메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 529-563

Common Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies

Author keywords

Asthma; Bronchiolitis; Croup; Pediatric; Pneumonia

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ADRENALIN; AMOXICILLIN; AMPICILLIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CEFOTAXIME; CEFUROXIME; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLINDAMYCIN; CLOXACILLIN; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; DEXAMETHASONE ACETATE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; HELIOX; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LEVALBUTEROL; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MONTELUKAST; PALIVIZUMAB; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; SALBUTAMOL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84859488080     PISSN: 07338627     EISSN: 07338627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2011.10.009     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (36)

References (203)
  • 1
    • 84898700583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Lung Association, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit. Trends in asthma morbidity and mortality
    • Washington, DC. Available at: Accessed April 13.
    • American Lung Association, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit. Trends in asthma morbidity and mortality. Washington, DC. Available at: Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.lungusa.org/finding-cures/our-research/trend-reports/asthma-trend-report.pdf.
    • (2011)
  • 5
    • 33749460023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and pathologic perspectives on aspirin sensitivity and asthma
    • [quiz: 787-8]
    • Stevenson D., Szczeklik A. Clinical and pathologic perspectives on aspirin sensitivity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 118(4):773-786. [quiz: 787-8].
    • (2006) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.118 , Issue.4 , pp. 773-786
    • Stevenson, D.1    Szczeklik, A.2
  • 7
    • 57149086352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach
    • Brand P.L., Baraldi E., Bisgaard H., et al. Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J 2008, 32(4):1096-1110.
    • (2008) Eur Respir J , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 1096-1110
    • Brand, P.L.1    Baraldi, E.2    Bisgaard, H.3
  • 8
    • 58749085209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral prednisolone for preschool children with acute virus-induced wheezing
    • Panickar J., Lakhanpaul M., Lambert P., et al. Oral prednisolone for preschool children with acute virus-induced wheezing. N Engl J Med 2009, 360(4):329-338.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.360 , Issue.4 , pp. 329-338
    • Panickar, J.1    Lakhanpaul, M.2    Lambert, P.3
  • 10
    • 40749154708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pediatric respiratory assessment measure: a valid clinical score for assessing acute asthma severity from toddlers to teenagers
    • 480.e471
    • Ducharme F., Chalut D., Plotnick L., et al. The pediatric respiratory assessment measure: a valid clinical score for assessing acute asthma severity from toddlers to teenagers. J Pediatr 2008, 152(4):476-480. 480.e471.
    • (2008) J Pediatr , vol.152 , Issue.4 , pp. 476-480
    • Ducharme, F.1    Chalut, D.2    Plotnick, L.3
  • 11
    • 0033639008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Preschool Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM): a responsive index of acute asthma severity
    • Chalut D.S., Ducharme F.M., Davis G.M. The Preschool Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM): a responsive index of acute asthma severity. J Pediatr 2000, 137(6):762-768.
    • (2000) J Pediatr , vol.137 , Issue.6 , pp. 762-768
    • Chalut, D.S.1    Ducharme, F.M.2    Davis, G.M.3
  • 12
    • 0347988231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of a novel clinical score, the Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS), in the evaluation of acute asthma
    • Gorelick M., Stevens M., Schultz T., et al. Performance of a novel clinical score, the Pediatric Asthma Severity Score (PASS), in the evaluation of acute asthma. Acad Emerg Med 2004, 11(1):10-18.
    • (2004) Acad Emerg Med , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-18
    • Gorelick, M.1    Stevens, M.2    Schultz, T.3
  • 13
    • 77953580999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective evaluation of two clinical scores for acute asthma in children 18 months to 7 years of age
    • Gouin S., Robidas I., Gravel J., et al. Prospective evaluation of two clinical scores for acute asthma in children 18 months to 7 years of age. Acad Emerg Med 2010, 17(6):598-603.
    • (2010) Acad Emerg Med , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 598-603
    • Gouin, S.1    Robidas, I.2    Gravel, J.3
  • 14
    • 0031981864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical pathway for the emergency department management of acute asthma: effect on resource utilization
    • Goldberg R., Chan L., Haley P., et al. Critical pathway for the emergency department management of acute asthma: effect on resource utilization. Ann Emerg Med 1998, 31(5):562-567.
    • (1998) Ann Emerg Med , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 562-567
    • Goldberg, R.1    Chan, L.2    Haley, P.3
  • 15
    • 0033966877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can peak expiratory flow predict airflow obstruction in children with asthma?
    • Eid N., Yandell B., Howell L., et al. Can peak expiratory flow predict airflow obstruction in children with asthma?. Pediatrics 2000, 105(2):354-358.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.105 , Issue.2 , pp. 354-358
    • Eid, N.1    Yandell, B.2    Howell, L.3
  • 16
    • 0345872063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Difficulty in obtaining peak expiratory flow measurements in children with acute asthma
    • Gorelick M., Stevens M., Schultz T., et al. Difficulty in obtaining peak expiratory flow measurements in children with acute asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004, 20(1):22-26.
