Recent advances on synthesis and application of graphene as novel sensing materials in analytical chemistry

Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 57-81

  Li, Zai Jun ^a   Xia Q f , ^a  

^a JIANGNAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Composites; Graphene; Sensor

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859771190     PISSN: 07930135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/revac-2011-0039     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Agarwal, S.; Zhou, X. Z.; Ye, F.; He, Q. Y.; Chen, G. C. K.; Soo, J.; Boey, F.; Zhang, H.; Chen, P. Interfacing live cells with nanocarbon substrates. Langmuir 2010, 26, 2244-2247.
2. Al-Mashat, L.; Shin, K.; Kalantar-zadeh, K.; Plessis, J. D.; Han, S. H.; Kojima, R. W.; Kaner, R. B.; Li, D.; Gou, X. L.; Ippolito, S. J.; Wlodarski, W. Graphene/Polyaniline nanocomposite for hydrogen sensing. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2010, 114, 16168-16173.
3. Algar, W. R.; Krull, U. Multiplexed interfacial transduction of nucleic acid hybridization using a single color of immobilized quantum dot donor and two acceptors in fl uorescence resonance energy transfer. J. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 400-405.
4. Arvinte, A.; Mahosenaho, M.; Pinteala, M.; Sesay, A. M.; Virtanen, V. Electrochemical oxidation of p-nitrophenol using graphenemodifi ed electrodes, and a comparison to the performance ofMWNT-based electrodes. Microchim. Acta 2011, 174, 337-343.
5. Baby, T. T.; Jyothirmayee Aravind, S. S.; Arockiadoss, T.; Rakhi, R. B.; Ramaprabhu, S. Metal decorated graphene nanosheets as immobilization matrix for amperometric glucose biosensor. Sens. Actuators, B 2010, 145, 71-77.
6. Bo, Y.; Wang, W. Q.; Qi, J. F.; Huang, S. S. A DNA biosensor based on graphene paste electrode modifi ed with Prussian blue and chitosan. Analyst 2011a, 136, 1946-1951.
7. Bo, Y.; Yang, H. Y.; Hu, Y.; Yao, T. M.; Huang, S. S. A novel electrochemical DNA biosensor based on graphene and polyaniline nanowires. Electrochim. Acta 2011b, 56, 2676-2681.
8. Bonanni, A.; Pumera, M. Graphene platform for hairpin-DNA-based impedimetric genosensing. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 2356-2361.
9. Cai, L. P.; Zhan, R. Y.; Pu, K. Y.; Qi, X. Y.; Zhang, H.; Huang, W.; Liu, B. Butterfl y-shaped conjugated oligoelectrolyte/grapheme oxide integrated assay for light-up visual detection of heparin. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83,7849-7855.
10. Cao, L. Y.; Sun, H. M.; Li, J.; Lu, L. H. An enhanced electrochemical platform based on graphene-polyoxometalate nanomaterials for sensitive determination of diphenolic compounds. Anal. Methods 2011a, 3, 1587-1594.
11. Cao, H. G.; Xiao, F.; Ching, C. B.; Duan, H. W. One-Step electrochemical synthesis of PtNi nanoparticle-graphene nanocomposites for nonenzymatic amperometric glucose detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011b, 3, 3049-3057.
12. Chang, H. H.; Wu, X. J.; Wu, C. Y.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, H.; Wang, X. M. Catalytic oxidation and determination of ß -NADH using self-assembly hybrid of gold nanoparticles and graphene. Analyst 2011, 136, 2735-2740.
13. Chen, J.; Zhao, L.; Bai, H.; Shi, G. Q. Electrochemical detection of dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide by hemin immobilized on chemically converted graphene. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2011a, 657, 34-38.
14. Chen, L. Y.; Tang, Y. H.; Wang, K.; Liu, C. B.; Luo, S. L. Direct electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide on glassy carbon electrode and its electrochemical application. Electrochem. Commun. 2011b, 13, 133-137.
15. Chen, H. F.; Zhang, B.; Cui, Y. L.; Liu, B. Q.; Chen, G. N.; Tang, D. P. One-step electrochemical immunoassay of biomarker based on nanogold- functionalized graphene sensing platform. Anal. Methods 2011c, 3, 1615-1621.
16. Chen, S.; Zhu, J. Q.; Wang, X. An in situ oxidation route to fabricate graphene nanoplate -metal oxide composites. J. Solid State Chem. 2011d, 184, 1393-1399.
17. Chen, J. L.; Yan, X. P.; Meng, K.; Wang, S. F. Graphene oxide based photoinduced charge transfer label-free near-infrared fl uorescent biosensor for dopamine. Anal. Chem. 2011e, 83, 8787-8793.
18. Choi, B. G.; Park, H.; Park, T. J.; Yang, M. H.; Kim, J. S.; Jang, S. Y.; Heo, N. S.; Lee, S. Y.; Kong, J.; Hong, W. H. Solution chemistry of self-assembled graphene nanohybrids for high-performance fl exible biosensors. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 2910-2918.
19. Chu, B. H.; Lo, C. F.; Nicolosi, J.; Chang, C. Y.; Chen, V.; Strupinski, W.; Pearton, S. J.; Ren, F. Hydrogen detection using platinum coated graphene grown on SiC. Sens. Actuators, B. 2011, 157, 500-503.
