & Dyke, L. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151-168.
20. Folbre, N. (2009). Greed, lust, and gender. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Funk, N. (1993). Feminism and post-communism. Hypatia, 8(4), 85-88.
22. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard.
23. Gupta, V., Turban, D., Arzu Wasti, S., & Sikdar, A. (2009). The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 397-417.
24. Harding, S. (Ed.). (1987). Feminism and methodology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
25. Hartmann, H.I. (1979). The unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism: Towards a more progressive union. Capital and Class, 3(2), 1-33.
26. Hoff-Sommers, C. (1995). Who stole feminism? New York: Simon & Schuster.
27. Holmquist, C. (2009). The Diana project: Pioneering women studying pioneering women. Small Business Economics, 32, 121-128.
28. Hurley, A.E. (1999). Incorporating feminist theories into sociological theories of entrepreneurship. Women in Management Review, 14(2), 54-62.
29. Inglehart, R. & Norris, P. (2003). Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Jaggar, A. (1983). Feminist politics and human nature. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
31. Jewkes, R. & Abrahams, N. (2002). The epidemiology of rape and sexual coercion in South Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 55, 1231-1244.
32. Jewkes, R., Levin, J., & Penn-Kekana, L. (2002). Risk factors for domestic violence: Findings from a South African cross-sectional study. Social Science and Medicine, 55(9), 1603-1617.
33. Jewkes, R.K., Dunkle, K., Nduna, M., & Shai, N. (2010). Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: A cohort study. The Lancet, 376 (July 3), 41-48.
34. Klepacki, L. (2005). Avon: Building the world's premier company for women. New York: Wiley.
35. Kristof, N.D. & WuDunn, S. (2009). Half the sky: Turning oppression into opportunity for women worldwide. New York: Knopf Doubleday.
36. Langowitz, N. & Minniti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 341-364.
37. Loscocco, K.A. & Leicht, K.T. (1993). Gender, work-family linkages and economic success among small business owners. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(Nov), 875-887.
38. Mahowald, M.B. (1997). What classical American philosophers missed: Jane Addams, critical pragmatism, and cultural feminism. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 31, 39-54.
39. Manolova, T.S., Carter, N.M., Manev, I.M., & Gyoshev, B.S. (2007). The differential effect of men and women entrepreneurs' human capital and networking on growth expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 407-426.
40. McKenna, E. (2002). The task of utopia: A pragmatist and feminist perspective. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
41. Miller, M.C. (1992). Feminism and pragmatism. The Monist, 75(4), 445-457.
42. Mirchandani, K. (1999). Feminist insight on gendered work: New directions in research on women and entrepreneurship. Gender, Work and Organization, 6(4), 224-235.
43. Mottier, V. (2004). Pragmatism and feminist theory. European Journal of Social Theory, 7(3), 323-335.
44. Naidoo, S. & Hilton, A. (2006). Access to finance for women entrepreneurs in South Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
45. Nelson, L.H. (1990). Who knows: From Quine to a feminist empiricism. Philadelphia, PA: Temple.
46. OECD. (2010). Social and gender index: Gender equality and social institutions in South Africa. Available at, accessed 9 November 2010.
47. Onyejekwe, C. (2004). The interrelationship between domestic violence and HIV-AIDS in South Africa. Journal of International Women' Studies, 6(1), 34-40.
48. Orser, B. & Hogarth-Scott, S. (2002). Opting for growth: Gender dimensions of choosing enterprise development. Canadian Journal of Administrative Science, 19(3), 283-300.
49. Perfuming the Amazon. (1994, October 22). Economist, p. 74.
50. Posel, D. & Casale, D. (2009). Sex ratios and racial differences in marriage rates in South Africa. (Working Paper 153). Durban, South Africa: University of Kwazulu-Natal.
51. Rindova, V., Barry, D., & Ketchen, D. (2009). Entrepreneuring as emancipation. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 477-491.
52. Rosa, P., Carter, S., & Hamilton, D. (1996). Gender as a determinant of small business performance: Insights from a British study. Small Business Economics, 8, 463-478.
53. Rubin, G. (1975). The traffic in women. In R. Reiter (Ed.), Toward an anthropology of women (pp. 157-210). New York: Monthly Review Press.
54. Scott, L.M. (2000). Market feminism: The case for a paradigm shift. In M. Catterall, L. Stevens, & P. MacLaran (Eds.), Marketing and feminism: Current issues and research(pp. 16-38). London: Routledge.
55. Scott, L.M. (2005). Fresh lipstick: Redressing fashion and feminism. New York: Palgrave.
56. Seedat, M.A., Niekerk, V., Jewkes, R., Suffla, S., & Ratele, K. (2009). Violence and injuries in South Africa: Prioritising an agenda for prevention. The Lancet, 374(September 19), 1011-1022.
57. Seigfried, C.H. (1998). Pragmatism. In A. Jaggar & I. Young (Eds.), A companion to feminist philosophy (pp. 49-57). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
58. Sen, A. (2000). Development as freedom. New York: Anchor.
59. Shuford, A.L. (2010). Feminist epistemology and American Pragmatism. London, U.K.: Continuum.
60. South African Medical Research Center. (2009, June 18). Irin Humanitarian News and Analysis. Available at, accessed 30 December 2011.
61. Standley, J. (1999). South Africa targets domestic violence. BBC News December 15. Available at, accessed 28 February 2012.
62. Statistics South Africa. (2008a). Income and expenditure of households 2005/2006 (embargoed until 2008). Pretoria, South Africa: Author.
63. Statistics South Africa. (2008b). Community survey (SADA 0149). Pretoria, South Africa: Author.
64. Statistics South Africa. (2008c). General household survey (Statistical Release P0318). Pretoria, South Africa: Author.
65. Tripp, A.M. (2000). Rethinking difference. Signs, 25(3), 649-675.
66. U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). Current population reports. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2008. Available at, accessed 28 February 2012.
67. United Nations Children's Fund. (2007). The state of the world's children 2007: Women and children-The double dividend of gender equity. Available at, accessed 9 November 2010.
68. United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2010). The real wealth of nations. New York: Author.
69. Weedon, C. (1998). Postmodernism. In A. Jaggar & I. Young (Eds.), A companion to feminist philosophy (pp. 75-84). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
70. Weinbaum, A.E., Thomas, L., Ramamurthy, P., Poiger, U.G., Dong, M.Y., & Barlow, T.E. (2008). The modern girl around the world: Consumption, modernity, and globalization. Durham, South Africa: Duke University Press.
71. Welter, F., Smallbone, D., & Isakova, N. (2006). Enterprising women in transition economies. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate.
72. Whipps, J. (2010). Pragmatist feminism. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Available at, accessed 28 February 2012.
73. Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406.
74. World Economic Forum. (2010). Global gender gap report. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
75. Zelizer, V.A. (2010). Economic lives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.