    • (2004) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-26
    • Gorelick, M.1    Stevens, M.2    Schultz, T.3
  • 17
    • 0142010553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 and peak expiratory flow rate in acute asthma: a randomized trial
    • 2 and peak expiratory flow rate in acute asthma: a randomized trial. Chest 2003, 124(4):1312-1317.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.124 , Issue.4 , pp. 1312-1317
    • Rodrigo, G.1    Rodriquez Verde, M.2    Peregalli, V.3
  • 18
    • 77950147350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists in the treatment of acute asthma
    • CD001115
    • Camargo C.A., Spooner C.H., Rowe B.H. Continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, 4. CD001115.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Camargo, C.A.1    Spooner, C.H.2    Rowe, B.H.3
  • 19
    • 0027445729 scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized study of continuous versus intermittent nebulized albuterol for severe status asthmaticus in children
    • Papo M.C., Frank J., Thompson A.E. A prospective, randomized study of continuous versus intermittent nebulized albuterol for severe status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care Med 1993, 21(10):1479-1486.
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , Issue.10 , pp. 1479-1486
    • Papo, M.C.1    Frank, J.2    Thompson, A.E.3
  • 20
    • 0141724921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holding chambers versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma
    • CD000052
    • Cates C.C.J., Bara A., Crilly J.A., et al. Holding chambers versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, 3. CD000052.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Cates, C.C.J.1    Bara, A.2    Crilly, J.A.3
  • 21
    • 0032440923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of bronchodilators administered by nebulizers versus spacer devices in infants with acute wheezing
    • Closa R.M., Ceballos J.M., Gmez-Pap A., et al. Efficacy of bronchodilators administered by nebulizers versus spacer devices in infants with acute wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol 1998, 26(5):344-348.
    • (1998) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.26 , Issue.5 , pp. 344-348
    • Closa, R.M.1    Ceballos, J.M.2    Gmez-Pap, A.3
  • 22
    • 0030895713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol delivery to wheezy infants: a comparison between a nebulizer and two small volume spacers
    • Wildhaber J.H., Devadason S.G., Hayden M.J., et al. Aerosol delivery to wheezy infants: a comparison between a nebulizer and two small volume spacers. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997, 23(3):212-216.
    • (1997) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 212-216
    • Wildhaber, J.H.1    Devadason, S.G.2    Hayden, M.J.3
  • 23
    • 0034064966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of salbutamol via metered-dose inhaler with spacer versus nebulizer for acute wheezing in children less than 2 years of age
    • Rubilar L., Castro Rodriguez J.A., Girardi G. Randomized trial of salbutamol via metered-dose inhaler with spacer versus nebulizer for acute wheezing in children less than 2 years of age. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000, 29(4):264-269.
    • (2000) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 264-269
    • Rubilar, L.1    Castro Rodriguez, J.A.2    Girardi, G.3
  • 24
    • 79955499377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of metered-dose inhalers for asthma exacerbations in the pediatric emergency department
    • peds.2010-2963
    • Doan Q., Shefrin A., Johnson D. Cost-effectiveness of metered-dose inhalers for asthma exacerbations in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics 2011, 127(5):e1105-e1111. peds.2010-2963.
    • (2011) Pediatrics , vol.127 , Issue.5
    • Doan, Q.1    Shefrin, A.2    Johnson, D.3
  • 25
    • 0033958795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levalbuterol nebulizer solution: is it worth five times the cost of albuterol?
    • Asmus M.J., Hendeles L. Levalbuterol nebulizer solution: is it worth five times the cost of albuterol?. Pharmacotherapy 2000, 20(2):123-129.
    • (2000) Pharmacotherapy , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-129
    • Asmus, M.J.1    Hendeles, L.2
  • 26
    • 0035217690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose levalbuterol in children with asthma: safety and efficacy in comparison with placebo and racemic albuterol
    • Milgrom H., Skoner D.P., Bensch G., et al. Low-dose levalbuterol in children with asthma: safety and efficacy in comparison with placebo and racemic albuterol. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001, 108(6):938-945.
    • (2001) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.108 , Issue.6 , pp. 938-945
    • Milgrom, H.1    Skoner, D.P.2    Bensch, G.3
  • 27
    • 0032417246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved bronchodilation with levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol in patients with asthma
    • Nelson H.S., Bensch G., Pleskow W.W., et al. Improved bronchodilation with levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998, 102(6):943-952.
    • (1998) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.102 , Issue.6 , pp. 943-952
    • Nelson, H.S.1    Bensch, G.2    Pleskow, W.W.3
  • 28
    • 0033056771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and efficacy of nebulized levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol and placebo in the treatment of asthma in pediatric patients
    • Gawchik S.M., Saccar C.L., Noonan M., et al. The safety and efficacy of nebulized levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol and placebo in the treatment of asthma in pediatric patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999, 103(4):615-621.
    • (1999) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.103 , Issue.4 , pp. 615-621
    • Gawchik, S.M.1    Saccar, C.L.2    Noonan, M.3
  • 29
    • 0344825868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of racemic albuterol and levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma
    • Carl J., Myers T., Kirchner H.L., et al. Comparison of racemic albuterol and levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. J Pediatr 2003, 143(6):731-736.
