Gastroesophageal reflux in pediatrics; (patho)physiology and new insights in diagnostics and treatment

Minerva Pediatrica

Volumn 64, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 101-119

  Loots, C M ^a   Benninga, M A ^a   Omari, T I ^b  

^a EMMA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Esophagus; Gastroesophageal reflux; Pediatrics

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTACID AGENT; BACLOFEN; BARIUM; CHOLECYSTOKININ; ESOMEPRAZOLE; GAVISCON; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LANSOPRAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; PANTOPRAZOLE; PLACEBO; PROKINETIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RABEPRAZOLE;

ABDOMINAL TENDERNESS; ANEMIA; APPARENT LIFE THREATENING EVENT; BRADYCARDIA; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; CONSTIPATION; COUGHING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; EAR INFECTION; ENDOSCOPY; FAILURE TO THRIVE; GASTROENTERITIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEADACHE; HOARSENESS; HUMAN; IMPEDANCE; INFANT; INFANT DISEASE; IRRITABILITY; LOWER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER; MANOMETRY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICROCEPHALY; MILK; NAUSEA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT POSITIONING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; SEIZURE; SMOKING CESSATION; STOMACH SURGERY; STRIDOR; SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME; TOBACCO;

CHILD; ESOPHAGUS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS;

EID: 84860284599     PISSN: 00264946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Omari TI, Miki K, Davidson G, Fraser R, Haslam R, Goldsworthy W et al. Characterisation of relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter in healthy premature infants. Gut 1997;40:370-375. (Pubitemid 27145651)
2. Nelson SP, Chen EH, Syniar GM, Christoffel KK. Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy. A pediatric practice-based survey. Pediatric Practice Research Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997;151:569-72. (Pubitemid 27262280)
3. Nelson SP, Chen EH, Syniar GM, Christoffel KK. One-year follow-up of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy. Pediatric Practice Research Group. Pediatrics 1998;102:E67.
4. Sherman PM, Hassall E, Fagundes-Neto U, Gold BD, Kato S, Koletzko S et al. A Global, Evidence-Based Consensus on the Definition of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the Pediatric Population. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1278-95.
5. Nelson SP, Kothari S, Wu EQ, Beaulieu N, McHale JM, Dabbous OH. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease and acid-related conditions: trends in incidence of diagnosis and acid suppression therapy. J Med Econ 2009;12:348-55.
6. Karacetin G, Demir T, Erkan T, Cokugras FC. Maternal psychopathology and psychomotor development of children with gastroesophageal reflux disease, j pediatr gastroenterol nutr 2011 [epub ahead of print].
7. Gold BD. Is gastroesophageal reflux disease really a life-long disease: do babies who regurgitate grow up to be adults with GERD complications? Am J Gastroenterol006;101:641-4.
8. Dent J, Dodds WJ, Friedman RH, Sekiguchi T, Hogan WJ, Arndorfer RC et al. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic human subjects. J Clin Invest 1980;65:256-67. (Pubitemid 10159855)
9. Dent J, Holloway RH, Toouli J, Dodds WJ. Mechanisms of lower oesophageal sphincter incompetence in patients with symptomatic gastrooesophageal reflux. Gut 1988;29:1020-8.
10. Omari TI, Barnett C, Snel A, Goldsworthy W, Haslam R, Davidson G et al. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in healthy premature infants. J Pediatr 1998;133:650-4. (Pubitemid 28521215)
11. Omari TI, Barnett CP, Benninga MA, Lontis R, Goodchild L, Haslam RR et al. Mechanisms of gastrooesophageal reflux in preterm and term infants with reflux disease. Gut 2002;51:475-9.
12. Kwiatek MA, Kahrilas PJ. Physiology of the LES. Dis Esophagus 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
13. Boeckxstaens GE. Review article: the pathophysiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:149-60. (Pubitemid 46985502)
14. Mittal RK, Holloway RH, Penagini R, Blackshaw LA, Dent J. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 1995;109:601-10.
