Therapy of chagas disease: Implications for levels of prevention

Journal of Tropical Medicine

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Sosa Estani, Sergio ^a,b,c   Colantonio, Lisandro ^d   Segura, Elsa Leonor ^a,b  

^a National Ministry of Health   (Argentina)

^b Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto M Lillo   (Argentina)

^c INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS AND HEALTH POLICY   (Argentina)

^d UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; BENZNIDAZOLE; NIFURTIMOX; PLACEBO;

CHAGAS DISEASE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG TOLERANCE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEART DISEASE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LIVER TOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PARASITEMIA; PATHOGEN LOAD; PRESCRIPTION; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REHABILITATION; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SKIN DISEASE; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 84859736992     PISSN: 16879686     EISSN: 16879694     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/292138     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Organizacin y estructura de la atencin médica del enfermo o infectado por Trypanosoma cruzi enfermedad de Chagas. Consulta Técnica Regional OPS/MSF sobre Organizacin y Estructura de la Atencin Médica del Enfermo o Infectado por Trypanosoma cruzi Enfermedad de Chagas. (OPS/DPC/CD/ /05), Montevideo, Uruguay, 2005
2. Estimacin cuantitativa de la enfermedad de Chagas en las Américas. OPS/HDM/CD/425-06, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), World Health Organization (WHO): Washington, DC, USA, 2006
3. Sosa-Estani S., Segura E. L., Etiological treatment in patients infected by Trypanosoma cruzi: experiences in Argentina Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2006 19 6 583 587 (Pubitemid 44665465)
4. Leavell H. R., Clark E. G., Textbook of Preventive Medicine 1953 New York, NY, USA McGraw-Hill
5. Jamoulle M., Bentzen N., Quaternary prevention: prevention as you never heard before WONCA International Dictionary for General/Family Practice 2001 Copenhagen, Austria WONCA International Classification Committee Mnedsskrift for Praktisk Lgegerning. http://www.ulb.ac.be/esp/mfsp/quat-en.html
6. Gross P. A., Barrett T. L., Dellinger E. P., Krause P. J., Martone W. J., McGowan Jnr J. E., Sweet R. L., Wenzel R. P., Infectious Diseases Society of America quality standards for infectious diseases Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994 18 3 421 436 (Pubitemid 2063426)
7. Bern C., Montgomery S. P., Herwaldt B. L., Rassi A. Jr. , Marin-Neto J. A., Dantas R. O., Maguire J. H., Acquatella H., Morillo C., Kirchhoff L. V., Gilman R. H., Reyes P. A., Salvatella R., Moore A. C., Evaluation and treatment of chagas disease in the United States: a systematic review Journal of the American Medical Association 2007 298 18 2171 2181 (Pubitemid 350106656)
8. Bern C., Antitrypanosomal therapy for chronic chagas' disease New England Journal of Medicine 2011 364 26 2527 2534
9. Sosa-Estani S., Viotti R., Segura E. L., Therapy, diagnosis and prognosis of chronic Chagas disease: insight gained in Argentina Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2009 104 1 167 180
10. Cerisola J. A., Chemotherapy of Chagas' infection in man Scientific Publication PAHO 1977 347 35 47
11. Russomando G., De Tomassone M. M. C., De Guillen I., Acosta N., Vera N., Almiron M., Candia N., Calcena M. F., Figueredo A., Treatment of congenital chagas' disease diagnosed and followed up by the polymerase chain reaction American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998 59 3 487 491 (Pubitemid 28429096)
12. Altcheh J., Corral R., Biancardi M. A., Freilij H., Anti-F2/3 serum antibodies as cure markers in children with congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection Medicina 2003 63 1 37 40 (Pubitemid 36410945)