    • (2003) J Pediatr , vol.143 , Issue.6 , pp. 731-736
    • Carl, J.1    Myers, T.2    Kirchner, H.L.3
  • 30
    • 50649103028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cumulative dose study of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol administered by hydrofluoroalkane-134a metered-dose inhaler in asthmatic subjects
    • Tripp K., McVicar W., Nair P., et al. A cumulative dose study of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol administered by hydrofluoroalkane-134a metered-dose inhaler in asthmatic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008, 122(3):544-549.
    • (2008) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.122 , Issue.3 , pp. 544-549
    • Tripp, K.1    McVicar, W.2    Nair, P.3
  • 31
    • 1542649466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in heart rate associated with nebulized racemic albuterol and levalbuterol in intensive care patients
    • Lam S., Chen J. Changes in heart rate associated with nebulized racemic albuterol and levalbuterol in intensive care patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003, 60(19):1971-1975.
    • (2003) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.60 , Issue.19 , pp. 1971-1975
    • Lam, S.1    Chen, J.2
  • 32
    • 84921430583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined inhaled anticholinergics and beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children
    • CD000060
    • Plotnick L.H., Ducharme F.M. Combined inhaled anticholinergics and beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 4. CD000060.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Plotnick, L.H.1    Ducharme, F.M.2
  • 33
    • 24744466684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis
    • Rodrigo G.J., Castro Rodriguez J.A. Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thorax 2005, 60(9):740-746.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , Issue.9 , pp. 740-746
    • Rodrigo, G.J.1    Castro Rodriguez, J.A.2
  • 34
    • 1842423499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid therapy for acute asthma
    • Rowe B.H., Edmonds M.L., Spooner C.H., et al. Corticosteroid therapy for acute asthma. Respir Med 2004, 98(4):275-284.
    • (2004) Respir Med , vol.98 , Issue.4 , pp. 275-284
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Edmonds, M.L.2    Spooner, C.H.3
  • 35
    • 33745726753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic corticosteroid therapy for acute asthma exacerbations
    • Fiel S., Vincken W. Systemic corticosteroid therapy for acute asthma exacerbations. J Asthma 2006, 43(5):321-331.
    • (2006) J Asthma , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 321-331
    • Fiel, S.1    Vincken, W.2
  • 36
    • 18744419173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroids for hospitalised children with acute asthma
    • Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011
    • Smith M., Iqbal Shaikh Mohammed S.I., Rowe Brian H., et al. Corticosteroids for hospitalised children with acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, 1. Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002886/frame.html.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1
    • Smith, M.1    Iqbal Shaikh Mohammed, S.I.2    Rowe Brian, H.3
  • 37
    • 0032984057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral versus intravenous corticosteroids in children hospitalized with asthma
    • Becker J.M., Arora A., Scarfone R.J., et al. Oral versus intravenous corticosteroids in children hospitalized with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999, 103(4):586-590.
    • (1999) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.103 , Issue.4 , pp. 586-590
    • Becker, J.M.1    Arora, A.2    Scarfone, R.J.3
  • 38
    • 0031019169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous versus oral corticosteroids in the management of acute asthma in children
    • Barnett P.L., Caputo G.L., Baskin M., et al. Intravenous versus oral corticosteroids in the management of acute asthma in children. Ann Emerg Med 1997, 29(2):212-217.
    • (1997) Ann Emerg Med , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 212-217
    • Barnett, P.L.1    Caputo, G.L.2    Baskin, M.3
  • 39
    • 79960713373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two days of dexamethasone versus 5 days of prednisone in the treatment of acute asthma: a randomized controlled trial
    • Kravitz J., Dominici P., Ufberg J., et al. Two days of dexamethasone versus 5 days of prednisone in the treatment of acute asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 2011, 58(2):200-204.
    • (2011) Ann Emerg Med , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 200-204
    • Kravitz, J.1    Dominici, P.2    Ufberg, J.3
  • 40
    • 50949110168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of oral dexamethasone with oral prednisone in pediatric asthma exacerbations treated in the emergency department
    • Greenberg R., Kerby G., Roosevelt G. A comparison of oral dexamethasone with oral prednisone in pediatric asthma exacerbations treated in the emergency department. Clin Pediatr 2008, 47(8):817-823.
    • (2008) Clin Pediatr , vol.47 , Issue.8 , pp. 817-823
    • Greenberg, R.1    Kerby, G.2    Roosevelt, G.3
  • 41
    • 67651165151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of dexamethasone and prednisone in acute asthma exacerbations in pediatric patients
    • Shefrin R. Use of dexamethasone and prednisone in acute asthma exacerbations in pediatric patients. Can Fam Physician 2009, 55(7):704-706.
    • (2009) Can Fam Physician , vol.55 , Issue.7 , pp. 704-706
    • Shefrin, R.1
  • 42
    • 33845985966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-dose oral dexamethasone in the emergency management of children with exacerbations of mild to moderate asthma
    • Altamimi M. Single-dose oral dexamethasone in the emergency management of children with exacerbations of mild to moderate asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006, 22(12):786-793.
    • (2006) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.22 , Issue.12 , pp. 786-793
    • Altamimi, M.1
  • 43
    • 34548336967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of single-dose intramuscular dexamethasone compared with prednisolone for children with acute asthma
    • Gordon S., Tompkins T., Dayan P. Randomized trial of single-dose intramuscular dexamethasone compared with prednisolone for children with acute asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007, 23(8):521-527.