20. Deng, S. Y.; Lei, J. P.; Cheng, L. X.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Ju, H. X. Amplifi ed electrochemiluminescence of quantum dots by electrochemically reduced graphene oxide for nanobiosensing of acetylcholine. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 4552-4558.
21. Dey, R. S.; Raj, C. R. Development of an amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on graphene-Pt nanoparticle hybrid material.J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 21427-21433.
22. Du, H. J.; Ye, J. S.; Zhang, J. Q.; Huang, X. D.; Yu, C. Z. J. A voltammetric sensor based on graphene-modifi ed electrode for simultaneous determination of catechol and hydroquinone. Electroanal. Chem. 2011a, 650, 209-213.
23. Du, Y.; Guo, S. J.; Dong, S. J.; Wang, E. K. An integrated sensing system for detection of DNA using new parallel-motif DNA triplex system and graphene-mesoporous silica -gold nanoparticle hybrids. Biomaterials 2011b, 32, 8584-8592.
24. Du, D.; Wang, L. M.; Shao, Y. Y.; Wang, J.; Engelhard, M. H.; Lin, Y. H. Functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocarrier in a multienzyme labeling amplifi cation strategy for ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassay of phosphorylated p53 (S392). Anal. Chem. 2011c, 83, 746-752.
25. Fan, Y.; Liu, J. H.; Yang, C. P.; Yu, M.; Liu, P. Graphene-polyaniline composite fi lm modifi ed electrode for voltammetric determination of 4-aminophenol. Sens. Actuators. B. 2011a, 157, 669-674.
26. 2 -graphene modifi ed glassy carbon electrode. Colloids Surf. B 2011b, 85, 289-292.
27. 2-graphene composite fi lm. Microchim. Acta 2011c, 173, 241-247.
28. 2 -graphene nanocomposite for electrochemical sensing of adenine and guanine. Electrochim. Acta 2011d, 56, 4685-4690.
29. Feng, L. Y.; Chen, Y.; Ren, J. S.; Qu, X. G. A graphene functionalized electrochemical aptasensor for selective label-free detection of cancer cells. Biomaterials 2011a, 32, 2930-2937.
30. Feng, D.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Feng, T. T.; Shi, W.; Li, X. H.; Ma, H. M. A graphene oxide-peptide fl uorescence sensor tailor-made for simple and sensitive detection of matrix metalloproteinase 2. Chem. Commun. 2011b, 47, 10680-10682.
31. Gan, T.; Hu, C. G.; Chen, Z. L.; Hu, S. S. Fabrication and application of a novel plant hormone sensor for the determination of methyl jasmonate based on self-assembling of phosphotungstic acid-grapheme oxide nanohybrid on graphite electrode. Sens. Actuators. B. 2010, 151, 8-14.
32. Goh, M. S.; Pumera, M. Single-, few-, and multilayer graphene not exhibiting signifi cant advantages over graphite microparticles in electroanalysis. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 8367-8370.
33. Goh, M. S.; Pumera, M. Graphene-based electrochemical sensor for detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in seawater: the comparison of single-, few-, and multilayer graphene nanoribbons and graphite microparticles. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 399, 127-131.
34. Goldman, E. R.; Clapp, A. R.; Anderson, G. P.; Uyeda, H. T.; Mauro, J. M.; Medintz, I. L.; Mattoussi, H. Multiplexed toxin analysisusing four colors of quantum dot fl uororeagents. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 684-688. (Pubitemid 38166574)
35. Gong, J. M.; Miao, X. J.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, L. Z. An enzymeless organophosphate pesticide sensor using Au nanoparticle-decorated graphene hybrid nanosheet as solid-phase extraction. Talanta 2011, 85, 1344-1349.
36. Gu, Z. G.; Yang, S. P.; Li, Z. J.; Sun, X. L.; Wang, G. L.; Fang, Y. J.; Liu, J. K. An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor for glucose using CdTe-CdS core-shell quantum dot as ultrafast electron transfer relay between graphene-gold nanocomposite and gold nanoparticle. Electrochim. Acta 2011a, 56, 9162-9167.
37. Gu, Z. Q.; Yang, S. P.; Li, Z. J.; Sun, X. L.; Wang, G. L.; Fang, Y. J.; Liu, J. K. An ultrasensitive hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on electrocatalytic synergy of graphene -gold nanocomposite, CdTe -CdS core -shell quantum dots and gold nanoparticles. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011b, 701, 75-80.
38. Guo, S. J.; Wen, D.; Zhai, Y. M.; Dong, S. J.; Wang, E. K. Ionic liquid -graphene hybrid nanosheets as an enhanced material for electrochemical determination of trinitrotoluene. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011a, 26, 3475-3481.
39. Guo, K.; Qian, K.; Zhang, S.; Kong, J. J.; Yu, C. Z.; Liu, B. H. Bioelectrocatalysis of NADH and ethanol based on graphene sheets modifi ed electrodes. Talanta 2011b, 85, 1174-1179.
