The effect of telephone-based interpersonal psychotherapy for the treatment of postpartum depression: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Trials

Volumn 13, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Dennis, Cindy Lee ^a,b   Ravitz, Paula ^c   Grigoriadis, Sophie ^d   Jovellanos, Melissa ^a   Hodnett, Ellen ^a   Ross, Lori ^e   Zupancic, John ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b WOMEN S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^e CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^f BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Interpersonal psychotherapy; Postpartum depression; Randomized controlled trial

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CANADA; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ECONOMIC EVALUATION; EDINBURGH POSTNATAL DEPRESSION SCALE; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NURSE TRAINING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PUERPERAL DEPRESSION; PUERPERIUM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF REPORT; TELEPHONE; TREATMENT DURATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN RELATION; METHODOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; TELEMEDICINE; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

CANADA; DEPRESSION, POSTPARTUM; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; PREGNANCY; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOTHERAPY, BRIEF; RESEARCH DESIGN; TELEMEDICINE; TELEPHONE; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84859841003     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17456215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-38     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Stocky A, Lynch J. Acute psychiatric disturbance in pregnancy and the puerperium. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000, 14:73-87. 10.1053/beog.1999.0064, 10789261.
2. Evins GG, Theofrastous JP. Postpartum depression: a review of postpartum screening. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns 1997, 4:241-246.
3. Beck CT. The lived experience of postpartum depression: a phenomenological study. Nurs Res 1992, 41:166-170.
4. Mills EP, Finchilescu G, Lea SJ. Postnatal depression: an examination of psychosocial factors. S Afr Med J 1995, 85:99-105.
5. Righetti-Veltema M, Conne-Perreard E, Bousquet A, Manzano J. Risk factors and predictive signs of postpartum depression. J Affect Disord 1998, 49:167-180. 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00110-9, 9629946.
6. Ritter C, Hobfoll SE, Lavin J, Cameron RP, Hulsizer MR. Stress, psychosocial resources, and depressive symptomatology during pregnancy in low-income, inner-city women. Health Psychol 2000, 19:576-585.
7. Cooper PJ, Murray L. Postnatal depression. BMJ 1998, 316:1884-1886. 10.1136/bmj.316.7148.1884, 1113362, 9632411.
8. Cox JL, Murray D, Chapman G. A controlled study of the onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal depression. Br J Psychiatry 1993, 163:27-31. 10.1192/bjp.163.1.27, 8353695.
9. England SJ, Ballard C, George S. Chronicity in postnatal depression. Eur J Psychiatry 1994, 8:93-96.
10. Cooper P, Murray L. Prediction, detection, and treatment of postnatal depression. Arch Dis Child 1997, 77:97-99. 10.1136/adc.77.2.97, 1717262, 9301344.
11. Kumar R, Robson KM. A prospective study of emotional disorders in childbearing women. Br J Psychiatry 1984, 144:35-47. 10.1192/bjp.144.1.35, 6692075.
12. Whiffen VE, Gotlib IH. Comparison of postpartum and nonpostpartum depression: clinical presentation, psychiatric history, and psychosocial functioning. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993, 61:485-494.
13. Carpiniello B, Pariante CM, Serri F, Costa G, Carta MG. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in Italy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1997, 18:280-285. 10.3109/01674829709080700, 9443138.
14. Affonso DD, De AK, Horowitz JA, Mayberry LJ. An international study exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology. J Psychosom Res 2000, 49:207-216. 10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00176-8, 11110992.
15. O'Hara M, Swain A. Rates and risk of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996, 8:37-54.
16. Beck CT. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nurs Res 2001, 50:275-285. 10.1097/00006199-200109000-00004, 11570712.
17. Dennis C-L. Can we identify mothers at risk for postpartum depression in the immediate postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale?. J Affect Disord 2004, 78:163-169. 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00299-9, 14706728.