15. Penagini R, Carmagnola S, Cantu P, Allocca M, Bianchi PA. Mechanoreceptors of the proximal stomach: Role in triggering transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 2004;126:49-56. (Pubitemid 38040723)
16. van Wijk MP, Blackshaw LA, Dent J, Benninga MA, Davidson GP, Omari TI. Distension of the esophagogastric junction augments triggering of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
17. Boeckxstaens GE, Hirsch DP, Fakhry N, Holloway RH, Amato M, Tytgat GNJ. Involvement of cholecystokinin A receptors in transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations triggered by gastric distension. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1823-8. (Pubitemid 29071688)
18. Ireland AC, Dent J, Holloway RH. Preservation of postural control of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in patients with reflux oesophagitis. Gut 1999;44:313-6. (Pubitemid 29119323)
19. van Herwaarden MA, Katzka DA, Smout AJ, Samsom M, Gideon M, Castell DO. Effect of different recumbent positions on postprandial gastroesophageal reflux in normal subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2731-6.
20. Omari TI, Rommel N, Staunton E, Lontis R, Goodchild L, Haslam RR et al. Paradoxical impact of body positioning on gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying in the premature neonate. J Pediatr 2004;145:194-200. (Pubitemid 38993391)
21. van Wijk MP, Benninga MA, Dent J, Lontis R, Goodchild L, Mccall LM et al. Effect of body position changes on postprandial gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying in the healthy premature neonate. J Pediatr 2007;151:585-90.
22. van Wijk MP, Benninga MA, Davidson GP, Haslam R, Omari TI. Small volumes of feed can trigger transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and gastroesophageal reflux in the right lateral position in infants. J Pediatr 2010;156:744-8, 748.
23. Hassall E, Kerr W, El-Serag HB. Characteristics of children receiving proton pump inhibitors continuously for up to 11 years duration. J Pediatr 2007;150:262-7, 267.
24. Pandolfino JE, Zhang QG, Ghosh SK, Han A, Boniquit C, Kahrilas PJ. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux: mechanistic analysis using concurrent fluoroscopy and high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology 2006;131:1725-33. (Pubitemid 44958510)
25. Pandolfino JE, El-Serag HB, Zhang Q, Shah N, Ghosh SK, Kahrilas PJ. Obesity: a challenge to esophagogastric junction integrity. Gastroenterology 2006;130:639-49. (Pubitemid 43374513)
26. Penagini R, Bravi I. The role of delayed gastric emptying and impaired oesophageal body motility. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010;24:831-45.
27. Wu JC, Cheung CM, Wong VW, Sung JJ. Distinct clinical characteristics between patients with nonerosive reflux disease and those with reflux esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:690-5. (Pubitemid 46830055)
28. Sifrim D, Holloway R, Silny J, Xin Z, Tack J, Lerut A et al. Acid, nonacid, and gas reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease during ambulatory 24-hour pH-impedance recordings. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1588-98. (Pubitemid 32523478)
29. Trudgill NJ, Riley SA. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are no more frequent in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease than in asymptomatic volunteers. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2569-74.
30. Host A, Halken S, Jacobsen HP, Christensen AE, Herskind AM, Plesner K. Clinical course of cow's milk protein allergy/intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002;13 Suppl 15:23-8. (Pubitemid 36125081)
31. van der Pol RJ, Smits MJ, van Wijk MP, Omari TI, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA. Efficacy of Proton-Pump Inhibitors in Children With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
32. Chen IL, Gao WY, Johnson AP, Niak A, Troiani J, Korvick J et al. Proton Pump Inhibitor Use in Infants: FDA Reviewer Experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
33. Orenstein SR, Hassall E, Furmaga-Jablonska W, Atkinson S, Raanan M. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2009;154:514-20.
34. Reimer C, Sondergaard B, Hilsted L, Bytzer P. Protonpump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy. Gastroenterology 2009;137:80-7, 87.
35. Van Howe RS, Storms MR. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in infants in a rural population: longitudinal data over the first six months. BMC Pediatr 2010;10:7.
36. Salvatore S, Hauser B, Vandemaele K, Novario R, Vandenplas Y. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants: how much is predictable with questionnaires, pH-metry, endoscopy and histology? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;40:210-5. (Pubitemid 40269744)
37. Nelson SP, Chen EH, Syniar GM, Christoffel KK. Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during childhood: a pediatric practice-based survey. Pediatric Practice Research Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154:150-4. (Pubitemid 30075195)
38. Omari T. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: Can a simple left side positioning strategy help this diagnostic and therapeutic conundrum? Minerva Pediatrica 2008;60:193-200. (Pubitemid 351859878)
39. Skopnik H, Silny J, Heiber O, Schulz J, Rau G, Heimann G. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants: evaluation of a new intraluminal impedance technique. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990;23:591-8.
