A more inclusive global governance? The IMF and Civil society in Africa

Global Governance

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 185-206

  Scholte, Jan Aart ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Africa; Civil society; Global governance; International Monetary Fund

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859872981     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: 19426720     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01802004     Document Type: Note

References (112)

1. See, for example, R. Falk, On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1995).
2. M. Edwards and J. Gaventa, eds., Global Citizen Action (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
3. H. MacKenzie, ed., Democratizing Global Governance: Ten Years of Case Studies and Reflections by Civil Society Activists (New Delhi: Mosaic, 2009).
4. A. Kumar, "Global Civil Society: Emergent Forms of Cosmopolitan Democracy and Justice, " in A. Kumar and D. Messner, eds., Power Shifts and Global Governance: Challenges from South and North (London: Anthem, 2010).
5. K. Naidoo, "Boiling Point: Can Citizen Action Save the World?" Development Dialogue No. 54 (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 2010).
6. See, for example, M. Kaldor, Global Civil Society: An Answer to War (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2003).
7. J. S. Dryzek, Deliberative Global Politics (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2006).
8. N. Fraser, "Transnationalizing the Public Sphere: On the Legitimacy and Efficacy of Public Opinion in a Post-Westphalian World, " Theory, Culture and Society 24, no. 4 (July 2007): 7-30.
9. See, for example, J. A. Scholte, "Civil Society and the Legitimation of Global Governance, " Journal of Civil Society 3, no. 3 (December 2007): 305-326.
10. J. Steffek, C. Kissling, and P. Nanz, eds., Civil Society Participation in European and Global Governance: A Cure for the Democratic Deficit? (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
11. C. Jönsson and J. Tallberg, eds., Transnational Actors in Global Governance: Patterns, Explanations and Implications (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
12. M. Bexell and U. Mörth, eds., Democracy and Public-Private Partnerships in Global Governance (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
13. See, for example, R. D. Germain and M. Kenny, eds., The Idea of Global Civil Society (London: Routledge, 2005).
14. L. Amoore and P. Langley, "Ambiguities of Global Civil Society, " Review of International Studies 30, no. 1 (2004): 89-110.
15. R. D. Lipschutz, "Global Civil Society and Global Governmentality: Resistance, Reform or Resignation?" in G. Baker and D. Chandler, eds., Global Civil Society: Contested Futures (London: Routledge, 2005).
16. See, for example, T. G. Weiss and L. Gordenker, eds., NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996).
17. P. Willetts, ed., "Conscience of the World": The Influence of Non-governmental Organizations on the UN System (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1996).
18. S. Charnovitz, "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance, " Michigan Journal of International Law 18, no. 2 (Winter 1997): 183-286.
19. J. A. Fox and L. D. Brown, eds., The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998).
20. R. J. O'Brien et al., Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
21. Edwards and Gaventa, Global Citizen Action, part 2.
22. J. A. Scholte and A. Schnabel, eds., Civil Society and Global Finance (London: Routledge, 2002).
23. E. J. Friedman, K. Hochstetler, and A. M. Clark, Sovereignty, Democracy and Global Civil Society: State-Society Relations at UN World Conferences (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005).
24. K. Martens, NGOs and the United Nations: Institutionalization, Professionalization and Adaptation (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
25. J. M. Joachim, Agenda Setting, the UN, and NGOs (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2007).
26. Steffek et al., Civil Society Participation in European and Global Governance; MacKenzie, Democratizing Global Governance; J. Steffek and M. P. Ferretti, "Accountability or 'Good Decisions'? The Competing Goals of Civil Society Participation in International Governance, " Global Society 23, no. 1 (January 2009): 37-57.
27. P. Willetts, Non-governmental Organizations in World Politics: The Construction of Global Governance (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010).
28. J. A. Scholte, ed., Building Global Democracy? Civil Society and Accountable Global Governance (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
29. J. A. Scholte, "Global Civil Society, " in N. Woods, ed., The Political Economy of Globalization (London: Macmillan, 2000), pp. 173-201.