18. Bernazzani O, Saucier JF, David H, Borgeat F. Psychosocial predictors of depressive symptomatology level in postpartum women. J Affect Disord 1997, 46:39-49. 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00077-3, 9387085.
19. O'Hara MW, Schlechte JA, Lewis DA, Varner MW. Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: psychological, environmental, and hormonal variables. J Abnorm Psychol 1991, 100:63-73.
20. Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE, Wallace PM, Mount JH. Prospective investigation of postpartum depression: factors involved in onset and recovery. J Abnorm Psychol 1991, 100:122-132.
21. Brugha TS, Sharp HM, Cooper SA, Weisender C, Britto D, Shinkwin R, Sherrif T, Kirwan PH. The Leicester 500 Project. Social support and the development of postnatal depressive symptoms, a prospective cohort survey. Psychol Med 1998, 28:63-79. 10.1017/S0033291797005655, 9483684.
22. Cooper PJ, Murray L. Course and recurrence of postnatal depression: evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept. Br J Psychiatry 1995, 166:191-195. 10.1192/bjp.166.2.191, 7728362.
23. Murray L, Fiori-Cowley A, Hooper R, Cooper P. The impact of postnatal depression and associated adversity on early mother-infant interactions and later infant outcome. Child Dev 1996, 67:2512-2526. 10.2307/1131637, 9022253.
24. Mayberry LJ, Affonso DD. Infant temperament and postpartum depression: a review. Health Care Women Int 1993, 14:201-211. 10.1080/07399339309516041, 8509323.
25. Hipwell AE, Goossens FA, Melhuish EC, Kumar R. Severe maternal psychopathology and infant-mother attachment. Dev Psychopathol 2000, 12:157-175. 10.1017/S0954579400002030, 10847622.
26. Murray L. The impact of postnatal depression on infant development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992, 33:543-561. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x, 1577898.
27. Cogill SR, Caplan HL, Alexandra H, Robson KM, Kumar R. Impact of maternal postnatal depression on cognitive development of young children. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986, 292:1165-1167.
28. Cummings EM, Davies PT. Maternal depression and child development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994, 35:73-112. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01133.x, 8163630.
29. Murray L, Sinclair D, Cooper P, Ducournau P, Turner P, Stein A. The socioemotional development of 5-year-old children of postnatally depressed mothers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999, 40:1259-1271. 10.1111/1469-7610.00542, 10604404.
30. Cohn JF, Tronick EZ. Three-month-old infants' reaction to simulated maternal depression. Child Dev 1983, 54:185-193. 10.2307/1129876, 6831986.
31. Whiffen VE, Gotlib IH. Infants of postpartum depressed mothers: temperament and cognitive status. J Abnorm Psychol 1989, 98:274-279.
32. Cox AD, Puckering C, Pound A, Mills M. The impact of maternal depression in young children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987, 28:917-928. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00679.x, 3436997.
33. Breznitz Z, Friedman SL. Toddlers' concentration: does maternal depression make a difference?. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988, 29:267-279. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00715.x, 3417803.
34. Beck CT. Maternal depression and child behaviour problems: a meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs 1999, 29:623-629. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00943.x, 10210459.
35. Orvaschel H, Walsh-Allis G, Ye WJ. Psychopathology in children of parents with recurrent depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1988, 16:17-28. 10.1007/BF00910497, 3361028.
36. Buist A. Childhood abuse, parenting and postpartum depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998, 32:479-487. 10.3109/00048679809068320, 9711360.
37. Boyce P. Personality dysfunction, marital problems and postnatal depression. Perinatal Psychiatry: Use and Misuse of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale 1994, 82-102. Gaskell, London, Cox J, Holden J.
38. Holden JM, Sagovsky R, Cox JL. Counselling in a general practice setting: controlled study of health visitor intervention in treatment of postnatal depression. BMJ 1989, 298:223-226. 10.1136/bmj.298.6668.223, 1835559, 2493868.
39. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guideline for the treatment of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004, 38:389-407. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.
40. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy statement: the transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001, 108:776-789. American Academy of Pediatrics.
41. Wurst KE, Poole C, Ephross SA, Olshan AF. First trimester paroxetine use and the prevalence of congenital, specifically cardiac, defects: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2010, 88:159-170. 10.1002/bdra.20627, 19739149.
42. Chambers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, Van Marter LJ, Werler MM, Louik C, Jones KL, Mitchell AA. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:579-587. 10.1056/NEJMoa052744, 16467545.
43. Dennis C-L. Treatment of postpartum depression, part 2: a critical review of nonbiological interventions. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65:1252-1265. 10.4088/JCP.v65n0915, 15367054.
44. Dennis C-L, Chung-Lee L. Postpartum depression help-seeking barriers and maternal treatment preferences: a qualitative systematic review. Birth 2006, 33:323-331. 10.1111/j.1523-536X.2006.00130.x, 17150072.
45. Chan S, Levy V. Postnatal depression: a qualitative study of the experiences of a group of Hong Kong Chinese women. J Clin Nurs 2004, 13:120-123. 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00882.x, 14687304.
46. Chan SW, Levy V, Chung TK, Lee D. A qualitative study of the experiences of a group of Hong Kong Chinese women diagnosed with postnatal depression. J Adv Nurs 2002, 39:571-579. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02326.x, 12207755.
47. Holopainen D. The experience of seeking help for postnatal depression. Aust J Adv Nurs 2002, 19:39-44.
48. McIntosh J. Postpartum depression: women's help-seeking behaviour and perceptions of cause. J Adv Nurs 1993, 18:178-184. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18020178.x, 8436707.
49. Mauthner NS. Postnatal depression: how can midwives help?. Midwifery 1997, 13:163-171. 10.1016/S0266-6138(97)80002-2, 9511683.
50. Small R, Johnston V, Orr A. Depression after childbirth: the views of medical students and women compared. Birth 1997, 24:109-115. 10.1111/j.1523-536X.1997.tb00350.x, 9271977.
51. Oates MR, Cox JL, Neema S, Asten P, Glangeaud-Freudenthal N, Figueiredo B, Gorman LL, Hacking S, Hirst E, Kammerer MH, Klier CM, Seniviratne G, Smith M, Sutter-Dallay AL, Valoriani V, Wickberg B. Yoshida K; TCS-PND Group: Postnatal depression across countries and cultures: a qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2004, 46:s10-16.
52. Wheatley SL, Brugha TS, Shapiro DA. Exploring and enhancing engagement to the psychosocial intervention 'Preparing for Parenthood'. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003, 6:275-285. 10.1007/s00737-003-0025-5, 14628180.
53. Brugha TS, Wheatley S, Taub NA, Culverwell A, Friedman T, Kirwan P, Jones DR, Shapiro DA. Pragmatic randomized trial of antenatal intervention to prevent post-natal depression by reducing psychosocial risk factors. Psychol Med 2000, 30:1273-1281. 10.1017/S0033291799002937, 11097068.
54. Mulcahy R, Reay RE, Wilkinson RB, Owen C. A randomised control trial for the effectiveness of group interpersonal psychotherapy for postnatal depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010, 13:125-139. 10.1007/s00737-009-0101-6, 19697094.
55. Weissman MM, Markowitz JC, Klerman GL. Clinician's Quick Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy 2007, Oxford Press, New York.
56. Stuart S, Robertson M. Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Clinician's Guide 2003, Arnold, London.
57. Cuijpers P, Geraedts A, van Oppen P, Andersson G, Markowitz JC, van Straten A. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2011, 168:581-592. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10101411, 21362740.
58. Weissman MM. Interpersonal psychotherapy: current status. Keio J Med 1997, 46:105-110. 10.2302/kjm.46.105, 9339636.
59. Sullivan H. The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry 1953, Norton, New York.
60. Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1: Attachment 1969, Basic Books, New York, 1.