40. Pilic D, Frohlich T, Noh F, Pappas A, Schmidt-Choudhury A, Kohler H et al. Detection of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children Using Combined Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance and pH Measurement: Data from the German Pediatric Impedance Group. J Pediatr 2011;158:650-654.e1.
41. Vandenplas Y, Rudolph CD, Di LC, Hassall E, Liptak G, Mazur L et al. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;49:498-547.
42. Loots CM, Benninga MA, Davidson GP, Omari TI. Addition of pH-impedance monitoring to standard pH monitoring increases the yield of symptom association analysis in infants and children with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 2009;154:248-52.
43. Sifrim D, Silny J, Holloway RH, Janssens JJ. Patterns of gas and liquid reflux during transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation: a study using intraluminal electrical impedance. Gut 1999;44:47-54. (Pubitemid 29143279)
44. van Wijk MP, Sifrim D, Rommel N, Benninga MA, Davidson GP, Omari TI. Characterization of intraluminal impedance patterns associated with gas reflux in healthy volunteers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21:825-e55.
45. Wiener GJ, Richter JE, Copper JB, Wu WC, Castell DO. The symptom index: a clinically important parameter of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83:358-61.
46. Breumelhof R, Smout AJ. The symptom sensitivity index: a valuable additional parameter in 24-hour esophageal pH recording. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:160-4.
47. Weusten BL, Roelofs JM, Akkermans LM, Van Berge-Henegouwen GP, Smout AJ. The symptom-association probability: an improved method for symptom analysis of 24-hour esophageal pH data. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1741-5. (Pubitemid 24357628)
48. Omari TI, Schwarzer A, vanWijk MP, Benninga MA, McCall L, Kritas S et al. Optimisation of the refluxsymptom association statistics for use in infants being investigated by 24-hour pH impedance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011;52:408-13.
49. Loots CM, van Wijk MP, Blondeau K, Dalby K, Peeters L, Rosen R et al. Interobserver and Intraobserver Variability in pH-Impedance Analysis between 10 Experts and Automated Analysis. J Pediatr 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
50. Farre R, Blondeau K, Clement D, Vicario M, Cardozo L, Vieth M et al. Evaluation of oesophageal mucosa integrity by the intraluminal impedance technique. Gut 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
51. Wasko-Czopnik D, Blonski W, Paradowski L. Diagnostic difficulties during combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring in patients with esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus. Adv Med Sci 2007;52:196-8.
52. Blonski W, Hila A, Vela MF, Castell DO. An analysis of distal esophageal impedance in individuals with and without esophageal motility abnormalities. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:776-81.
53. Kessing BF, Bredenoord AJ, Weijenborg PW, Hemmink GJ, Loots CM, Smout AJ. Esophageal Acid Exposure Decreases Intraluminal Baseline Impedance Levels. Am J Gastroenterol 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
54. Loots CM, van Wijk MP, Smits MJ, Wenzl TG, Benninga MA, Omari TI. Measurement of Mucosal Conductivity by MII Is a Potential Marker of Mucosal Integrity Restored in Infants on Acid-suppression Therapy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011;53:120-3.
55. Hoffman I, De GT, Haesendonck N, Tack J. Esophageal motility in children with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:601-8.
56. Pandolfino JE. High-resolution manometry: is it better for detecting esophageal disease? Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2010;6:632-634.
57. Blondeau K, Mertens V, Dupont L, Pauwels A, Farre R, Malfroot A et al. The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and cough in children with chronic unexplained cough using combined impedance-pH-manometry recordings. Pediatr Pulmonol 2010.
58. Tutuian R, Castell DO. Clarification of the esophageal function defect in patients with manometric ineffective esophageal motility: studies using combined impedance-manometry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:230-236. (Pubitemid 38293310)
59. Omari TI, Dejaeger E, Van BD, Goeleven A, Davidson GP, Dent J et al. A Method to Objectively Assess Swallow Function in Adults with Suspected Aspiration. Gastroenterology 2011.