    • (2007) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.23 , Issue.8 , pp. 521-527
    • Gordon, S.1    Tompkins, T.2    Dayan, P.3
  • 44
    • 0033942470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single dose of intramuscularly administered dexamethasone acetate is as effective as oral prednisone to treat asthma exacerbations in young children
    • Gries D.M., Moffitt D.R., Pulos E., et al. A single dose of intramuscularly administered dexamethasone acetate is as effective as oral prednisone to treat asthma exacerbations in young children. J Pediatr 2000, 136(3):298-303.
    • (2000) J Pediatr , vol.136 , Issue.3 , pp. 298-303
    • Gries, D.M.1    Moffitt, D.R.2    Pulos, E.3
  • 45
    • 3142517969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doubling the dose of budesonide versus maintenance treatment in asthma exacerbations
    • FitzGerald J.M., Becker A., Sears M.R., et al. Doubling the dose of budesonide versus maintenance treatment in asthma exacerbations. Thorax 2004, 59(7):550-556.
    • (2004) Thorax , vol.59 , Issue.7 , pp. 550-556
    • FitzGerald, J.M.1    Becker, A.2    Sears, M.R.3
  • 46
    • 0141613114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma
    • CD002308
    • Edmonds M.L., Camargo C.A., Pollack C.V., et al. Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, 3. CD002308.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Edmonds, M.L.1    Camargo, C.A.2    Pollack, C.V.3
  • 47
    • 33748431112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose inhaled fluticasone does not replace oral prednisolone in children with mild to moderate acute asthma
    • Schuh S., Dick P., Stephens D., et al. High-dose inhaled fluticasone does not replace oral prednisolone in children with mild to moderate acute asthma. Pediatrics 2006, 118(2):644-650.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.118 , Issue.2 , pp. 644-650
    • Schuh, S.1    Dick, P.2    Stephens, D.3
  • 48
    • 0034618860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of inhaled fluticasone and oral prednisone for children with severe acute asthma
    • Schuh S., Reisman J., Alshehri M., et al. A comparison of inhaled fluticasone and oral prednisone for children with severe acute asthma. N Engl J Med 2000, 343(10):689-694.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , Issue.10 , pp. 689-694
    • Schuh, S.1    Reisman, J.2    Alshehri, M.3
  • 49
    • 79960550697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nebulized budesonide added to standard pediatric emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a randomized, double-blind trial
    • Upham B.D., Mollen C.J., Scarfone R.J., et al. Nebulized budesonide added to standard pediatric emergency department treatment of acute asthma: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med 2011, 18(7):665-673.
    • (2011) Acad Emerg Med , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 665-673
    • Upham, B.D.1    Mollen, C.J.2    Scarfone, R.J.3
  • 50
    • 0025132020 scopus 로고
    • Effect of magnesium chloride on rabbit bronchial smooth muscle
    • Spivey W.H., Skobeloff E.M., Levin R.M. Effect of magnesium chloride on rabbit bronchial smooth muscle. Ann Emerg Med 1990, 19(10):1107-1112.
    • (1990) Ann Emerg Med , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 1107-1112
    • Spivey, W.H.1    Skobeloff, E.M.2    Levin, R.M.3
  • 51
    • 0030358327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous magnesium therapy for moderate to severe pediatric asthma: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    • Ciarallo L., Sauer A.H., Shannon M.W. Intravenous magnesium therapy for moderate to severe pediatric asthma: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 1996, 129(6):809-814.
    • (1996) J Pediatr , vol.129 , Issue.6 , pp. 809-814
    • Ciarallo, L.1    Sauer, A.H.2    Shannon, M.W.3
  • 52
    • 0025141565 scopus 로고
    • Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute severe bronchial asthma
    • Noppen M., Vanmaele L., Impens N., et al. Bronchodilating effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute severe bronchial asthma. Chest 1990, 97(2):373-376.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , Issue.2 , pp. 373-376
    • Noppen, M.1    Vanmaele, L.2    Impens, N.3
  • 53
    • 0033812383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous magnesium sulfate treatment for acute asthma in the emergency department: a systematic review of the literature
    • Rowe B.H., Bretzlaff J.A., Bourdon C., et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate treatment for acute asthma in the emergency department: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Emerg Med 2000, 36(3):181-190.
    • (2000) Ann Emerg Med , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 181-190
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Bretzlaff, J.A.2    Bourdon, C.3
  • 54
    • 84921431137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department
    • CD001490
    • Rowe B.H., Bretzlaff J.A., Bourdon C., et al. Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 2. CD001490.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Rowe, B.H.1    Bretzlaff, J.A.2    Bourdon, C.3
  • 55
    • 77955431937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of inhaled magnesium sulfate in the coadjuvant management of severe asthma crisis in an emergency department
    • Gallegos-Solorzano M.C., Perez-Padilla R., Hernandez-Zenteno R.J. Usefulness of inhaled magnesium sulfate in the coadjuvant management of severe asthma crisis in an emergency department. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010, 23(5):432-437.