61. Ravitz P, Maunder R, McBride C. Attachment, contemporary interpersonal theory and IPT: an integration of theoretical, clinical, and empirical perspectives. J Contemp Psychother 2008, 38:11-21.
62. Brown GW, Andrews B, Harris T, Adler Z, Bridge L. Social support, self-esteem and depression. Psychol Med 1986, 16:813-831. 10.1017/S0033291700011831, 3823299.
63. Brown GW, Harris TO, Hepworth C, Robinson R. Clinical and psychosocial origins of chronic depressive episodes, II: a patient enquiry. Br J Psychiatry 1994, 165:457-465. 10.1192/bjp.165.4.457, 7804659.
64. Pearlin LI, Lieberman MA, Menaghan EG, Mullan JT. The stress process. J Health Soc Behav 1981, 22:337-356. 10.2307/2136676, 7320473.
65. Rounsaville BJ, Prusoff BA, Weissman MM. The course of marital disputes in depressed women: a 48-month follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry 1980, 21:111-118. 10.1016/0010-440X(80)90087-5, 7379503.
66. Rounsaville BJ, Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Herceg-Baron R. Process of psychotherapy among depressed women with marital disputes. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1979, 49:505-510.
67. Rounsaville BJ, Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Herceg-Baron RL. Marital disputes and treatment outcome in depressed women. Compr Psychiatry 1979, 20:483-490. 10.1016/0010-440X(79)90035-X, 487804.
68. Crowe M, Luty S. Recovery from depression: a discourse analysis of interpersonal psychotherapy. Nurs Inq 2005, 12:43-50. 10.1111/j.1440-1800.2005.00250.x, 15743442.
69. Markowitz JC, Spielman LA, Scarvalone PA, Perry SW. Psychotherapy adherence of therapists treating HIV-positive patients with depressive symptoms. J Psychother Pract Res 2000, 9:75-80. 3330590, 10793126.
70. Crowe M, Luty S. Interpersonal psychotherapy: an effective psychotherapeutic intervention for mental health nursing practice. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2005, 14:126-133. 10.1111/j.1440-0979.2005.00369.x, 15896260.
71. Mufson L, Weissman MM, Moreau D, Garfinkel R. Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999, 56:573-579. 10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.573, 10359475.
72. Mufson L, Dorta KP, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, Olfson M, Weissman MM. A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61:577-584. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.6.577, 15184237.
73. Grote N, Bledsoe S, Swartz H, Frank E. Feasibility for providing culturally relevant, brief interpersonal psychotherapy for antenatal depression in an obstetrics clinic: a pilot study. Res Soc Work Pract 2004, 14:397-407.
74. Spinelli MG. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed antepartum women: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1997, 154:1028-1030.
75. Spinelli MG, Endicott J. Controlled clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy versus parenting education program for depressed pregnant women. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:555-562. 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.555, 12611838.
76. Stuart S, O'Hara MW. Treatment of postpartum depression with interpersonal psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52:75-76. 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950130075009, 7811164.
77. O'Hara MW, Stuart S, Gorman LL, Wenzel A. Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57:1039-1045. 10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1039, 11074869.
78. Klier CM, Muzik M, Rosenblum KL, Lenz G. Interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for the group setting in the treatment of postpartum depression. J Psychother Pract Res 2001, 10:124-131. 3330643, 11264336.
79. Reay R, Fisher Y, Robertson M, Adams E, Owen C. Group interpersonal psychotherapy for postnatal depression: a pilot study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2006, 9:31-39. 10.1007/s00737-005-0104-x, 16222425.
80. Clark R, Tluczek A, Wenzel A. Psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a preliminary report. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2003, 73:441-454.
81. Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Social ties and mental health. J Urban Health 2001, 78:458-467. 10.1093/jurban/78.3.458, 11564849.