60. Omari TI, Papathanasopoulos A, Dejaeger E, Wauters L, Scarpellini E, Vos R et al. Reproducibility and Agreement of Pharyngeal Automated Impedance Manometry with Videofluoroscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011.
61. Omari TI, Dejaeger E, Van BD, Goeleven A, De CP, Hoffman I et al. A Novel Method for the Nonradiological Assessment of Ineffective Swallowing. Am J Gastroenterol 2011.
62. Dahms BB. Reflux esophagitis: sequelae and differential diagnosis in infants and children including eosinophilic esophagitis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2004;7:5-16. (Pubitemid 38520227)
63. Simanovsky N, Buonomo C, Nurko S. The infant with chronic vomiting: the value of the upper GI series. Pediatr Radiol 2002;32:549-550. (Pubitemid 36075742)
64. Heine RG, Cameron DJ, Chow CW, Hill DJ, Catto-Smith AG. Esophagitis in distressed infants: poor diagnostic agreement between esophageal pH monitoring and histopathologic findings. J Pediatr 2002;140:14-19. (Pubitemid 34117461)
65. Orenstein SR, McGowan JD. Efficacy of conservative therapy as taught in the primary care setting for symptoms suggesting infant gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 2008;152:310-314.
66. Orenstein SR, Whitington PF. Positioning for prevention of infant gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 1983;103:534-537. (Pubitemid 13011959)
67. Orenstein SR, Whitington PF, Orenstein DM. The infant seat as treatment for gastroesophageal reflux. N Engl J Med 1983;309:760-763. (Pubitemid 13004284)
68. Vandenplas Y, De SJ, Verheyden S, Devreker T, Franckx J, Peelman M et al. A preliminary report on the efficacy of the Multicare AR-Bed in 3-week-3-month-old infants on regurgitation, associated symptoms and acid reflux. Arch Dis Child 2010;95:26-30.
69. Tobin JM, McCloud P, Cameron DJ. Posture and gastro-oesophageal reflux: a case for left lateral positioning. Arch Dis Child 1997;76:254-258. (Pubitemid 27128134)
70. Oyen N, Markestad T, Skaerven R, Irgens LM, Helweg-Larsen K, Alm B et al. Combined effects of sleeping position and prenatal risk factors in sudden infant death syndrome: the Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study. Pediatrics 1997;100:613-621. (Pubitemid 27425984)
71. Sutphen JL, Dillard VL. Effect of feeding volume on early postcibal gastroesophageal reflux in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988;7:185-188. (Pubitemid 18079100)
72. Craig WR, Hanlon-Dearman A, Sinclair C, Taback S, Moffatt M. Metoclopramide, thickened feedings, and positioning for gastro-oesophageal reflux in children under two years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;18:CD003502.
73. Nielsen RG, Bindslev-Jensen C, Kruse-Andersen S, Husby S. Severe gastroesophageal reflux disease and cow milk hypersensitivity in infants and children: disease association and evaluation of a new challenge procedure. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;39:383-391.
74. Iacono G, Carroccio A, Cavataio F, Montalto G, Kazmierska I, Lorello D et al. Gastroesophageal reflux and cow's milk allergy in infants: a prospective study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1996;97:822-827.
75. Tighe MP, Afzal NA, Bevan A, Beattie RM. Current pharmacological management of gastroesophageal reflux in children: an evidence-based systematic review. Paediatr Drugs 2009;11:185-202.
76. Carroccio A, Iacono G, Montalto G, Cavataio F, Soresi M, Notarbartolo A. Domperidone plus magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide: a valid therapy in children with gastroesophageal reflux. A double-blind randomized study versus placebo. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:300-304. (Pubitemid 24128375)
77. Cucchiara S, Staiano A, Romaniello G, Capobianco S, Auricchio S. Antacids and Cimetidine treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux and peptic oesophagitis. Arch Dis Child 1984;59:842-847. (Pubitemid 14037080)
78. Del Buono R, Wenzl TG, Ball G, Keady S, Thomson M. Effect of Gaviscon Infant on gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants assessed by combined intraluminal impedance/pH. Arch Dis Child 2005;90:460-463. (Pubitemid 40627439)
79. Miller S. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a new aluminium-free paediatric alginate preparation and placebo in infants with recurrent gastrooesophageal reflux. Curr Med Res Opin 1999;15:160-168. (Pubitemid 29481473)
80. Canani RB, Cirillo P, Roggero P, Romano C, Malamisura B, Terrin G et al. Therapy with gastric acidity inhibitors increases the risk of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatrics 2006;117:e817-e820. (Pubitemid 46071346)
81. Kierkus J, Furmaga-Jablonska W, Sullivan JE, David ES, Stewart DL, Rath N et al. Pharmacodynamics and safety of pantoprazole in neonates, preterm infants, and infants aged 1 through 11 months with a clinical diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:425-34.