    • (2010) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 432-437
    • Gallegos-Solorzano, M.C.1    Perez-Padilla, R.2    Hernandez-Zenteno, R.J.3
  • 56
    • 0037525293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of isotonic nebulised magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to salbutamol in treatment of severe asthma in adults: randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Hughes R., Goldkorn A., Masoli M., et al. Use of isotonic nebulised magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to salbutamol in treatment of severe asthma in adults: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361(9375):2114-2117.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , Issue.9375 , pp. 2114-2117
    • Hughes, R.1    Goldkorn, A.2    Masoli, M.3
  • 57
    • 0036269022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized clinical trial of nebulized magnesium sulfate in addition to albuterol in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations in adults
    • Bessmertny O., DiGregorio R.V., Cohen H., et al. A randomized clinical trial of nebulized magnesium sulfate in addition to albuterol in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations in adults. Ann Emerg Med 2002, 39(6):585-591.
    • (2002) Ann Emerg Med , vol.39 , Issue.6 , pp. 585-591
    • Bessmertny, O.1    DiGregorio, R.V.2    Cohen, H.3
  • 58
    • 84928761504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma
    • Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011
    • Blitz M., Blitz S., Beasely R., et al. Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 4. Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003898/frame.html.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Blitz, M.1    Blitz, S.2    Beasely, R.3
  • 59
    • 33646719768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral montelukast treatment of preschool-aged children with acute asthma
    • Harmanci K., Bakirtas A., Turktas I., et al. Oral montelukast treatment of preschool-aged children with acute asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006, 96(5):731-735.
    • (2006) Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol , vol.96 , Issue.5 , pp. 731-735
    • Harmanci, K.1    Bakirtas, A.2    Turktas, I.3
  • 60
    • 38549156035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilot study of oral montelukast added to standard therapy for acute asthma exacerbations in children aged 6 to 14 years
    • Nelson K., Smith S., Trinkaus K., et al. Pilot study of oral montelukast added to standard therapy for acute asthma exacerbations in children aged 6 to 14 years. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008, 24(1):21-27.
    • (2008) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-27
    • Nelson, K.1    Smith, S.2    Trinkaus, K.3
  • 61
    • 0034057041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effects of intravenous and oral montelukast on airway function: a double blind, placebo controlled, three period, crossover study in asthmatic patients
    • Dockhorn R.J., Baumgartner R.A., Leff J.A., et al. Comparison of the effects of intravenous and oral montelukast on airway function: a double blind, placebo controlled, three period, crossover study in asthmatic patients. Thorax 2000, 55(4):260-265.
    • (2000) Thorax , vol.55 , Issue.4 , pp. 260-265
    • Dockhorn, R.J.1    Baumgartner, R.A.2    Leff, J.A.3
  • 62
    • 0037441916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of intravenous montelukast in acute asthma
    • Camargo C., Smithline H., Malice M.P., et al. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous montelukast in acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167(4):528-533.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.167 , Issue.4 , pp. 528-533
    • Camargo, C.1    Smithline, H.2    Malice, M.P.3
  • 63
    • 19444385732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heliox administration in the pediatric intensive care unit: an evidence-based review
    • Gupta V.K., Cheifetz I.M. Heliox administration in the pediatric intensive care unit: an evidence-based review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005, 6(2):204-211.
    • (2005) Pediatr Crit Care Med , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 204-211
    • Gupta, V.K.1    Cheifetz, I.M.2
  • 64
    • 33644666579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helium/oxygen-driven albuterol nebulization in the treatment of children with moderate to severe asthma exacerbations: a randomized, controlled trial
    • Kim I., Phrampus E., Venkataraman S., et al. Helium/oxygen-driven albuterol nebulization in the treatment of children with moderate to severe asthma exacerbations: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2005, 116(5):1127-1133.
    • (2005) Pediatrics , vol.116 , Issue.5 , pp. 1127-1133
    • Kim, I.1    Phrampus, E.2    Venkataraman, S.3
  • 65
    • 23944434779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of albuterol therapy driven by heliox versus by oxygen in severe asthma exacerbation
    • Lee D., Hsu C.W., Lee H., et al. Beneficial effects of albuterol therapy driven by heliox versus by oxygen in severe asthma exacerbation. Acad Emerg Med 2005, 12(9):820-827.
    • (2005) Acad Emerg Med , vol.12 , Issue.9 , pp. 820-827
    • Lee, D.1    Hsu, C.W.2    Lee, H.3
  • 66
    • 28844459533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albuterol nebulized in heliox in the initial ED treatment of pediatric asthma: a blinded, randomized controlled trial
    • Rivera M., Kim T., Stewart G., et al. Albuterol nebulized in heliox in the initial ED treatment of pediatric asthma: a blinded, randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med 2006, 24(1):38-42.
    • (2006) Am J Emerg Med , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 38-42
    • Rivera, M.1    Kim, T.2    Stewart, G.3
  • 67
    • 0035229344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous beta2-agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department
    • CD002988
    • Travers A., Jones A.P., Kelly K., et al. Intravenous beta2-agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, 2. CD002988.