30. J. A. Scholte, "Civil Society and Governance in the Global Polity, " in M. Ougaard and R. A. Higgott, eds., Towards a Global Polity (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 145-165.
31. J. A. Scholte, "Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance, " Global Governance 8, no. 3 (July-September 2002): 281-304.
32. J. A. Scholte, "Civil Society and Democratically Accountable Global Governance, " Government and Opposition 39, no. 2 (Spring 2004): 211-233.
33. J. A. Scholte, "Civil Society and the Legitimation of Global Governance".
34. J. A. Scholte, "Civil Society and Sovereignty in a Post-statist Circumstance, " in T. Jacobsen, C. Sampford, and R. Thakur, eds., Re-envisioning Sovereignty: The End of Westphalia? (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008): 331-348.
35. J. A. Scholte, "Civil Society in Multi-level Governance, " in H. Enderlein, S. Wälti and M. Zürn, eds., Handbook on Multi-level Governance (Cheltenham: Elgar, 2010): 383-396.
36. J. A. Scholte, "Global Governance, Accountability and Civil Society, " in J. A. Scholte, ed., Building Global Democracy? (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 8-41.
37. L. Baccaro, "Civil Society Meets the State: Towards Associational Democracy?" Socio-economic Review 4, no. 2 (2006): 185-208.
38. T. Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
39. H. Seckinelgin, "Global Social Policy and International Organisations: Linking Social Exclusion to Durable Inequality, " Global Social Policy 9, no. 2 (August 2009): 205-227.
40. N. McKeon, The United Nations and Civil Society: Legitimating Global Governance-Whose Voice? (London: Zed, 2009).
41. J. Gaventa and R. Tandon, eds., Globalizing Citizens: New Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion (London: Zed, 2010).
42. J. A. Scholte, "The IMF Meets Civil Society, " Finance and Development 35, no. 3 (September 1998): 42-45.
43. J. A. Scholte, "'In the Foothills': Relations Between the IMF and Civil Society, " in R. A. Higgott, G. R. D. Underhill, and A. Bieler, eds., Non-state Actors and Authority in the Global System (London: Routledge, 2000): 256-273.
44. J. A. Scholte, "The IMF and Civil Society: An Interim Progress Report, " in Edwards and Gaventa, Global Citizen Action, pp. 87-103.
45. T. Dawson and G. Bhatt, "The IMF and Civil Society: Striking a Balance, " in Scholte and Schnabel, Civil Society and Global Finance, pp. 144-161.
46. J. A. Scholte, Civil Society Voices and the International Monetary Fund (Ottawa, ON: North-South Institute, 2002).
47. B. Thirkell-White, "The International Monetary Fund and Civil Society, " New Political Economy 9, no. 2 (June 2004): 251-270.
48. J. M. Griesgraber, "Influencing the IMF, " in J. W. St. G. Walker and A. S. Thompson, eds., Critical Mass: The Emergence of Global Civil Society (Waterloo, ON:Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2008), pp. 153-167.
49. J. A. Scholte, "IMF Interactions with Member Countries: The Civil Society Dimension" Background Paper BP/09/08 (Washington, DC: Independent Evaluation Office, International Monetary Fund, December 2009).
50. J. A. Scholte, "Civil Society and IMF Accountability, " in J. A. Scholte, ed., Building Global Democracy? (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 78-104.
51. This conception of civil society is elaborated, inter alia, through a critical comparison with other notions, in Scholte, "Global Governance, Accountability, " pp. 33-36.
52. See also Scholte, "Civil Society and the Legitimation of Global Governance, " pp. 310-312.
53. See further, T. Killick, IMF Programmes in Developing Countries: Design and Impact (London: Routledge, 1995).
54. R. W. Stone, "The Political Economy of IMF Lending in Africa, " American Political Science Review 98, no. 4 (November 2004): 577-591.
55. J. Salop et al., The IMF and Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: Independent Evaluation Office, International Monetary Fund, 2007).
56. Interviewee 142, interviewed by the author, Lagos, Nigeria, 19 January 2009. See also Scholte, "IMF Interactions, " pp. 7-12.
57. "IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors, " 26 April 2010, www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.htm.
58. ActionAid, The IMF's Policy Support Instrument: Expanded Fiscal Space or Continued Belt-Tightening? (Johannesburg: ActionAid International, 2007).
59. Global Transparency Initiative, Transparency at the IMF: A Guide for Civil Society on Getting Access to Information from the IMF (London: Bretton Woods Project, 2007).
60. Interviewee 49, interviewed by the author, Lilongwe, Malawi, 14 May 2008.
61. Interviewee 6, interviewed by the author, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 6 March 2009.