82. Barnett PA, Gotlib IH. Psychosocial functioning and depression: distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychol Bull 1988, 104:97-126.
83. Joiner T, Coyne J. The Interactional Nature of Depression: Advances in Interpersonal Approaches 1999, American Psychological Association, Toronto, ON.
84. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull 1985, 98:310-357.
85. Berkman L, Glass T. Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. Social Epidemiology 2000, 137-173. Oxford University Press, New York, Berkman L, Kawachi I.
86. Social Support Measurement and Intervention: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists 2002, Oxford University Press, New York, Cohen S, Underwood L, Gottlieb B.
87. Lin N, Ye X, Ensel WM. Social support and depressed mood: a structural analysis. J Health Soc Behav 1999, 40:344-359. 10.2307/2676330, 10643160.
88. Thoits PA. Social support as coping assistance. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986, 54:416-423.
89. Mittleman M, Ferris S, Shulman E. A comprehensive support program: effect on depression in spouse-caregivers of AD patients. Gerontologist 1995, 35:792-802. 10.1093/geront/35.6.792, 8557206.
90. Harris T, Brown GW, Robinson R. Befriending as an intervention for chronic depression among women in an inner city, I: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 1999, 174:219-224. 10.1192/bjp.174.3.219, 10448446.
91. Dennis C-L. Peer support within a health care context: a concept analysis. Int J Nurs Stud 2003, 40:321-332. 10.1016/S0020-7489(02)00092-5, 12605954.
92. Horton R, Peterson MG, Powell S, Engelhard E, Paget SA. Users evaluate LupusLine, a telephone peer counseling service. Arthritis Care Res 1997, 10:257-263. 10.1002/art.1790100407, 9295455.
93. Brown R, Pain K, Berwald C, Hirschi P, Delehanty R, Miller H. Distance education and caregiver support groups: comparison of traditional and telephone groups. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1999, 14:257-268. 10.1097/00001199-199906000-00006, 10381978.
94. Hellerstedt WL, Jeffery RW. The effects of a telephone-based intervention on weight loss. Am J Health Promot 1997, 11:177-182. 10.4278/0890-1171-11.3.177, 10165095.
95. Kaunonen M, Tarkka MT, Laippala P, Paunonen-Ilmonen M. The impact of supportive telephone call intervention on grief after the death of a family member. Cancer Nurs 2000, 23:483-491. 10.1097/00002820-200012000-00012, 11128128.
96. Murphy GT, Stewart M, Ritchie J, Viscount PW, Johnson A. Telephone support for Canadian nurses in HIV/AIDS care. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2000, 11:73-88. 10.1016/S1055-3290(06)60399-3, 10911597.
97. Wells AM, Garvin V, Dohm FA, Striegel-Moore RH. Telephone-based guided self-help for binge eating disorder: a feasibility study. Int J Eat Disord 1997, 21:341-346. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(1997)21:4<341::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-O, 9138045.
98. Thome M, Alder B. A telephone intervention to reduce fatigue and symptom distress in mothers with difficult infants in the community. J Adv Nurs 1999, 29:128-137. 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00872.x, 10064291.
99. Bullock LF, Wells JE, Duff GB, Hornblow AR. Telephone support for pregnant women: outcome in late pregnancy. N Z Med J 1995, 108:476-478.
100. Galinsky MJ, Schopler JH, Abell MD. Connecting group members through telephone and computer groups. Health Soc Work 1997, 22:181-188. 10.1093/hsw/22.3.181, 9260082.
101. Miller L, Weissman M. Interpersonal psychotherapy delivered over the telephone to recurrent depressives: a pilot study. Depress Anxiety 2002, 16:114-117. 10.1002/da.10047, 12415535.
102. Ugarriza D, Schmidt L. Telecare for women with postpartum depression. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2006, 44:37-45.
103. Dennis C-L, Hodnett E, Gallop R, Chalmers B. The effect of peer support on breast-feeding duration among primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2002, 166:21-28. 99222, 11800243.
