A cyberwar of ideas? deterrence and norms in cyberspace

Contemporary Security Policy

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 148-170

  Stevens, Tim ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84859934099     PISSN: 13523260     EISSN: 17438764     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2012.659597     Document Type: Article

References (155)

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3. For an historical account of this process.
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8. Although this need not necessarily be hi-tech, as their example of 13th-century Mongol 'cyberwar' attests: Ibid., pp. 148-150. The original use of the term 'cyber deterrence' occurs in the battlefield context.
9. James Der Derian, 'Cyber-Deterrence', Wired, Vol. 2, No. 9 (September 1994), www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.09/cyber.deter_pr.html
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14. Arquilla and Ronfeldt, 'Cyberwar is Coming!' (note 6)., p. 160.
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17. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, The Advent of Netwar (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1996)., p. 97.
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26. A curious parallel can be found in the writings of French urbanist and critical theorist Paul Virilio, who has repeatedly noted the advent of a 'second deterrence' based upon strategic information control.
27. Paul Virilio, Strategy of Deception, tr. Chris Turner (London: Verso, 2000).
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35. This is distinct from compellence, which aims to make an adversary 'perform', either by making it do something against its will or by changing the course of action upon which it has already embarked.
36. Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), pp. 69-70.
37. Glenn H. Snyder, Deterrence and Defense: Toward a Theory of National Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), pp. 14-16.
38. Martin C. Libicki, Conquest in Cyberspace: National Security and Information Warfare (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 31-37.
39. Libicki, Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar (note 25).
40. Patrick M. Morgan, Deterrence Now (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 8.
41. The most coherent exposition of this thesis.
42. Libicki, Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar (note 25), pp. 39-74.
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45. A conscious attempt to redress this imbalance is provided by Goodman, 'Cyber Deterrence' (note 25).
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47. Sean Lawson, 'Beyond Cyber-Doom: Cyberattack Scenarios and the Evidence of History', Working Paper 11-01, January 2011, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Arlington, VA.
48. Knopf, 'The Fourth Wave in Deterrence Research' (note 4), p. 4.
49. On pre- and post-event deterrence by denial.
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52. John Arquilla, Worst Enemy: The Reluctant Transformation of the American Military (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2008), p. 129.
53. John Arquilla, Worst Enemy: The Reluctant Transformation of the American Military (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2008)., pp. 129-131.
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55. Morgan, Deterrence Now (note 30), p. 8.
56. Harknett et al., 'Leaving Deterrence Behind' (note 38), pp. 2-4.
57. Harknett et al., 'Leaving Deterrence Behind' (note 38)., p. 5.
58. Harknett et al., 'Leaving Deterrence Behind' (note 38)., p. 20.
59. International Strategy for Cyberspace: Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World (Washington, DC: White House, 2011).
60. Julian E. Barnes and Siobhan Gorman, 'Cyberwar Plan Has New Focus on Deterrence', The Wall Street Journal, 15 July 2011.
61. Bill Gertz, 'Show of Strength Urged for Cyberwar', The Washington Times, 27 January 2011.
62. John Markoff, David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker, 'In Digital Combat, U.S. Finds No Easy Deterrent', The New York Times, 26 January 2010.
63. Barnes and Gorman, 'Cyberwar Plan' (note 47).
64. James A. Lewis, 'Cross-Domain Deterrence and Credible Threats', Washington, DC, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2010, p. 4.
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72. Theo Farrell, The Norms of War: Cultural Beliefs and Modern Conflict (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005), pp. 10-11.
73. Theo Farrell, The Norms of War: Cultural Beliefs and Modern Conflict (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005), pp. 6-7.
74. Theo Farrell, The Norms of War: Cultural Beliefs and Modern Conflict (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005), pp. 12-15.
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76. Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge: Polity, 2004), p. 5.
77. Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge: Polity, 2004)., p. 4.
78. Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge: Polity, 2004).
79. Emanuel Adler, 'Complex Deterrence in the Asymmetric-Warfare Era', in Paul et al., Complex Deterrence (note 34), p. 88.
80. Emanuel Adler, 'Complex Deterrence in the Asymmetric-Warfare Era', in Paul et al., Complex Deterrence (note 34).
81. Emanuel Adler, 'Complex Deterrence in the Asymmetric-Warfare Era', in Paul et al., Complex Deterrence (note 34)., p. 89.
82. Farrell, The Norms of War (note 59), pp. 101-114.
83. Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
84. Adler, 'Complex Deterrence' (note 66), p. 93.
85. This has been recognized recently by senior US defence officials.
86. Jim Garamone, 'Mullen Urges New Methods of Deterrence', American Forces Press Service, 12 November 2010.
87. Patrick M. Morgan, 'Collective-Actor Deterrence', in Paul et al., Complex Deterrence (note 34), pp. 158-182.
88. Adler, 'Complex Deterrence' (note 66), pp. 89-90.
89. www.whitehouse.gov/cybersecurity/comprehensive-national-cybersecurity-initiative
90. Markoff et al., 'In Digital Combat' (note 49).
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92. Securing Cyberspace for the 44th Presidency: A Report of the CSIS Commission on Cyber security for the 44th Presidency (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008)., p. 19.
93. Securing Cyberspace for the 44th Presidency: A Report of the CSIS Commission on Cyber security for the 44th Presidency (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008)., p. 20.
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99. Hillary Clinton, 'Remarks on Internet Freedom', Washington, DC, 21 January 2010.
100. These remarks were reiterated and expanded.
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115. Sergei Korotsov, quoted in ibid.
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117. United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, Note by the Secretary-General, 30 July 2010, A/65/201, www.unidir.org/pdf/activites/pdf5-act483.pdf.
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120. Nick Harvey, 'Cyber Warfare: Addressing the Challenge', Speech, 9 November 2010, Chatham House, London.
121. Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Cooperation in the Field of International Information Security, Article 2, 16 June 2009, unofficial translation.
122. Sean Kanuck, 'Sovereign Discourse on Cyber Conflict Under International Law', Texas Law Review, Vol. 88, No. 7 (June 2010), fn. 17.
123. 'Seeing the Internet as an "Information Weapon"' (note 97).
124. Letter to UN Secretary-General, 12 September 2011, http://blog.internetgovernance.org/pdf/UNinfosec-code.pdf
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126. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski and Jonathan Zittrain (eds), Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).
127. Deibert et al., Access Controlled (note 90).
128. Richard A. Clarke and Robert K. Knake, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do about It (New York: Ecco Books, 2010), p. 220.
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130. Régis Debray, Transmitting Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 25.
131. On the recent US and Chinese national self-portrayals with respect to cyberspace.
132. Stephen John Hartnett, 'Google and the "Twisted Cyber Spy" Affair: US-Chinese Communication in an Age of Globalization', Quarterly Journal of Speech, Vol. 97, No. 4 (November 2011), pp. 411-434.
133. 'UN Chief Calls for Treaty to Prevent Cyber War', Agence France-Presse, 30 January 2010. Supporting states include many regarded as media-repressive, such as Cuba, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Sudan, Vietnam and Zimbabwe.
134. Ron Deibert, 'Toward a Cyber Security Strategy', Vanguard (March/April 2010), pp. 10-11.
135. 'European Cyberwar Proposal Ignites Debate at IGF', Communications Daily, 15 September 2010.
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146. Securing Cyberspace for the 44th Presidency (note 76), p. 18.
147. Duncan B. Hollis, 'An e-SOS for Cyberspace', Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Summer 2011), p. 28.
148. McConnell, 'To Win the Cyber-War' (note 87).
149. Aliya Sternstein, 'Former CIA Director: Build a New Internet to Improve Cybersecurity', National Journal, 7 July 2011, http://www.nationaljournal.com/nationalsecurity/former-cia-director-build-a-new-internet-to-improvecybersecurity-20110707
150. Lawrence Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
151. Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo (note 69).
152. Richard M. Price, The Chemical Weapons Taboo (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).
153. Thomas Rid, 'Cyber War Will Not Take Place', Journal of Strategic Studies (forthcoming, 2012).
154. Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo (note 69), pp. 153-154.
155. Rid, 'Cyber War Will Not Take Place' (note 130).