40. Guo, Y. J.; Guo, S. J.; Li, J.; Wang, E. K.; Dong, S. J. Cyclodextringraphene hybrid nanosheets as enhanced sensing platform for ultrasensitive determination of carbendazim. Talanta 2011c, 84, 60-64.
41. Guo, S. J.; Du, Y.; Yang, X.; Dong, S. J.; Wang, E. K. Solid-state label-free integrated aptasensor based on graphene-mesoporous silica-gold nanoparticle hybrids and silver microspheres. Anal. Chem. 2011d, 83, 8035-8040.
42. Guo, C. X.; Lei, Y.; Li, C. M. Porphyrin functionalized grapheme for sensitive electrochemical detection of ultratrace explosives. Electroanalysis 2011e, 23, 885-893.
43. Hong, W. J.; Bai, H.; Xu, Y. X.; Yao, Z. Y.; Gu, Z. Z.; Shi, G. Q. Preparation of gold nanoparticle/graphene composites with controlled weight contents and their application in biosensors. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 1822-1826.
44. Hou, S. F.; Kasner, M. I.; Su, S. J.; Patel, K.; Cuellari, R. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 14915.
45. 2 sensor. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 7254-7262.
46. Huang, Y. X.; Dong, X. C.; Liu, Y. X.; Li, L. J.; Chen, P. Graphenebased biosensors for detection of bacteria and their metabolic activities. J. Mater. Chem. 2011a, 21, 12358-12362.
47. Huang, L.; Huang, Y.; Liang, J. J.; Wan, X. J.; Chen, Y. S. Graphenebased conducting inks for direct inkjet printing of fl exible conductive patterns and their applications in electric circuits and chemical sensors. Nano Res. 2011b, 4, 675-684.
48. Huang, K. J.; Niu, D. J.; Liu, X.; Wu, Z. W.; Fan, Y.; Chang, Y. F.; Wu, Y. Y. Direct electrochemistry of catalase at amine-functionalized graphene/gold nanoparticles composite fi lm for hydrogen peroxide sensor. Electrochim. Acta 2011c, 56, 2947-2953.
49. Huang, K. J.; Jing, Q. S.; Wu, Z. W.; Wang, L.; Wei, C. Y. Enhanced sensing of dopamine in the present of ascorbic acid based on graphene/poly( p -aminobenzoic acid) composite fi lm. Colloids Surf. B 2011d, 88, 310-314.
50. Huang, K. J.; Niu, D. J.; Sun, J. Y.; Han, C. H.; Wu, Z. W.; Li, Y. L.; Xiong, X. Q. Novel electrochemical sensor based on functionalized graphene for simultaneous determination of adenine and guanine in DNA. Colloids Surf B. 2011e, 82, 543-549.
51. Jiang, Z. X.; Wang, J. J.; Meng, L. H.; Huang, Y. D.; Liu, L. A highly effi cient chemical sensor material for ethanol: Al 2 O 3 /grapheme nanocomposites fabricated from graphene oxide. Chem. Commun. 2011a, 47, 6350-6352.
52. Jiang, Y. Y.; Zhang, X. D.; Shan, C. S.; Hua, S. C.; Zhang, Q. X.; Bai, X. X. Functionalization of graphene with electrodeposited Prussian blue towards amperometric sensing application. Talanta 2011b, 85, 76-81.
53. Jin, Z.; Nackashi, D.; Lu, W.; Kittrell, C.; Tour, J. M. Decoration, migration, and aggregation of palladium nanoparticles on grapheme sheets. Chem. Mater . 2010, 22, 5695-5699.
54. Kang, X. H.; Wang, J.; Wu, H.; Aksay, I. A.; Liu, J.; Lin, Y. H. Glucose Oxidase -graphene -chitosan modifi ed electrode for direct electrochemistry and glucose sensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 25, 901-905.
55. Kang, X. H.; Wang, J.; Wu, H.; Liu, J.; Aksay, I. A.; Lin, Y. H. A graphene-based electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of paracetamol. Talanta 2010, 81, 754-759.
56. Kaniyoor, A.; Ramaprabhu, S. Hybrid carbon nanostructured ensembles as chemiresistive hydrogen gas sensors. Carbon 2011, 49 ,227-236.
57. Keeley, G. P.; Neill, A. O.; Holzinger, M.; Cosnier, S.; Coleman, J. N.; Duesbery, G. S. DMF-exfoliated graphene for electrochemical NADH detection. Phys. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 7747-7750.
58. Kou, R.; Shao, Y.; Mei, D.; Nie, Z.; Wang, D.; Wang, C.; Viswanathan, V. V.; Aksay, I. A.; Lin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J.; Park, S. Stabilization of electrocatalytic metal nanoparticles at metal-metal oxide-graphene triple junction points. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 2541-2547.
59. Kundu, P.; Nethravathi, C.; Deshpande, P. A.; Rajamathi, M.; Madras, G.; Ravishankar, N. Ultrafast microwave-assisted route to surfactant-free ultrafi ne Pt nanoparticles on graphene: synergistic co-reduction mechanism and high catalytic activity. Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 2772-2780.
60. Lange, U.; Hirsch, T.; Mirsky, V. M.; Wolfbeis, O. S. Hydrogen sensor based on a graphene -palladium nanocomposite. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 3707-3712.
