Gender Disparity in Video Game Usage: A Third-Person Perception-Based Explanation

Media Psychology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 44-67

  Cruea, Mark ^a   Park, Sung Yeon ^b  

^a OHIO NORTHERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859495367     PISSN: 15213269     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2011.648861     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Anderson, C. A. 2004. An update on the effects of playing violent video games. Journal of Adolescence, 27: 113-122. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.009
2. Bandura, A. 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control New York, NY: Freeman.
3. Beasley, B. and CollinsStandley, T. 2002. Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as an indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games. Mass Communication & Society, 5: 279-293.
4. Boot, W. R., Kramer, A. F., Simons, D. J., Fabiani, M. and Gratton, G. 2008. The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control. Acta Psychologica, 129: 387-398. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.09.005
5. Boyle, M. P., Rojas, H. and McLeod, D. M. 2008. The role of ego enhancement and perceived message exposure in third-person judgments regarding violent videogames. American Behavioral Scientist, 52: 165-185. doi:10.1177/0002764208321349
6. Bryce, J. and Rutter, J. 2003. "Gendered gaming in gendered spaces.". In Handbook of computer game studies Edited by: Raessens, J. and Goldstein, J. 301-310. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. Burgess, M. C. R., Stermer, S. P. and Burgess, S. R. 2007. Sex, lies, and video games: The portrayal of male and female characters on video game covers. Sex Roles, 57: 419-423. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00712.x
8. Canada, K. and Brusca, F. 1991. The technological gender gap: Evidence and recommendations for educators and computer-based instruction designers. Educational Technology Research and Development, 39: 43-51.
9. Cassell, J. and Jenkins, H. 1998. "Chess for girls? Feminism and computer games.". In From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and computer games Edited by: Cassell, J. and Jenkins, H. 2-45. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10. CNET.com. March 14 2008. U.S. game industry sales remain robust March 14, Retrieved fromhttp://www.news.com/U.S.-game-industry-sales-remain-robust/2100-1043_3-6234340.html?tag=item
11. Davison, W. P. 1983. The TPE in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47: 1-15.
12. Dietz, T. L. 1998. An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38: 425-442.
13. Dill, K. E., Brown, B. P. and Collins, M. A. 2008. Effects of exposure to sex-stereotyped video game characters on tolerance of sexual harassment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44: 1402-1408. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.06.002
14. Dill, K. E. and Thill, K. P. 2007. Video game characters and socialization of gender roles: Young people's perceptions mirror sexist media depictions. Sex Roles, 57: 851-864. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9278-1
15. Eastin, M. S. and LaRose, R. 2000. Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 6(1) Retrieved fromhttp://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue1/eastin.html
16. Entertainment Software Association. 2010. 2010 Sales, demographic and usage data: Essential facts about the computer and video game industry. Retrieved fromhttp://www.theesa.com/facts/pdfs/ESA_Essential_Facts_2010.PDF
17. Eveland, W. P., Nathanson, A. J., Detenber, B. H. and McLeod, D. M. 1999. Rethinking the social distance corollary: Perceived likelihood of exposure and the third-person perception. Communication Research, 26: 275-302. doi:10.1177/0093650205281059
18. Funk, J. B. 1993. Reevaluating the impact of video games. Clinical Pediatrics, 32: 86-90.
19. Funk, J. B. and Buchman, D. D. 1996. Playing violent video and computer games and adolescent self-concept. Journal of Communication, 46: 19-32. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01472.x
20. Gentile, D. A., Lynch, P. J., Linder, J. R. and Walsh, D. A. 2004. The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence, 27: 5-22. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.10.002
21. Green, C. S. and Bavelier, D. 2003. Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature, 423: 534-537.
22. Greenfield, P. M., Camaioni, L., Ercolani, P., Weiss, L., Lauber, B. A. and Perucchini, P. 1994. Cognitive socialization by computer games in two cultures: Inductive discovery or mastery of an iconic code. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15: 59-85.
23. Griffiths, M. D., Davies, M. N. O. and Chappelle, D. 2003. Breaking the stereotype: The case of online gaming. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 6: 81-91. doi:10.1089/109493103321167992
24. Griffiths, M. D., Davies, M. N. O. and Chappelle, D. 2004. Demographic factors and playing variables in online computer gaming. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 7: 479-487. doi:10.1089/1094931041774631
25. Gunther, A. C. 1995. Overrating the X-rating: The third-person perception and support for censorship of pornography. Journal of Communication, 45(1): 27-38.
26. Gunther, A. C., Bolt, D., Borzekowski, D. L. G., Liebhart, J. L. and Dillard, J. P. 2006. Presumed influence on peer norms: How mass media indirectly affect adolescent smoking. Journal of Communication, 56: 52-68. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00002.x
27. Gunther, A. C. and Storey, J. D. 2003. The influence of presumed influence. Journal of Communication, 53: 199-215. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02586.x
28. Hoffner, C., Plotkin, R. S., Buchanan, M., Anderson, J. D., Kamigaki, S. K., Hubbs, L. A. and Pastorek, A. 2001. The third-person effect in perceptions of the influence of television violence. Journal of Communication, 51: 283-299.
29. Ivory, J. D. 2006. Still a man's game: Gender representation in online reviews of video games. Mass Communication and Society, 9: 103-114. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0901_6