62. Interviewee 109, interviewed by the author, Maputo, Mozambique, 20 June 2008.
63. Interviewee 46, interviewed by the author, Blantyre, Malawi, 20 May 2008.
64. Interviewee 112, interviewed by the author, Maputo, Mozambique, 20 June 2008.
65. Interviewee 28, interviewed by the author, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 6 March 2009.
66. G. A. Jones and S. Corbridge, "The Continuing Debate about Urban Bias: The Thesis, Its Critics, Its Influence and Its Implications for Poverty-reduction Strategies, " Progress in Development Studies 10, no. 1 (2010): 1-18.
67. In relation to Africa, see especially R. H. Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).
68. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision (New York: UN, 2005), Table A.4.
69. Andrew Berg, quoted in The Daily Times (Blantyre, Malawi), 18 March 2008.
70. Interviewees 221 and 222, interviewed by the author in Lilongwe, Malawi, and Washington, DC, as well as in e-mail correspondence with the author, March-May 2008.
71. Interviewee 213, interviewed by the author, Washington, DC, 6 November 2008.
72. Interviewee 247, interviewed by the author via telephone, 16 September 2008.
73. Interviewee 232, interviewed by the author, Bamako, Mali, 22 February 2008.
74. M. Burke, "IMF and Labor Unions Step up Dialogue, " IMF Survey Online, 8 March 2008, www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/POL03508A.htm.
75. Interviewee 220, interviewed by the author, Washington, DC, 18 October 2007.
76. IMF publications search, www.imf.org/external/pubind.htm, 20 May 2010.
77. IMF Annual Report 2009, Web table 5.3: Distribution of Staff by Gender, www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/2009/eng/pdf/webtable53.pdf.
78. K. Ukaoha, "Gender, Development on Trade and Agriculture in Nigeria, " This Day (Lagos, Nigeria), 18 July 2006.
79. Interviewee 122, interviewed by the author, Abuja, Nigeria, 13 January 2009.
80. Interviewee 85, interviewed by the author, Bamako, Mali, 25 February 2008.
81. Interviewee 57, interviewed by the author, Lilongwe, Malawi, 15 May 2008.
82. Interviewee 248, interviewed by the author, Kampala, Uganda, 21 July 1997.
83. Interviewee 166, interviewed by the author, Kampala, Uganda, 24 September 2008.
84. Interviewee 98, interviewed by the author, Maputo, Mozambique, 23 June 2008.
85. Interviewee 222, 2008.
86. Interviewee 247, 2008.
87. Interviewee 239, interviewed by the author via telephone, 1 December 2008.
88. A. M. Tripp and J. C. Kwesiga, eds., The Women's Movement in Uganda: History, Challenges and Prospects (Kampala: Fountain, 2002).
89. Interviewee 141, interviewed by the author, Lagos, Nigeria, 21 January 2009.
90. Interviewee 124, interviewed by the author, Abuja, Nigeria, 16 January 2009.
91. See further, J. A. Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 149-152, 258-266.
92. Interviewee 52, interviewed by the author, Lilongwe, Malawi, 16 May 2008.
93. Interviewee 26, interviewed by the author, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2 March 2009.
94. N. McKeon with C. Kalafatic, Strengthening Dialogue: UN Experience with Small Farmer Organizations and Indigenous Peoples (New York: UN, 2009).
95. Interviewee 236, 2008.
96. Interviewee 55, interviewed by the author, Lilongwe, Malawi, 16 May 2008.
97. Interviewee 219, interviewed by the author, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 27 February 2009.
98. New Rules for Global Finance, "Bringing Balance to the IMF Reform Debate, " 2008, www.new-rules.org/what-we-do/imf-governance-reform/bringing-balance-tothe-imf-reform-debate (accessed 28 February 2012).
99. IMF, "Guide for Staff Relations with Civil Society Organizations, " 10 October 2003, www.imf.org/external/np/cso/eng/2003/101003.htm.
100. Scholte, "IMF Interactions, " p. 7.
101. Interviewee 195, interviewed by the author, Washington, DC, 23April 2010.
102. Interviewee 196, interviewed by the author, Washington, DC, 23 April 2010.
103. Interviewee 202, interviewed by the author, London, 8 November 2010.
104. Scholte, "In the Foothills. "
105. See www.imf.org/external/region/advisorygroups/members/AGSA.htm.
106. www.imf.org/external/region/advisorygroups/members/AGSA.htm.
107. M. Edwards, NGO Rights and Responsibilities: A New Deal for Global Governance (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000).
108. L. Jordan and P. van Tuijll, eds., NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations (London: Earthscan, 2006).
109. Scholte, Building Global Democracy?
110. J. A. Scholte, International Relations of Social Change (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993), chap. 5.
111. M. Mann, The Sources of Social Power, vol. 1 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
112. S. Strange, States and Markets, 2nd ed. (London: Pinter, 1994).