    • (2001) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Travers, A.1    Jones, A.P.2    Kelly, K.3
  • 68
    • 21844436315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous aminophylline for acute severe asthma in children over two years receiving inhaled bronchodilators
    • CD001276
    • Mitra A., Bassler D., Goodman K., et al. Intravenous aminophylline for acute severe asthma in children over two years receiving inhaled bronchodilators. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 2. CD001276.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Mitra, A.1    Bassler, D.2    Goodman, K.3
  • 69
    • 0034928925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of IV theophylline in children with severe status asthmaticus
    • Ream R.S., Loftis L.L., Albers G.M., et al. Efficacy of IV theophylline in children with severe status asthmaticus. Chest 2001, 119(5):1480-1488.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , Issue.5 , pp. 1480-1488
    • Ream, R.S.1    Loftis, L.L.2    Albers, G.M.3
  • 70
    • 2442702403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus
    • Akingbola O., Simakajornboon N., Hadley E., et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2002, 3(2):181-184.
    • (2002) Pediatr Crit Care Med , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 181-184
    • Akingbola, O.1    Simakajornboon, N.2    Hadley, E.3
  • 71
    • 27844565274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive factors for the success of noninvasive mask ventilation in infants and children with acute respiratory failure
    • Bernet V., Hug M., Frey B. Predictive factors for the success of noninvasive mask ventilation in infants and children with acute respiratory failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005, 6(6):660-664.
    • (2005) Pediatr Crit Care Med , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 660-664
    • Bernet, V.1    Hug, M.2    Frey, B.3
  • 72
    • 33645236305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children
    • Carroll C., Schramm C. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006, 96(3):454-459.
    • (2006) Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol , vol.96 , Issue.3 , pp. 454-459
    • Carroll, C.1    Schramm, C.2
  • 73
    • 33745893547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: five years of experience in a pediatric intensive care unit
    • Essouri S., Chevret L., Durand P., et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: five years of experience in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006, 7(4):329-334.
    • (2006) Pediatr Crit Care Med , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 329-334
    • Essouri, S.1    Chevret, L.2    Durand, P.3
  • 74
    • 0031974415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive ventilation via bilevel positive airway pressure support in pediatric practice
    • Padman R., Lawless S.T., Kettrick R.G. Noninvasive ventilation via bilevel positive airway pressure support in pediatric practice. Crit Care Med 1998, 26(1):169-173.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 169-173
    • Padman, R.1    Lawless, S.T.2    Kettrick, R.G.3
  • 75
    • 4644238184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in children with lower airway obstruction
    • Thill P., McGuire J., Baden H., et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in children with lower airway obstruction. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004, 5(4):337-342.
    • (2004) Pediatr Crit Care Med , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 337-342
    • Thill, P.1    McGuire, J.2    Baden, H.3
  • 76
    • 18944396587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma
    • CD004360
    • Ram F.S., Wellington S., Rowe B., et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 3. CD004360.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Ram, F.S.1    Wellington, S.2    Rowe, B.3
  • 77
    • 0032934468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine
    • Brown R.H., Wagner E.M. Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine. Anesthesiology 1999, 90(3):822-828.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.90 , Issue.3 , pp. 822-828
    • Brown, R.H.1    Wagner, E.M.2
  • 78
    • 21444443444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of ketamine in pediatric emergency department patients who present with acute severe asthma
    • Allen J., Macias C. The efficacy of ketamine in pediatric emergency department patients who present with acute severe asthma. Ann Emerg Med 2005, 46(1):43-50.
    • (2005) Ann Emerg Med , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-50
    • Allen, J.1    Macias, C.2
  • 79
    • 0030039890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous ketamine in acute asthma
    • Howton J.C., Rose J., Duffy S., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous ketamine in acute asthma. Ann Emerg Med 1996, 27(2):170-175.
    • (1996) Ann Emerg Med , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 170-175
    • Howton, J.C.1    Rose, J.2    Duffy, S.3
  • 80
    • 76049108348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticholinergics and ketamine sedation in children: a secondary analysis of atropine versus glycopyrrolate
    • Green S., Roback M., Krauss B. Anticholinergics and ketamine sedation in children: a secondary analysis of atropine versus glycopyrrolate. Acad Emerg Med 2010, 17(2):157-162.
    • (2010) Acad Emerg Med , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-162
    • Green, S.1    Roback, M.2    Krauss, B.3
  • 81
    • 79955467187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update
    • Green S.M., Roback M.G., Kennedy R.M., et al. Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update. Ann Emerg Med 2011, 57(5):449-461.
    • (2011) Ann Emerg Med , vol.57 , Issue.5 , pp. 449-461
    • Green, S.M.1    Roback, M.G.2    Kennedy, R.M.3
  • 82
    • 0028224272 scopus 로고
    • Asthma requiring mechanical ventilation. A low morbidity approach
    • Bellomo R., McLaughlin P., Tai E., et al. Asthma requiring mechanical ventilation. A low morbidity approach. Chest 1994, 105(3):891-896.
    • (1994) Chest , vol.105 , Issue.3 , pp. 891-896
    • Bellomo, R.1    McLaughlin, P.2    Tai, E.3
  • 83
    • 0026284983 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy, results, and complications of mechanical ventilation in children with status asthmaticus
    • Cox R.G., Barker G.A., Bohn D.J. Efficacy, results, and complications of mechanical ventilation in children with status asthmaticus. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991, 11(2):120-126.