61. Li, J.; Guo, S. J.; Zhai, Y. M.; Wang, E. High-sensitivity determination of lead and cadmium based on the Nafi on-graphene composite fi lm. Analytica Chimica Acta 2009a, 649, 196-201.
62. Li, J.; Guo, S. J.; Zhai, Y. M.; Wang, E. K. Nafi on-graphene nanocomposite fi lm as enhanced sensing platform for ultrasensitive determination of cadmium. Electrochem. Commun. 2009b, 11, 1085-1088.
63. Li, Z.; Yao, Y. G.; Lin, Z. Y.; Moon, K. S.; Lin, W.; Wong, C. P. Ultrafast, dry microwave synthesis of graphene sheets. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 4781-4783.
64. Li, T.; Yang, M. H.; Li, H. Label-free electrochemical detection of cancer marker based on graphene -cobalt hexacyanoferrate nanocomposite. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2011a, 655, 50-55.
65. Li, Y.; Yang, W. K.; Fan, M. Q.; Liu, A. A sensitive label-free amperometric CEA immunosensor based on graphene-Nafi on nanocomposite fi lm as an enhanced sensing platform. Anal. Sci. 2011b, 27, 727.
66. 2. Electrochim. Acta 2011c, 56, 1144-1149.
67. Li, F.; Li, J. J.; Feng, Y.; Yang, L. M.; Du, Z. F. Electrochemical behavior of graphene doped carbon paste electrode and its application for sensitive determination of ascorbic acid. Sens. Actuators. B. 2011d, 157, 110-114.
68. Li, H.; Wei, Q.; He, J.; Li, T.; Zhao, Y. F.; Cai, Y. Y.; Du, B.; Qian, Z. Y.; Yang, M. H. Electrochemical immunosensors for cancer biomarker with signal amplifi cation based on ferrocene functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011e, 26 ,3590-3595.
69. Lian, P. C.; Zhu, X. F.; Liang, S. Z.; Li, Z.; Yang, W. S.; Wang, H. H. Large reversible capacity of high quality graphene sheets as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 3909-3914.
70. Liang, J. F.; Chen, Z. B.; Guo, L.; Li, L. D. Electrochemical sensing of L-histidine based on structure-switching DNAzymes and goldnanoparticle -graphene nanosheet composites. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 5476-5478.
71. Liu, Y.; Yu, D. S.; Zeng, C.; Miao, Z. C.; Dai, L. M. Biocompatible graphene oxide-based glucose biosensors. Langmuir 2010a, 26, 6158-6160.
72. Liu, S.; Tian, J. Q.; Wang, L.; Li, H. L.; Zhang, Y. W.; Sun, X. P. Stable aqueous dispersion of graphene nanosheets: noncovalent functionalization by a polymeric reducing agent and their subsequent decoration with Ag nanoparticles for enzymeless hydrogen peroxide detection. Macromolecules 2010b, 43, 10078-10083.
73. Liu, K. P.; Wei, J. P.; Wang, C. M. Sensitive detection of rutin based on â-cyclodextrin@chemically reduced graphene/Nafi on composite fi lm. Electrochim. Acta 2011i, 56, 5189-5194.
74. Liu, K. P.; Zhang, J. J.; Wang, C. M.; Zhu, J. J. Graphene-assisted dual amplifi cation strategy for the fabrication of sensitive amperometric immunosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011a, 26, 3627-3632.
75. Liu, F.; Choi, K. S.; Park, T. J.; Lee, S. Y.; Seo, T. S. Graphenebased electrochemical biosensor for pathogenic virus detection. BioChip J. 2011b, 5, 123-128.
76. Liu, M.; Zhao, H. M.; Chen, S.; Yu, H. T.; Zhang, Y. B.; Quan, X. Label-free fl uorescent detection of Cu(II) ions based on DNA cleavage-dependent graphene-quenched DNAzymes. Chem. Commun. 2011c, 47, 7749-7751.
77. Liu, M.; Zhao, H. M.; Chen, S.; Yu, H. T.; Zhang, Y. B.; Quan, X. A " turn-on " fl uorescent copper biosensor based on DNA cleavage-dependent graphene-quenched DNAzyme. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011d, 26, 4111-4116.
78. Liu, T.; Xu, M. R.; Yin, H. S.; Ai, S. Y.; Qu, X. J.; Zong, S. S. A glassy carbon electrode modifi ed with graphene and tyrosinase immobilized on platinum nanoparticles for sensing organophosphorus pesticides. Microchim. Acta 2011e, 175, 129-135.
79. Liu, B. Q.; Tang, D. P.; Tang, J.; Su, B. L.; Li, Q. F.; Chen, G. N. A graphene-based Au(111) platform for electrochemical biosensing based catalytic recycling of products on gold nanofl owers. Analyst 2011f, 136, 2218-2220.
80. Liu, S.; Tian, J. Q.; Wang, L.; Sun, X. Q. A method for the production of reduced graphene oxide using benzylamine as a reducing and stabilizing agent and its subsequent decoration with Ag nanoparticles for enzymeless hydrogen peroxide detection. Carbon 2011g, 49, 3158-3164.