30. Jansz, J. and Martis, R. G. 2007. The Lara phenomenon: Powerful female characters in video games. Sex Roles, 56: 141-148. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9158-0
31. Kafai, Y. B. 1998. "Video game designs by children: Consistency and variability of gender differences.". In From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and computer games Edited by: Cassell, J. and Jenkins, H. 90-114. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Kerr, A. 2003. "Women just want to have fun: A study of adult female players of digital games.". In Level up: Digital Games Research Conference Edited by: Copier, M. and Raessens, J. 270-85. Utrecht, The Netherlands: University of Utrecht.
33. Lambe, J. L. and McLeod, D. M. 2005. Understanding third-person perception processes: Predicting perceived impact on self and others for multiple expressive contexts. Journal of Communication, 55: 277-291.
34. Laurel, B. 2003. "Tech work by heart.". In Women, art, and technology Edited by: Malloy, J. 302-310. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
35. Lee, B. and Tamborini, R. 2005. Third-person effect and Internet pornography: The influence of collectivism and Internet self-efficacy. Journal of Communication, 55: 292-310.
36. Lo, V. and Wei, R. 2002. Third-person effect, gender, and pornography on the Internet. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46: 13-33.
37. Lucas, K. and Sherry, J. L. 2004. Sex differences in video game play: A communication-based explanation. Communication Research, 31: 499-523. doi:10.1177/0093650204267930
38. Margolis, J. and Fisher, A. 2002. Unlocking the clubhouse: Women in computing Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
39. Meirick, P. C. 2005. Rethinking the target corollary: The effects of social distance, perceived exposure, and perceived predispositions on first-person and third-person perceptions. Communication Research, 32: 822-843. doi:10.1177/0093650205281059
40. Miller, M. K. and Summers, A. 2007. Gender differences in video game characters' roles, appearances, and attire as portrayed in video game magazines. Sex Roles, 57: 733-742. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9307-0
41. National Science Foundation. 2006. New tools for America's work force: Girls in science and engineering Retrieved fromhttp://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2006/nsf0659/nsf0659.pdf(NSF Publication No. 06-59)
42. Ogletree, S. M. and Drake, R. 2007. College students' video game participation and perceptions: Gender differences and implications. Sex Roles, 56: 537-542. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9193-5
43. Park, S. 2005. The influence of presumed media influence on women's desire to be thin. Communication Research, 32: 594-614. doi:10.1177/0093650205279350
44. Park, S., Yun, G. W., McSweeney, J. H. and Gunther, A. C. 2007. Do third-person perceptions of media influence contribute to pluralistic ignorance on the norm of ideal female thinness. Sex Roles, 57: 569-578. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9284-3
45. Paul, B., Salwen, M. B. and Dupagne, M. 2000. The third-person effect: A meta-analysis of the perceptual hypothesis. Mass Communication & Society, 3: 57-85.
46. Peckham, M. April 3 2008. "All time high: 72% of U.S. population plays video games.". In PC World April 3, Retrieved fromhttp://blogs.pcworld.com/gameon/archives/006748.html
47. Peiser, W. and Peter, J. 2000. Third-person perception of television-viewing behavior. Journal of Communication, 50: 25-45.
48. Phillips, C. A., Rolls, S., Rouse, A. and Griffiths, M. D. 1995. Home video game playing in schoolchildren: A study of incidence and patterns of play. Journal of Adolescence, 18: 687-691.
49. Pinckard, J. December 3 2003. "Video gaming and its discontents.". In Salon December 3, Retrieved fromhttp://dir.salon.com/story/tech/feature/2003/12/23/gaming_and_its_discontents/index.html
50. Ray, S. G. 2003. Gender inclusive game design: Expanding the market. Boston, MA: Charles River Media.
51. Royse, P., Lee, J., Undrahbuyan, B., Hopson, M. and Consalvo, M. 2007. Women and games: Technologies of the gendered self. New Media & Society, 9: 555-576. doi:10.1177/1461444807080322
52. Scharrer, E. 2004. Virtual violence: Gender and aggression in video game advertisements. Mass Communication and Society, 7: 393-412.
53. Scharrer, E. and Leone, R. 2006. I know you are but what am I? Young people's perceptions of varying types of video game influence. Mass Communication & Society, 9: 261-286. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0903_1
54. Schott, G. R. and Horrell, K. R. 2000. Girl gamers and their relationship to gaming culture. Convergence, 6: 36-53. doi:10.1177/135485650000600404
55. Spence, I., Yun, J. J., Feng, J. and Marshman, J. 2009. Women match men when learning a spatial skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35: 1097-1103. doi:10:1037/a0015641
56. Strasburger, V. C., Wilson, B. J. and Jordan, A. 2009. Children, adolescents, and the media, 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
57. Stross, R. 2008. What has driven women out of computer science?. The New York Times, November 15 Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/business/16digi.html?_r=1&emc=eta1&oref=slogin
58. Subrahmanyam, K. and Greenfield, P. M. 1994. Effects of video game practice on spatial skills in girls and boys. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15: 13-32. doi:10.1016/0193-3973(94)90004-3
59. Sun, Y., Pan, Z. and Shen, L. 2008. Understanding the third-person perception: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 58: 280-300. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00385.x
60. Taylor, T. L. 2003. Multiple pleasures: Women and online gaming. Convergence, 9: 21-46. doi:10.1177/135485650300900103
61. Weber, R., Ritterfeld, U. and Mathiak, K. 2006. Does playing violent video games induce aggression? Empirical evidence of a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Media Psychology, 8: 39-60. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0801_4
62. Yates, S. and Littleton, K. 2001. "Understanding computer game cultures: A situated approach.". In Virtual gender: Technology, consumption and identity Edited by: Green, E. and Adam, A. 103-123. London, UK: Routledge.