13. Schijman A. G., Altcheh J., Burgos J. M., Biancardi M., Bisio M., Levin M. J., Freilij H., Aetiological treatment of congenital Chagas' disease diagnosed and monitored by the polymerase chain reaction Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2003 52 3 441 449 (Pubitemid 37120724)
14. Moya P. R., Paolasso R. D., Blanco S., Treatment of Chagas disease with nifurtimox during the first months of life Medicina 1985 45 5 553 558 (Pubitemid 16187741)
15. Blanco S. B., Segura E. L., Cura E. N., Chuit R., Tulin L., Flores I., Garbarino G., Villalonga J. F., Grtler R. E., Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: an operational outline for detecting and treating infected infants in northwestern Argentina Tropical Medicine and International Health 2000 5 4 293 301 (Pubitemid 30316804)
16. Sgambatti De Andrade A. L. S., Zicker F., De Oliveira R. M., Almeida E Silva S., Luquetti A., Travassos L. R., Almeida I. C., De Andrade S. S., Guimares De Andrade J., Martelli C. M. T., Randomised trial of efficacy of benznidazole in treatment of early Trypanosoma cruzi infection Lancet 1996 348 9039 1407 1413 (Pubitemid 26395235)
17. Estani S. S., Segura E. L., Ruiz A. M., Velazquez E., Porcel B. M., Yampotis C., Efficacy of chemotherapy with benznidazole in children in the indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998 59 4 526 529 (Pubitemid 28480704)
18. Fabbro D. L., Streiger M. L., Arias E. D., Bizai M. L., Del Barco M., Amicone N. A., Trypanocide treatment among adults with chronic Chagas disease living in Santa Fe City (Argentina), over a mean follow-up of 21 years: parasitological, serological and clinical evolution Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2007 40 1 1 10 (Pubitemid 46759236)
19. Sosa-Estani S., Herrera de Bravo B., Herrera de Bizzoto L., Canil S., Evolucin serolgica a largo plazo en nios infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi que cursan fase clnica indeterminada, tratados con benznidazol Proceedings of the 2do Simposio Internacional de Enfermedad de Chagas en Internet 2002 Buenos Aires, Argentina Federacin Argentina de Cardiologa. http://www.fac.org.ar/fec/ chagas2/llave/md8/md804/sosaes.htm
20. Streiger M. L., Del Barco M. L., Fabbro D. L., Arias E. D., Amicone N. A., Longitudinal study and specific chemotherapy in children with chronic Chagas' disease, residing in a low endemicity area of Argentina Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2004 37 5 365 375 (Pubitemid 39287095)
21. Villar J. C., Marin-Neto J. A., Ebrahim S., Yusuf S., Trypanocidal drugs for chronic asymptomatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002 1
22. Yun O., Lima M. A., Ellman T., Chambi W., Castillo S., Flevaud L., Roddy P., Parreo F., Vias P. A., Palma P. P., Feasibility, drug safety, and effectiveness of etiological treatment programs for Chagas disease in Honduras, Guatemala, and Bolivia: 10-year experience of Médecins Sans Frontires PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2009 3 7, article e488
23. Canado J. R., Criteria of Chagas disease cure Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1999 94, supplement 1 1 331 335
24. Fragata Filho A. A., da Silva M. A., Boainain E., Ethiologic treatment of acute and chronic Chagas' Disease São Paulo Medical Journal 1995 113 2 867 872
25. Krautz G. M., Galvao L. M. C., Cancado J. R., Guevara-Espinoza A., Ouaissi A., Krettli A. U., Use of a 24-kilodalton Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant protein to monitor cure of human Chagas' disease Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1995 33 8 2086 2090
26. Negrette O. S., Valdéz F. J. S., Lacunza C. D., Bustos M. F.G., Mora M. C., Uncos A. D., Basombro M. A., Serological evaluation of specific-antibody levels in patients treated for chronic chagas' disease Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2008 15 2 297 302 (Pubitemid 352025544)
27. Viotti R., Vigliano C., Lococo B., Bertocchi G., Petti M., Alvarez M. G., Postan M., Armenti A., Long-term cardiac outcomes of treating chronic chagas disease with benznidazole versus no treatment: a nonrandomized trial Annals of Internal Medicine 2006 144 10 724 734 (Pubitemid 46780632)