    • (1991) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 120-126
    • Cox, R.G.1    Barker, G.A.2    Bohn, D.J.3
  • 84
    • 0021357957 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus
    • Darioli R., Perret C. Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984, 129(3):385-387.
    • (1984) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.129 , Issue.3 , pp. 385-387
    • Darioli, R.1    Perret, C.2
  • 85
    • 0024542221 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical ventilation for status asthmaticus in children
    • Dworkin G., Kattan M. Mechanical ventilation for status asthmaticus in children. J Pediatr 1989, 114(4):545-549.
    • (1989) J Pediatr , vol.114 , Issue.4 , pp. 545-549
    • Dworkin, G.1    Kattan, M.2
  • 86
    • 0027948495 scopus 로고
    • Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study
    • Hickling K.G., Walsh J., Henderson S., et al. Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 1994, 22(10):1568-1578.
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , Issue.10 , pp. 1568-1578
    • Hickling, K.G.1    Walsh, J.2    Henderson, S.3
  • 87
    • 0020596541 scopus 로고
    • Combined ventilator and bicarbonate strategy in the management of status asthmaticus
    • Menitove S.M., Goldring R.M. Combined ventilator and bicarbonate strategy in the management of status asthmaticus. Am J Med 1983, 74(5):898-901.
    • (1983) Am J Med , vol.74 , Issue.5 , pp. 898-901
    • Menitove, S.M.1    Goldring, R.M.2
  • 88
    • 0037083077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of follow-up physician visits on emergency readmissions for patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based study
    • Sin D., Bell N., Svenson L., et al. The impact of follow-up physician visits on emergency readmissions for patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based study. Am J Med 2002, 112(2):120-125.
    • (2002) Am J Med , vol.112 , Issue.2 , pp. 120-125
    • Sin, D.1    Bell, N.2    Svenson, L.3
  • 89
    • 0025785543 scopus 로고
    • Facilitated referral to asthma specialist reduces relapses in asthma emergency room visits
    • Zeiger R.S., Heller S., Mellon M.H., et al. Facilitated referral to asthma specialist reduces relapses in asthma emergency room visits. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991, 87(6):1160-1168.
    • (1991) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.87 , Issue.6 , pp. 1160-1168
    • Zeiger, R.S.1    Heller, S.2    Mellon, M.H.3
  • 90
    • 0037342556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scheduled follow-up after a pediatric emergency department visit for asthma: a randomized trial
    • Zorc J., Scarfone R., Li Y., et al. Scheduled follow-up after a pediatric emergency department visit for asthma: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2003, 111(3):495-502.
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.111 , Issue.3 , pp. 495-502
    • Zorc, J.1    Scarfone, R.2    Li, Y.3
  • 91
    • 33344464792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of emergency department interventions to improve primary care follow-up for patients with acute asthma
    • Baren J., Boudreaux E., Brenner B., et al. Randomized controlled trial of emergency department interventions to improve primary care follow-up for patients with acute asthma. Chest 2006, 129(2):257-265.
    • (2006) Chest , vol.129 , Issue.2 , pp. 257-265
    • Baren, J.1    Boudreaux, E.2    Brenner, B.3
  • 92
    • 0037158108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy and risk of emergency department visits for asthma
    • Sin D., Man S.F. Low-dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy and risk of emergency department visits for asthma. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162(14):1591-1595.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , Issue.14 , pp. 1591-1595
    • Sin, D.1    Man, S.F.2
  • 93
    • 0034566389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge
    • Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011
    • Edmonds M., Brenner Barry E., Camargo Carlos A., et al. Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 3. Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002316/frame.html.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Edmonds, M.1    Brenner Barry, E.2    Camargo Carlos, A.3
  • 94
    • 0031457452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of a peak flow-based action plan in the prevention of exacerbations of asthma
    • Cowie R.L., Revitt S.G., Underwood M.F., et al. The effect of a peak flow-based action plan in the prevention of exacerbations of asthma. Chest 1997, 112(6):1534-1538.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.112 , Issue.6 , pp. 1534-1538
    • Cowie, R.L.1    Revitt, S.G.2    Underwood, M.F.3
  • 95
    • 38549110771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Croup
    • Cherry J. Clinical practice. Croup. N Engl J Med 2008, 358(4):384-391.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , Issue.4 , pp. 384-391
    • Cherry, J.1
  • 96
    • 25844437468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Croup hospitalizations in Ontario: a 14-year time-series analysis
    • Segal A., Crighton E., Moineddin R., et al. Croup hospitalizations in Ontario: a 14-year time-series analysis. Pediatrics 2005, 116(1):51-55.
    • (2005) Pediatrics , vol.116 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-55
    • Segal, A.1    Crighton, E.2    Moineddin, R.3
  • 97
    • 0036144334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical courses of croup caused by influenza and parainfluenza viruses
    • Peltola V., Heikkinen T., Ruuskanen O. Clinical courses of croup caused by influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002, 21(1):76-78.
    • (2002) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-78
    • Peltola, V.1    Heikkinen, T.2    Ruuskanen, O.3
  • 98
    • 70349257954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microdebrider-assisted supraglottoplasty for laryngomalacia
    • Groblewski J., Shah R., Zalzal G. Microdebrider-assisted supraglottoplasty for laryngomalacia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2009, 118(8):592-597.