104. Dennis C-L. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for prevention of postnatal depression: systematic review. BMJ 2005, 331:15. 10.1136/bmj.331.7507.15, 558531, 15994688.
105. Dennis C-L, Creedy D. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, 4:1134.
106. Dennis C-L, Ross LE, Herxheimer A. Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 4:CD001690.
107. Hoffbrand S, Howard L, Crawley H. Antidepressant drug treatment for postnatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, 2:CD002018.
108. Barlow J, Coren E. Parent-training programmes for improving maternal psychosocial health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, 2:CD002020.
109. Dennis C-L, Hodnett E. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 4:CD006116.
110. Dennis C-L, Hodnett E, Kenton L, Weston J, Zupancic J, Stewart DE, Kiss A. The effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high risk women: a multisite randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009, 338:a3064. 10.1136/bmj.a3064, 2628301, 19147637.
111. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), I: history, rationale, and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49:624-629. 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005, 1637252.
112. Segal DL, Hersen M, Van Hasselt VB. Reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R: an evaluative review. Compr Psychiatry 1994, 35:316-327. 10.1016/0010-440X(94)90025-6, 7956189.
113. Zanarini MC, Skodol AE, Bender D, Dolan R, Sanislow C, Schaefer E, Morey LC, Grilo CM, Shea MT, McGlashan TH, et al. The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: reliability of axis I and II diagnoses. J Pers Disord 2000, 14:291-299. 10.1521/pedi.2000.14.4.291, 11213787.
114. Riskind JH, Beck AT, Berchick RJ, Brown G, Steer RA. Reliability of DSM-III diagnoses for major depression and generalized anxiety disorder using the structured clinical interview for DSM-III. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987, 44:817-820. 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800210065010, 3632255.
115. Hickey AR, Boyce PM, Ellwood D, Morris-Yates AD. Early discharge and risk for postnatal depression. Med J Aust 1997, 167:244-247.
116. Lee D, Yip S, Chiu H, Leung T, Chan K, Chau I, Leung H, Chung T. Detecting postnatal depression in Chinese women: validation of the Chinese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1998, 172:433-437. 10.1192/bjp.172.5.433, 9747407.
117. Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, Heartwell SF, Leveno KJ. Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:1856-1863. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1856, 11691692.
118. Lee D, Yip A, Chiu H, Leung T, Chung T. A psychiatric epidemiological study of postpartum Chinese women. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:220-226. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.2.220, 11156804.
119. Zlotnick C, Johnson SL, Miller IW, Pearlstein T, Howard M. Postpartum depression in women receiving public assistance: pilot study of an interpersonal-therapy-oriented group intervention. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:638-640. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.638, 11282702.
120. Cooper PJ, Murray L, Wilson A, Romaniuk H. Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression: impact on maternal mood. Br J Psychiatry 2003, 182:412-419. 10.1192/bjp.182.5.412, 12724244.
121. Ventura J, Liberman RP, Green MF, Shaner A, Mintz J. Training and quality assurance with the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P). Psychiatry Res 1998, 79:163-173. 10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00038-9, 9705054.
122. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987, 150:782-786. 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782, 3651732.
123. Dennis C-L, Stewart DE. Treatment of postpartum depression, part 1: a critical review of biological interventions. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65:1242-1251. 10.4088/JCP.v65n0914, 15367053.
124. Spielberger CD. STAI manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1970, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
125. Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000, 78:350-365.
126. Spanier GB. Measuring dyadic adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. J Marriage Fam 1976, 38:15-28.
127. Wolman W-L, Chambers B, Hofmeyer GJ, Nikodem VC. Postpartum depression and companionship in the clinical birth environment: a randomized, controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993, 168:1388-1393.
128. Brown G. Health Service Utilization and Cost of Care Questionnaire 2001, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
129. Dennis C-L. Influence of depressive symptomatology on maternal health service utilization and general health. Arch Womens Ment Health 2004, 7:183-191.