28. Cerisola J. A., Neves da Silva N., Prata A., Evaluation of the efficacy of nifurtimox in chronic human chagasic infection by using xenodiagnosis Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia 1977 32 3-4 51 62 (Pubitemid 8316728)
29. Romeu Canado J., Salgado A., Cardoso dos Santos J. F., Batista S. M., Chiair C. C., New Approaches in American Trypanosomiasis Research 1976 Washington, DC, USA Pan American Health Organization
30. Coura J. R., De Abreu L. L., Willcox H. P. F., Petana W., A controlled comparative study using benznidazole, nifurtimox and placebo in chronic Chagas' disease patients in a field area with interrupted transmission. I. Preliminary evaluation Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 1997 30 2 139 144 (Pubitemid 27179523)
31. Gazzinelli R. T., Galvao L. M. C., Krautz G., Lima A. P. C. A., Cancado-J. R., Scharfstein J., Krettli A. U., Use of Trypanosoma cruzi purified glycoprotein (GP57/51) or trypomastigote-shed antigens to assess cure for human Chagas' disease American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1993 49 5 625 635 (Pubitemid 23352218)
32. Storino R., Galerano R., Sosa R., Storino R., Milei J., Tratamiento atiparasitario especfico Enfermedad de Chagas 2004 2nd Argentina Mosby Doyma
33. Herwaldt B. L., Laboratory-acquired parasitic infections from accidental exposures Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2001 14 4 659 688 (Pubitemid 32979626)
34. Altclas J., Sinagra A., Jaimovich G., Salgueira C., Luna C., Requejo A., Milovic V., De Rissio A., Feldman L., Riarte A., Reactivation of chronic Chagas' disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and successful pre-emptive therapy with benznidazole Transplant Infectious Disease 1999 1 2 135 137
35. Schijman A. G., Vigliano C., Burgos J., Favaloro R., Perrone S., Laguens R., Levin M. J., Early diagnosis of recurrence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection by polymerase chain reaction after heart transplantation of a chronic chagas' heart disease patient Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 2000 19 11 1114 1117
36. Diez M., Favaloro L., Bertolotti A., Burgos J. M., Vigliano C., Lastra M. P., Levin M. J., Arnedo A., Nagel C., Schijman A. G., Favaloro R. R., Usefulness of PCR strategies for early diagnosis of Chagas' disease reactivation and treatment follow-up in heart transplantation American Journal of Transplantation 2007 7 6 1633 1640 (Pubitemid 46776258)
37. Riarte A., Luna C., Sabatiello R., Sinagra A., Schiavelli R., De Rissio A., Maiolo E., Garca M. M., Jacob N., Pattin M., Lauricella M., Segura E. L., Vzquez M., Chagas' disease in patients with kidney transplants: 7 years of experience, 19891996 Clinical Infectious Diseases 1999 29 3 561 567 (Pubitemid 29439954)
38. Sartori A. M. C., Lopes M. H., Benvenuti L. A., Caramelli B., Di Pietro A. O., Nunes E. V., Ramirez L. P., Shikanai-Yasuda M. A., Reactivation of Chagas' disease in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient leading to severe heart disease with a late positive direct microscopic examination of the blood American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998 59 5 784 786 (Pubitemid 28524538)
39. Maldonado C., Albano S., Vettorazzi L., Salomone O., Zlocowski J. C., Abiega C., Amuchastegui M., Crdoba R., Alvarellos T., Using polymerase chain reaction in early diagnosis of re-activated Trypanosoma cruzi infection after heart transplantation Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 2004 23 12 1345 1348 (Pubitemid 40018155)
40. Souza F. F., Castro-e-Silva O., Marin Neto J. A., Sankarankutty A. K., Teixeira A. C., Martinelli A. L. C., Gaspar G. G., Melo L., Figueiredo J. F. C., Romano M. M. D., Maciel B. C., Passos A.. D. C., Rossi M. A., Acute chagasic myocardiopathy after orthotopic liver transplantation with donor and recipient serologically negative for Trypanosoma cruzi: a case report Transplantation Proceedings 2008 40 3 875 878 (Pubitemid 351608636)
41. Viotti R., Vigliano C., Armenti H., Segura E., Treatment of chronic Chagas' disease with benznidazole: clinical and serologic evolution of patients with long-term follow-up American Heart Journal 1994 127 1 151 162 (Pubitemid 24040442)