81. Liu, S.; Wang, L.; Tian, J. Q.; Luo, Y. L.; Zhang, X. X.; Sun, X. P. Aniline as a dispersing and stabilizing agent for reduced graphene oxide and its subsequent decoration with Ag nanoparticles for enzymeless hydrogen peroxide detection. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2011h, 363, 615-619.
82. Liu, C. B.; Wang, K.; Luo, S. L.; Tang, Y. H.; Chen, L. Y. Direct electrodeposition of graphene enabling the one-step synthesis of graphene -metal nanocomposite fi lms. Small 2011i, 7, 1203-1206.
83. Lu, L. M.; Li, H. B.; Qu, F. L.; Zhang, X. B.; Shen, G. L.; Yu, R. Q. In situ synthesis of palladium nanoparticle-graphene nanohybrids and their application in nonenzymatic glucose biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011a, 26, 3500-3504.
84. 2 detection. J. Mater. Sci. 2011b, 46, 5260-5266.
85. 2 and glucose detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011c, 26, 4791-4797.
86. Mallesha, M.; Manjunatha, R.; Nethravathi, C.; Seresh, G. S.; Rajamathi, M.; Melo, J. S.; Venkatesha, T. V. Functionalizedgraphene modifi ed graphite electrode for the selective determination of dopamine in presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid. Bioelectrochemistry 2011, 81, 104-108.
87. 2 . Talanta 2011a, 85, 2106-2112.
88. Mao, Y.; Bao, Y.; Gan, S. Y.; Li, F. H.; Niu, L. Electrochemical sensor for dopamine based on a novel graphene-molecular imprinted polymers composite recognition element. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011b, 28, 291-297.
89. Miller, D. L.; Kubista, K. D.; Rutter, G. M.; Ruan, M.; Heer, W. A. D.; First, P. N.; Stroscio, J. A Observing the quantization of zero mass carriers in graphene. Science 2009, 324, 924-927.
90. Ohno, Y.; Maehashi, K.; Matsumoto, K. Label-free biosensors based on aptamer-modifi ed graphene fi eld-effect transistors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 18012-18013.
91. Ping, J. F.; Wang, Y. X.; Fan, K.; Wu, J.; Ying, Y. B. Direct electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide on ionic liquid doped screen-printed electrode and its electrochemical biosensing application. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 28, 204-209.
92. Pumera, M.; Ambrosi, A.; Bonanni, A.; Chng, E. L. K.; Poh, H. L. Graphene for electrochemical sensing and biosensing. TRACTrend Anal. Chem. 2010, 29, 954-965.
93. Qiu, Y. Y.; Qu, X. J.; Dong, J.; Ai, S. Y.; Han, R. X. Electrochemical detection of DNA damage induced by acrylamide and its metaboliteat the graphene-ionic liquid-Nafi on modifi ed pyrolytic graphite electrode. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 190, 480-485.
94. Roy, S.; Soin, N.; Bajpai, R.; Misra, D. S.; Mclaughlin, J. A. Graphene oxide for electrochemical sensing applications. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 14725-14731.
95. Scott, C. L.; Zhao, G. J.; Pumera, M. Stacked graphene nanofi bers doped polypyrrole nanocomposites for electrochemical sensing. Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 1788-1791.
96. Shan, C. S.; Yang, H. F.; Song, J. F.; Han, D. X.; Ivaska, A.; Niu, L. Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and biosensing for glucose based on graphene. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 2378-2382.
97. Shi, J. J.; Zhu, J. J. Sonoelectrochemical fabrication of Pd-graphene nanocomposite and its application in the determination of chlorophenols. J. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 6008-6013.
98. Shi, Y.; Huang, W. T.; Luo, H. Q.; Li, N. B. A label-free DNA reduced graphene oxide-based fl uorescent sensor for highly sensitive and selective detection of hemin. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 4676-4678.
99. 2 nanoparticles: in situ synthesis and highly effi cient materials for cataluminescence gas sensors. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 5972-5977.
100. Su, B. L.; Tang, D. P.; Li, Q. F.; Tang, J.; Chen, G. N. Gold -silver -graphene hybrid nanosheets-based sensors for sensitive amperometric immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein using nanogold-enclosed titania nanoparticles as labels. Anal. Chim. Acta2011, 692, 116-124.
101. Sun, C. L.; Chang, C. T.; Lee, H. H.; Zhou, J. G.; Wang, J.; Sham, T. K.; Pong, W. F. Microwave-assisted synthesis of a core-shell MWCNT/GONR heterostructure for the electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid. ACSNANO, 2011a, 5, 7788-7795.
102. Sun, J. Y.; Huang, K. J.; Wei, S. Y.; Wu, Z. W.; Ren, F. P. A graphenebased electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of caffeine. Colloids Surf. B. 2011b, 84, 421-426.
103. Sun, J. Y.; Huang, K. J.; Wei, S. Y.; Wu, Z. W. Application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-graphene modifi ed electrode for sensitive determination of caffeine. Can. J. Chem. 2011c, 89 ,697-702.
104. 2 -graphene nanocomposite fi lm modifi ed electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2011d, 82, 125-130.
105. Sun, J. Y.; Huang, K. J.; Fan, Y.; Wu, Z. W.; Li, D. D. Glassy carbon electrode modifi ed with a fi lm composed of Ni(II), quercetin andgraphene for enzyme-less sensing of glucose. Microchim. Acta 2011e, 174, 289-294.