82. Omari TI, Haslam RR, Lundborg P, Davidson GP. Effect of omeprazole on acid gastroesophageal reflux and gastric acidity in preterm infants with pathological acid reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44:41-4. (Pubitemid 46071790)
83. Omari TI, Lundborg P, Sandstrom M, Bondarov P, Fjellman M, Haslam R et al. Pharmacodynamics and systemic exposure of esomeprazole in preterm infants and term neonates with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatrics 2009;155:222-8.
84. Tolia V, Youssef NN, Gilger MA, Traxler B, Illueca M. Esomeprazole for the treatment of erosive esophagitis in children: an international, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind (for dose) study. BMC Pediatr 2010;10:41.
85. MacLennan S, Augood C, Cash-Gibson L, Logan S, Gilbert RE. Cisapride treatment for gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD002300.
86. Pritchard DS, Baber N, Stephenson T. Should domperidone be used for the treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux in children? Systematic review of randomized controlled trials in children aged 1 month to 11 years old. Br J Clin Pharmacot 2005;59:725-9. (Pubitemid 40835508)
87. van Noord C, Dieleman JP, van HG, Verhamme K, Sturkenboom MC. Domperidone and ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death: a population-based case-control study in the Netherlands. Drug Saf 2010;33:1003-14.
88. Omari TI, Benninga MA, Sansom L, Butler RN, Dent J, Davidson GP. Effect of baclofen on esophagogastric motility and gastroesophageal reflux in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2006;149:468-74.
89. Kawai M, Kawahara H, Hirayama S, Yoshimura N, Ida S. Effect of baclofen on emesis and 24-hour esophageal pH in neurologically impaired children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;38:317-23.
90. Di Lorenzo C, Orenstein S. Fundoplication: friend or foe? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;34:117-24. (Pubitemid 34259631)
91. Hassall E. Outcomes of fundoplication: causes for concern, newer options. Arch Dis Child 2005;9-:1047-52.
92. Goldin AB, Garrison M, Christakis D. Variations between hospitals in antireflux procedures in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009;163:658-63.
93. Broeders JA, Mauritz FA, Ahmed AU, Draaisma WA, Ruurda JP, Gooszen HG et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of laparoscopic Nissen (posterior total) versus Toupet (posterior partial) fundoplication for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Br J Surg 2010;97:1318-30.
94. Kubiak R, Andrews J, Grant HW. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic nissen fundoplication compared with laparoscopic thal fundoplication in children: a prospective, randomized study. Ann Surg 2011;253:44-9.
95. Mauritz FA, van Herwaarden-Lindeboom MY, Stomp W, Zwaveling S, Fischer K, Houwen RH et al. The Effects and Efficacy of Antireflux Surgery in Children with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review. J Gastrointest Surg 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
96. Broeders JA, Sportel IG, Jamieson GG, Nijjar RS, Granchi N, Myers JC et al. Impact of ineffective oesophageal motility and wrap type on dysphagia after laparoscopic fundoplication. Br J Surg 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
97. Cole SJ, van den Bogaerde JB, van der Walt H. Preoperative esophageal manometry does not predict postoperative dysphagia following anti-reflux surgery. Dis Esophagus 2005;18:51-6. (Pubitemid 40542796)
98. Montenovo M, Tatum RP, Figueredo E, Martin AV, Vu H, Quiroga E et al. Does combined multichannel intraluminal esophageal impedance and manometry predict postoperative dysphagia after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication? Dis Esophagus 2009;22:656-63.
99. Rosen R, Furuta G, Fritz J, Donovan K, Nurko S. Role of acid and nonacid reflux in children with eosinophilic esophagitis compared with patients with gastroesophageal reflux and control patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;46:520-3.