42. De Castro A. M., Luquetti A. O., Rassi A., Chiari E., Da Cunha Galvo L. M., Detection of parasitemia profiles by blood culture after treatment of human chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection Parasitology Research 2006 99 4 379 383 (Pubitemid 44426728)
43. Gallerano R. R., Sosa R. R., Interventional study in the natural evolution of Chagas disease. Evaluation of specific antiparasitic treatment. Retrospective-prospective study of antiparasitic therapy Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas 2000 57 2 135 162
44. Rassi A., Luquetti A. O., Rassi A., Rassi G. G., Rassi S. G., Da Silva I. G., Rassi A. G., Specific treatment for Trypanosoma cruzi: lack of efficacy of allopurinol in the human chronic phase of chagas disease American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007 76 1 58 61 (Pubitemid 351627803)
45. Snchez G., Coronado X., Zulantay I., Apt W., Gajardo M., Solari S., Venegas J., Monitoring the efficacy of specific treatment in chronic Chagas disease by polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry analysis Parasite 2005 12 4 353 357 (Pubitemid 41811396)
46. Britto C., Cardoso M. A., Monteiro Vanni C. M., Hasslocher-Moreno A., Xavier S. S., Oelemann W., Santoro A., Pirmez C., Morel C. M., Wincker P., Polymerase chain reaction detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in human blood samples as a tool for diagnosis and treatment evaluation Parasitology 1995 110 3 241 247
47. Solari A., Ortz S., Soto A., Arancibia C., Campillay R., Contreras M., Salinas P., Rojas A., Schenone H., Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi -infected children with nifurtimox: a 3 year follow-up by PCR Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2001 48 4 515 519 (Pubitemid 33040692)
48. Galvo L. M. C., Chiari E., Macedo A. M., Luquetti A. O., Silva S. A., Andrade A. L. S. S., PCR assay for monitoring Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia in childhood after specific chemotherapy Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003 41 11 5066 5070 (Pubitemid 37429917)
49. Duarte A. M. V., De Andrade H. M., Do Monte S. J. H., De Toledo V. D. P. C. P., Guimares T. M. P. D., Assessment of chemiluminescence and PCR effectiveness in relation to conventional serological tests for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2006 39 4 385 387 (Pubitemid 44476869)
50. Schijman A. G., Bisio M., Orellana L., Sued M., Duffy T., Mejia Jaramillo A. M., Cura C., Auter F., Veron V., Qvarnstrom Y., Deborggraeve S., Hijar G., Zulantay I., Lucero R. H., Velazquez E., Tellez T., Leon Z. S., Galvo L., Nolder D., Rumi M. M., Levi J. E., Ramirez J. D., Zorrilla P., Flores M., Jercic M. I., Crisante G., Aez N., de Castro A. M., Gonzalez C. I., Viana K. A., Yachelini P., Torrico F., Robello C., Diosque P., Chavez O. T., Aznar C., Russomando G., Bscher P., Assal A., Guhl F., Estani S. S., DaSilva A., Britto C., Luquetti A., Ladzins J., International study to evaluate PCR methods for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in blood samples from Chagas disease patients PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2011 5 1, article e931
51. Mora M. C., Negrette O. S., Marco D., Barrio A., Ciaccio M., Segura M. A., Basombro M. A., Early diagnosis of congenital Trypanosoma cruzi infection using PCR, hemoculture, and capillary concentration, as compared with delayed serology Journal of Parasitology 2005 91 6 1468 1473 (Pubitemid 43235238)
52. Cordova E., Boschi A., Ambrosioni J., Cudos C., Corti M., Reactivation of Chagas disease with central nervous system involvement in HIV-infected patients in Argentina, 19922007 International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008 12 6 587 592
53. Sosa-Estani S., Armenti A., Araujo G., Viotti R., Lococo B., Ruiz Vera B., Vigliano C., De Rissio A. M., Segura E. L., Treatment of Chagas disease with benznidazole and thioctic acid Medicina 2004 64 1 1 6 (Pubitemid 38380338)