106. Sun, C. L.; Lee, H. H.; Yang, J. M.; Wu, C. C. The simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid using graphene/size-selected Pt nanocomposites. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011f, 26, 3450-3455.
107. Tan, L.; Zhou, K. G.; Zhang, Y. H.; Wang, H. X.; Wang, X. D.; Guo, Y. F.; Zhang, H. L. Nanomolar detection of dopamine in the presenceof ascorbic acid at â -cyclodextrin/graphene nanocomposite platform. Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 557-560.
108. Tang, D. P.; Li, Q. F.; Tang, J.; Su, B. L.; Chen, G. N. An enzymefree quartz crystal microbalance biosensor for sensitive glucose detection in biological fl uids based on glucose/dextran displacement approach. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011a, 686, 144-149.
109. Tang, L. H.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, J. H. DNA-directed self-assembly of graphene oxide with applications to ultrasensitive oligonucleotide assay. ACS Nano 2011b, 5, 3817-3822.
110. Tang, D. P.; Tang, J.; Li, Q. F.; Su, B. L.; Chen, G. N. Ultrasensitive aptamer-based multiplexed electrochemical detection by couplingdistinguishable signal tags with catalytic recycling of DNase I. Anal. Chem. 2011c, 83, 7255-7259.
111. Tang, J.; Tang, D. P.; Su, B. L.; Li, Q. F.; Qiu, B.; Chen, G. N. Silver nanowire -graphene hybrid nanocomposites as label for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein. Electrochim. Acta 2011d, 56, 8168-8175.
112. Wan, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wu, J. J.; Zhang, D. Graphene oxide sheet-mediated silver enhancement for application to electrochemical biosensors. Anal. Chem. 2011a, 83, 648-653.
113. Wan, Y.; Lin, Z. F.; Zhang, D.; Wang, Y.; Hou, B. R. Impedimetric immunosensor doped with reduced graphene sheets fabricated by controllable electrodeposition for the non-labelled detection of bacteria. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011b, 26, 1959-1964.
114. Wang, Y.; Lu, J.; Tang, L. H. Graphene oxide amplifi ed electrogenerated chemiluminescence of quantum dots and its selective sensing for glutathione from thiol-containing compounds. Anal. Chem. 2009a, 81, 9710-9715.
115. Wang, Z. J.; Zhou, X. Z.; Zhang, J.; Boey, F.; Zhang, H. J. Direct electrochemical reduction of single-layer graphene oxide and subsequent functionalization with glucose oxidase. Phys. Chem. C 2009b, 113, 14071-14075.
116. Wang, G. X.; Wang, B.; Park, J.; Yang, J.; Shen, X. P.; Yao J. Synthesis of enhanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic graphene oxide nanosheets by a solvothermal method. Carbon 2009c, 47, 68-72.
117. Wang, C.; Zhang, L.; Guo, Z. H.; Xu, J. G.; Wang, H. Y.; Zhai, K. F.; Zhuo, X. A novel hydrazine electrochemical sensor based on the high specifi c surface area graphene. Microchim. Acta 2010a, 169, 1-6.
118. Wang, Y.; Shao, Y. Y.; Matson, D. W.; Li, J. H.; Lin, Y. H. Nitrogendoped graphene and its application in electrochemical biosensing. ACS Nano 2010b, 4, 1790-1798.
119. Wang, G. F.; Zhang, G.; Huang, H.; Wang, L. Graphene-Prussian blue/gold nanoparticles based electrochemical immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. Anal. Methods 2011a, 3, 2082-2087.
120. Wang, Z. J.; Zhang, J.; Chen, P.; Zhou, X. Z.; Yang, Y. L.; Wu, S. X.; Niu, L.; Han, Y.; Wang, L. H.; Chen, P.; Boey, F.; Zhang, Q. C.; Liedberg, B.; Zhang, H. Label-free, electrochemical detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus DNA with reduced graphene oxide-modifi ed electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011b, 26, 3881-3886.
121. Wang, L. H.; Pu, K. Y.; Li, J.; Qi, X. Y.; Li, H.; Zhang, H.; Fan, C. H.; Liu, B. A graphene -conjugated oligomer hybrid probefor light-up sensing of lectin and Escherichia coli. Adv. Mater. 2011c, 23, 4386-4391.
122. Wang, F.; Zhou, J.; Liu, Y.; Wu, S. J.; Song, G.; Ye, B. X. Electrochemical oxidation behavior of colchicine on a grapheme oxide-Nafi on composite fi lm modifi ed glassy carbon electrode. Analyst 2011d, 136, 3943-3949.
123. Wang, Y. L.; Peng, W.; Liu, L.; Tang, M.; Gao, F.; Li, M. G. Enhanced conductivity of a glassy carbon electrode modifi ed with a graphene-doped fi lm of layered double hydroxides for selectively sensing of dopamine. Microchim. Acta 2011e, 174, 41-46.
124. Wang, K.; Liu, Q.; Guan, Q. M.; Wu, J.; Li, H. N.; Yan, J. J. Enhanced direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and biosensing forglucose via synergy effect of graphene and CdS nanocrystals. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011f, 26, 2252-2257.