130. Dennis C-L. The effect of peer support on postpartum depression: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Can J Psychiatry 2003, 48:115-124.
131. Larson D, Attkisson C, Hargreaves W. Assessment of client/patient satisfacton: development of a general scale. Eval Program Plann 1979, 2:197-207. 10.1016/0149-7189(79)90094-6, 10245370.
132. Ware J, Snyder M, Wright R. Defining and measuring patient satisfaction with medical care. Eval Program Plann 1983, 6:247-263. 10.1016/0149-7189(83)90005-8, 10267253.
133. Holden JM. Postnatal depression: its nature, effects, and identification using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale. Birth 1991, 18:211-221. 10.1111/j.1523-536X.1991.tb00104.x, 1764150.
134. Wickberg B, Hwang CP. Counselling of postnatal depression: a controlled study on a population based Swedish sample. J Affect Disord 1996, 39:209-216. 10.1016/0165-0327(96)00034-1, 8856425.
135. Chen CH, Wang SY, Hwu HG, Chou FH. A controlled study of postpartum depression in adult women. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2000, 16:156-161.
136. Honey KL, Bennett P, Morgan M. A brief psycho-educational group intervention for postnatal depression. Br J Clin Psychol 2002, 41:405-409. 10.1348/014466502760387515, 12437794.
137. Appleby L, Warner R, Whitton A, Faragher B. A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression. BMJ 1997, 314:932-936. 10.1136/bmj.314.7085.932, 2126383, 9099116.
138. Prendergast J, Austin MP. Early childhood nurse-delivered cognitive behavioural counselling for post-natal depression. Australas Psychiatry 2001, 9:255-259.
139. Schulberg HC, Block MR, Madonia MJ, Scott CP, Rodriguez E, Imber SD, Perel J, Lave J, Houck PR, Coulehan JL. Treating major depression in primary care practice: eight-month clinical outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996, 53:913-919. 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830100061008, 8857868.
140. Grigoriadis S, Ravitz P. An approach to interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression: focusing on interpersonal changes. Can Fam Physician 2007, 53:1469-1475. 2234626, 17872875.
141. Stuart S, O'Hara MW. Interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a treatment program. J Psychother Pract Res 1995, 4:18-29. 3330386, 22700210.
142. Rounsaville BJ, O'Malley S, Foley S, Weissman MM. Role of manual-guided training in the conduct and efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988, 56:681-688.
143. Capaldi D, Patterson G. An approach to the problem of recruitment and retention rates for longitudinal research. Behav Assess 1987, 9:169-177.
144. Morrison TC, Wahlgren DR, Hovell MF, Zakarian J, Burkham-Kreitner S, Hofstetter CR, Slymen DJ, Keating K, Russos S, Jones JA. Tracking and follow-up of 16,915 adolescents: minimizing attrition bias. Control Clin Trials 1997, 18:383-396. 10.1016/S0197-2456(97)00025-1, 9315423.
145. Edwards P, Roberts I, Clarke M, DiGuiseppi C, Pratap S, Wentz R, Kwan I. Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review. BMJ 2002, 324:1183. 10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1183, 111107, 12016181.
146. Hough RL, Tarke H, Renker V, Shields P, Glatstein J. Recruitment and retention of homeless mentally ill participants in research. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996, 64:881-891.
147. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Schedule of Benefits: Physician Services Under the Health Insurance Act, February 1, 1998 1999, Queen's Printer, Toronto, ON, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.
148. Ontario Case Cost Project Ontario Guide to Case Costing, Version 1.1. (September) 1995, Ontario Case Cost Project, Ottawa, ON, Ontario Case Cost Project.
149. Polsky D, Glick HA, Willke R, Schulman K. Confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios: a comparison of four methods. Health Econ 1997, 6:243-252. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199705)6:3<243::AID-HEC269>3.0.CO;2-Z, 9226142.