54. Pinazo M. J., Muoz J., Posada E., Lpez-Chejade P., Gllego M., Ayala E., Del Cacho E., Soy D., Gascon J., Tolerance of benznidazole in treatment of Chagas' disease in adults Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2010 54 11 4896 4899
55. Gorla N. B., Ledesma O. S., Barbieri G. P., Larripa I. B., Thirteen fold increase of chromosomal aberrations non-randomly distributed in chagasic children treated with nifurtimox Mutation Research 1989 224 2 263 267 (Pubitemid 19248960)
56. Moya P. R., Trombotto G. T., Chagas disease: clastogenic effect of nifurtimox and benznidazol in children Medicina 1988 48 5 487 491 (Pubitemid 19034100)
57. Montalto De Mecca M., Bartel L. C., Rodrguez De Castro C., Castro J. A., Benznidazole biotransformation in rat heart microsomal fraction without observable ultrastructural alterations: comparison to Nifurtimox-induced cardiac effects Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2008 103 6 549 553
58. Teixeira A. R. L., Silva R., Cunha Neto E., Santana J. M., Rizzo L. V., Malignant, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in Trypanosoma cruzi -infected rabbits treated with nitroarenes Journal of Comparative Pathology 1990 103 1 37 48 (Pubitemid 20259947)
59. Kirchhoff L. V., Chagas disease: American trypanosomiasis Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 1993 7 3 487 502 (Pubitemid 23298899)
60. Andrade S. G., Oliveira Mesquita I. M., Jambeiro J. F., Magalhes Santos I. F., Portella R. S., Treatment with benznidazole in association with immunosuppressive drugs in mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi: investigation into the possible development of neoplasias Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2003 36 4 441 447 (Pubitemid 37012336)
61. Viotti R., Vigliano C., Lococo B., Alvarez M. G., Petti M., Bertocchi G., Armenti A., Side effects of benznidazole as treatment in chronic Chagas disease: fears and realities Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2009 7 2 157 163
62. Sosa-Estani S., Cura E., Velazquez E., Yampotis C., Segura E. L., Etiological treatment of young women infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and prevention of congenital transmission Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2009 42 5 484 487
63. de Oliveira W. Jr. , Depression and quality of life in Chagas patients Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2006 39 supplement 3 130 132
64. Villa L., Morote S., Bernal O., Bulla D., Albajar-Vinas P., Access to diagnosis and treatment of Chagas disease/infection in endemic and non-endemic countries in the 21st century Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2007 102 1 87 93 (Pubitemid 350146007)
65. Silveira A. C., El control de la enfermedad de Chagas en los pases del Cono Sur de América: histria de una iniciativa internacional 1991/2001. Uberaba: Faculdade de Medicina do Tringulo Mineiro, Fundao de Ensino e Pesquisa de Uberaba, 2002
66. De Andrade Nishioka S., Primary chemoprophylaxis in the reactivation of Chagas' disease with benznidazole in chronic chagastic patients under immunosuppressive corticosteroid therapy: is there evidence for its recommendation? Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 2000 33 1 83 85 (Pubitemid 30225876)
67. Altclas J., Sinagra A., Dictar M., Luna C., Vern M. T., De Rissio A. M., Garca M. M., Salgueira C., Riarte A., Chagas disease in bone marrow transplantation: an approach to preemptive therapy Bone Marrow Transplantation 2005 36 2 123 129 (Pubitemid 41030627)
68. Reyes P. A., Vallejo M., Trypanocidal drugs for late stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005 4
69. Marin-Neto J. A., Rassi A. Jr. , Morillo C. A., Avezum A., Connolly S. J., Sosa-Estani S., Rosas F., Yusuf S., Rationale and design of a randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of etiologic treatment in Chagas' cardiomyopathy. The BENznidazole Evaluation For Interrupting Trypanosomiasis (BENEFIT) American Heart Journal 2008 156 1 37 43 (Pubitemid 351862295)