125. Wang, L.; Yan, Z.; Du, Y. L.; Lu, D. B.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Wang, C. M. Simultaneous determination of catechol and hydroquinone based on poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) functionalized graphene-modifi ed glassy carbon electrode. J. Solid State Electrochem. DOI:10.1007/s10008-011-1526-1.
126. Wei, L. L.; Borowiec, J.; Zhu, L. H.; Zhang, J. D. Electrochemical sensor for monitoring the photodegradation of catechol based on DNA-modifi ed graphene oxide. Microchim. Acta 2011, 173, 439-443.
127. Wen, Y. Q.; Peng, C.; Li, D.; Zhuo, L.; He, S. J.; Wang, L. H.; Huang, Q.; Xu, Q. H.; Fan, C. H. Metal ion-modulated graphene-DNAzyme interactions: design of a nanoprobe for fl uorescent detection of lead(II) ions with high sensitivity, selectivity and tunable dynamic range. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 6278-6280.
128. Wu, H.; Wang, J.; Kang, X. H.; Wang, C. M.; Wang, D. H.; Liu, J.; Aksay, I.A.; Lin, Y. H. Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in platinum nanoparticles/graphene/ chitosan nanocomposite fi lm. Talanta 2009, 80, 403-406.
129. Wu, P.; Shao, Q.; Hu, Y. J.; Jin, J.; Yin, Y. J.; Zhang, H.; Cai, C. X. Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase assembled on graphene and application to glucose detection. Electrochim. Acta 2010a, 55, 8606-8614.
130. Wu, W.; Liu, Z. H.; Jauregui, L. A.; Yu, Q. K.; Pillai, R.; Cao, H. L.; Bao, J. M.; Chen, Y. P.; Pei, S. S. Wafer-scale synthesis of grapheme by chemical vapor deposition and its application in hydrogen sensing. Sens. Actuators. B. 2010b, 150, 296-300.
131. Wu, S.; Lan, X. Q.; Cui, L. J.; Zhang, L. H.; Tao, S. Y.; Wang, H. N.; Han, M.; Liu, Z. G.; Meng, C. G. Application of grapheme for preconcentration and highly sensitive stripping voltammetric analysis of organophosphate pesticide. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 699, 170-176.
132. Xiong, Z.; Zhang, L. L.; Ma, J.; Zhao, X. S. Photocatalytic degradation of dyes over graphene -gold nanocomposites under visible light irradiation. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 6099-6101.
133. Xu, C.; Wang, X.; Zhu, J. W. Graphene-metal particle nanocomposites. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 19841-19845.
134. Xu, C. X.; Ue, Z. W.; Cao, F. Z.; Gao, Y. Y. Metall. Anal. 2010, 30, 30.
135. Xu, F. G.; Sun, Y. J.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, Y.; Wen, Z. W.; Li, Z. Graphene -Pt nanocomposite for nonenzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide with enhanced sensitivity. Electrochem. Commun. 2011 13, 1131-1134.
136. Xue, Y.; Zhao, H.; Wu, Z. Z.; Li, X. J.; He, Y. J.; Yuan, Z. B. The comparison of different gold nanoparticles/graphene nanosheetshybrid nanocomposites in electrochemical performance and the construction of a sensitive uric acid electrochemical sensor with novel hybrid nanocomposites. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 29, 102-108.
137. Yang, J.; Deng, S. Y.; Lei, J. P.; Ju, H. X.; Gunasekaran, S. Electrochemical synthesis of reduced graphene sheet-AuPd alloy nanoparticle composites for enzymatic biosensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 29, 159-166.
138. Yao, Y.; Cheng, X. D.; Guo, H. H.; Wu, Z. Q. Graphene oxide thin fi lm coated quartz crystal microbalance for humidity detection. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2011, 257, 7778-7782.
139. Yi, J.; Lee, J. M.; Park, W. I. Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods and graphene hybrid architectures for high-sensitive fl exible gas sensors. Sens. Actuators. B. 2011, 155, 264-269.
140. Yin, Z. Y.; Wu, S. X.; Zhou, X. Z.; Huang, X.; Zhang, Q. H.; Boey, F.; Zhang, H. Electrochemical deposition of ZnO nanorods ontransparent reduced graphene oxide electrodes for hybrid solar cells. Small 2010, 6, 307-312.
141. Yin, H. S.; Zhou, Y. L.; Cui, L.; Liu, T.; Ju, P.; Zhu, L. S.; Ai, S. Y. Sensitive voltammetric determination of rutin in pharmaceuticals, human serum, and traditional Chinese medicines using a glassy carbon electrode coated with graphene nanosheets, chitosan, and a poly(amido amine) dendrimer. Microchim. Acta 2011, 173, 337-345.
142. Yoon, H. J.; Jun, D. H.; Yang, J. H.; Zhou, Z. X.; Yang, S. S.; Cheng, M. M. C. Carbon dioxide gas sensor using a graphene sheet. Sens. Actuators. B. 2011, 157, 310-313.
143. Yuan, Y. L.; Gou, X. X.; Yuan, R.; Chai, Y. Q.; Zhuo, Y.; Mao, L.; Gan, X. X. Electrochemical aptasensor based on the dual-amplifi cation of G-quadruplex horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme and blocking reagent-horseradish peroxidase. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 4236-4240.
144. Zeng, G. H.; Xing, Y. B.; Gao, J.; Wang, Z. Q.; Zhang, X. Unconventional layer-by-layer assembly of graphene multilayer fi lms for enzyme-based glucose and maltose biosensing. Langmuir 2010, 26, 15022-15026.
145. Zeng, Q.; Cheng, J. S.; Liu, X. F.; Bai, H. T.; Jiang, J. H. Palladium nanoparticle/chitosan-grafted graphene nanocomposites for con-struction of a glucose biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 3456-3463.
146. Zhang, C. Y.; Johnson, L. W. Single quantum-dot-based aptameric nanosensor for cocaine. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 3051-3055.
147. Zhang, B.; Cui,T. H. An ultrasensitive and low-cost graphene sensor based on layer-by-layer nano self-assembly, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 073116-073116-3.
148. Zhang, Y.; Sun, X. M.; Zhu, L. Z.; Shen, H. B.; Jia, N. Q. Electrochemical sensing based on graphene oxide/Prussian blue hybrid fi lm modify ed electrode. Electrochim. Acta 2011a, 56, 1239-1245.
149. Zhang, B.; Tang, D. P.; Liu, B. Q.; Chen, H. F.; Cui, Y. L.; Chen, G. N. GoldMag nanocomposite-functionalized graphene sensingplatform for one-step electrochemical immunoassay of alphafetoprotein. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011b, 28, 174-180.
150. Zhang, F. Y.; Li, Y. J.; Gu, Y. E.; Wang, Z. H.; Wang, C. M. Onepot solvothermal synthesis of a Cu 2 O/Graphene nanocomposite and its application in an electrochemical sensor for dopamine. Microchim. Acta 2011c, 173, 103-109.
151. Zhang, S.; Shao, Y. Y.; Liao, H. G.; Liu, J.; Aksay, I. A.; Yin, G. P.; Lin, Y. H. Graphene decorated with PtAu alloy nanoparticles: facile synthesis and promising application for formic acid oxidation. Chem. Mater. 2011d, 23, 1079-1081.
152. Zhang, Z.; Xu, F. G.; Yang, W. S.; Guo, M. Y.; Wang, X. D.; Zhang, B. L.; Tang, J. L. A facile one-pot method to high-quality Ag-graphene composite nanosheets for effi cient surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Chem. Commun. 2011e, 47, 6440-6442.
153. Zhao, F. Y.; Wang, F.; Zhao, W. N.; Zhou, J.; Liu, Y.; Zou, L. N.; Ye, B. X. Voltammetric sensor for caffeine based on a glassy carbon electrode modifi ed with Nafi on and graphene oxide. Microchim. Acta 2011, 174, 383-390.
154. 2+ with a high selectivity. Anal. Chem. 2011a, 83, 5062-5066.
155. Zhao, X. H.; Fu, X. W.; Feng, Y. J.; Luo, W. C.; Huang, L. J.; Wei,Y. P.; Hua, Y.; Yang, Y. H. Chem. Sen. (Chinese) 2011b, 31, 28.
156. Zheng, J. B.; He, Y. P.; Sheng, Q. L.; Zhang, H. F. DNA as a linker for biocatalytic deposition of Au nanoparticles on graphene and its application in glucose detection. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 12873-12879.
157. Zhong, Z. Y.; Wu, W.; Wang, D.; Wang, D.; Shan, J. L.; Qing, Y.; Zhang, Z. M. Nanogold-enwrapped graphene nanocomposites as trace labels for sensitivity enhancement of electrochemical immunosensors in clinical immunoassays: carcinoembryonic antigen as a model. Biosens. Bioelectron . 2010, 25, 2379-2383.
158. Zhou, D.; Cheng, Q. Y.; Han, B. H. Solvothermal synthesis of homogeneous graphene dispersion with high concentration. Carbon 2011, 49, 3920-3927.
159. Zhou, K. F.; Zhu, Y. H.; Yang, X. L.; Luo, J.; Li, C. Z.; Luan, S. R. A novel hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on Au-graphene -HRP -chitosan biocomposites. Electrochim. Acta 2010a, 55, 3055-3060.
160. Zhou, Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, F.; Sheng, Z.; Xia, X. A facile approach to the synthesis of highly electroactive Pt nanoparticles on grapheme as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. Chem. Commun. 2010b, 46, 5951-5953.
161. Zhuang, Z. J.; Li, J. Y.; Xu, R. A., Xiao, D. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2011, 6, 2149.
162. Zou, Y.; Li, F.; Zhou, Z. H.; Zhao, M. W.; Xu, X. G.; Su, X. Y. An ab initio study on gas sensing properties of graphene and Si-doped graphene. Eur. Phys. J. B. 2011, 81, 475-479.
163. Zuo, X. L.; He, S. J.; Li, D.; Peng, C.; Huang, Q.; Song, S. P.; Fan, C. H. Graphene oxide-facilitated electron transfer of metalloproteins at electrode surfaces. Langmuir 2010, 26, 1936-1939.