70. Riarte A., Prado N., Luna C., Velzquez E., Tratamiento etiolgico con benznidazol (BZ) en pacientes adultos en diferentes estadios de la enfermedad de Chagas crnica. Un ensayo clnico aleatorizado (ECA) Proceedings of the 7th Congreso Argentino de Protozoologa y Enfermedades Parasitarias 2005 Mendoza, Argentina Sociedad Argentina de Parasitologa (SAP) 30 31
71. Moretti E., Cervetta L., Basso B., Castro I., Santamarina N., Chronic Chagas' disease: effects of treatment nn the levels of antibodies to crude and partially purified Trypanosoma cruzi antigens Boletn Chileno de Parasitologa 1998 53 1-2 3 9
72. Rassi A. Jr. , Rassi A., Little W. C., Xavier S. S., Rassi S. G., Rassi A. G., Rassi G. G., Hasslocher-Moreno A., Sousa A. S., Scanavacca M. I., Development and validation of a risk score for predicting death in Chagas' heart disease New England Journal of Medicine 2006 355 8 799 808 (Pubitemid 44285585)
73. Viotti R., Vigliano C., Lococo B., Petti M., Bertocchi G., lvarez M. G., Armenti A., Clinical predictors of chronic chagasic myocarditis progression Revista Espanola de Cardiologia 2005 58 9 1037 1044 (Pubitemid 41600646)
74. Reporte del grupo de trabajo cientfico sobre la enfermedad de Chagas: 1720 de abril de 2005, actualizado en julio de 2007, Buenos Aires, Argentina. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007
75. Enfermedad de Chagas: control y eliminacin. Informe de la Secretara Proceedings of the 63rd World Health Assembly 2010 World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdffiles/WHA63/A6317-sp.pdf
76. Resolucin 05/2010. UNASUR, 2010, http://ebookbrowse.com/res-05-2010- unasur-salud-chagas-pdf-d87185793
77. Pinto Dias J. C., Natural history of Chagas disease Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 1995 65 4 359 366
78. Bocchi E. A., Heart transplants for patients with Chagas' heart disease São Paulo Medical Journal 1995 113 2 873 879
79. Galvo V., Miranda J. G.V., Ribeiro-dos-Santos R., Development of a two-dimensional agent-based model for chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy after stem cell transplantation Bioinformatics 2008 24 18 2051 2056
80. Jacob J. L. B., Salis F. V., Ruiz M. A., Greco O. T., Labeled stem cells transplantation to the myocardium of a patient with Chagas' disease Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2007 89 2 e10 e11 (Pubitemid 47450446)
81. Vilas-Boas F., Feitosa G. S., Soares M. B. P., Mota A., Pinho-Filho J. A., Gonalves Almeida A. J., Andrade M. V., Carvalho H. G., Dourado-Oliveira A., Ribeiro-dos-Santos R., Early results of bone marrow cell transplantation to the myocardium of patients with heart failure due to chagas disease Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2006 87 2 159 166 (Pubitemid 44342269)
82. Cerisola J. A., Rohwedder R. W., Del Prado C. E., Yield of xenodiagnosis in human chronic Chagas' infection using nymphs of different species of triatomid bugs Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia 1971 26 1 57 58
83. Schijman A. G., Vigliano C. A., Viotti R. J., Burgos J. M., Brandariz S., Lococo B. E., Leze M. I., Armenti H. A., Levin M. J., Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in cardiac lesions of Argentinean patients with end-stage chronic Chagas heart disease American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2004 70 2 210 220 (Pubitemid 38200528)
84. dos Santos F. M., Caldas S., de Assis Cu S. B., Crepalde G. P., de Lana M., Machado-Coelho G. L. L., Veloso V. M., Bahia M. T., Trypanosoma cruzi: induction of benznidazole resistance in vivo and its modulation by in vitro culturing and mice infection Experimental Parasitology 2008 120 4 385 390
85. Murta S. M. F., Gazzinelli R. T., Brener Z., Romanha A. J., Molecular characterization of susceptible and naturally resistant strains of Trypanosoma cruzi to benznidazole and nifurtimox Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 1998 93 2 203 214 (Pubitemid 28277058)
86. DNDi strategy, Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi). 2010, http://www.treatchagas.org/rddndistrategy.aspx
87. Le Loup G., Pialoux G., Lescure F. X., Update in treatment of Chagas disease Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2011 24 5 428 434