    • (2009) Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol , vol.118 , Issue.8 , pp. 592-597
    • Groblewski, J.1    Shah, R.2    Zalzal, G.3
  • 99
    • 25144488741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stridor in a newborn
    • Antony R., Al Rawas A., Irwin M. Stridor in a newborn. CMAJ 2005, 173(6):601-602.
    • (2005) CMAJ , vol.173 , Issue.6 , pp. 601-602
    • Antony, R.1    Al Rawas, A.2    Irwin, M.3
  • 100
    • 0030476967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stridor in neonates
    • Mancuso R.F. Stridor in neonates. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996, 43(6):1339-1356.
    • (1996) Pediatr Clin North Am , vol.43 , Issue.6 , pp. 1339-1356
    • Mancuso, R.F.1
  • 101
    • 15944412165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CT of hemangiomas of the upper airways in children
    • Koplewitz B., Springer C., Slasky B., et al. CT of hemangiomas of the upper airways in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005, 184(2):663-670.
    • (2005) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.184 , Issue.2 , pp. 663-670
    • Koplewitz, B.1    Springer, C.2    Slasky, B.3
  • 102
    • 10044246004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biology and management of laryngeal neurofibroma
    • Rahbar R., Litrovnik B., Vargas S., et al. The biology and management of laryngeal neurofibroma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004, 130(12):1400-1406.
    • (2004) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , vol.130 , Issue.12 , pp. 1400-1406
    • Rahbar, R.1    Litrovnik, B.2    Vargas, S.3
  • 103
    • 34548102147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balloon laryngoplasty as a primary treatment for subglottic stenosis
    • Durden F., Sobol S. Balloon laryngoplasty as a primary treatment for subglottic stenosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007, 133(8):772-775.
    • (2007) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , vol.133 , Issue.8 , pp. 772-775
    • Durden, F.1    Sobol, S.2
  • 104
    • 70350519163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unilateral vocal fold paralysis in premature infants after ligation of patent ductus arteriosus: vascular clip versus suture ligature
    • Spanos W., Brookes J., Smith M., et al. Unilateral vocal fold paralysis in premature infants after ligation of patent ductus arteriosus: vascular clip versus suture ligature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2009, 118(10):750-753.
    • (2009) Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol , vol.118 , Issue.10 , pp. 750-753
    • Spanos, W.1    Brookes, J.2    Smith, M.3
  • 105
    • 0023831396 scopus 로고
    • Upper airway and tracheal obstruction in infants and children
    • Strife J.L. Upper airway and tracheal obstruction in infants and children. Radiol Clin North Am 1988, 26(2):309-322.
    • (1988) Radiol Clin North Am , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 309-322
    • Strife, J.L.1
  • 106
    • 0018236581 scopus 로고
    • Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: a double-blind study
    • Westley C.R., Cotton E.K., Brooks J.G. Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: a double-blind study. Am J Dis Child 1978, 132(5):484-487.
    • (1978) Am J Dis Child , vol.132 , Issue.5 , pp. 484-487
    • Westley, C.R.1    Cotton, E.K.2    Brooks, J.G.3
  • 107
    • 29144487078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Croup-treatment update
    • [quiz: 871-3]
    • Bjornson C.L., Johnson D.W. Croup-treatment update. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005, 21(12):863-870. [quiz: 871-3].
    • (2005) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.21 , Issue.12 , pp. 863-870
    • Bjornson, C.L.1    Johnson, D.W.2
  • 108
    • 33745791301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prednisolone versus dexamethasone in croup: a randomised equivalence trial
    • Sparrow A., Geelhoed G. Prednisolone versus dexamethasone in croup: a randomised equivalence trial. Arch Dis Child 2006, 91(7):580-583.
    • (2006) Arch Dis Child , vol.91 , Issue.7 , pp. 580-583
    • Sparrow, A.1    Geelhoed, G.2
  • 110
    • 1542267397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of nebulized budesonide, and intramuscular, and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup
    • Cetinkaya F., Tfeki B., Kutluk G. A comparison of nebulized budesonide, and intramuscular, and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004, 68(4):453-456.
    • (2004) Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 453-456
    • Cetinkaya, F.1    Tfeki, B.2    Kutluk, G.3
  • 111
    • 0029443417 scopus 로고
    • Oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.3 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg
    • Geelhoed G.C., Macdonald W.B. Oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.3 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg. Pediatr Pulmonol 1995, 20(6):362-368.
    • (1995) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.20 , Issue.6 , pp. 362-368
    • Geelhoed, G.C.1    Macdonald, W.B.2
  • 112
    • 68749093079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 27 years of croup: an update highlighting the effectiveness of 0.15 mg/kg of dexamethasone
    • Dobrovoljac M., Geelhoed G. 27 years of croup: an update highlighting the effectiveness of 0.15 mg/kg of dexamethasone. Emerg Med Australas 2009, 21(4):309-314.
    • (2009) Emerg Med Australas , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 309-314
    • Dobrovoljac, M.1    Geelhoed, G.2
  • 113
    • 33846271110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized comparison of dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg for the treatment of moderate to severe croup
    • Chub Uppakarn S., Sangsupawanich P. A randomized comparison of dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007, 71(3):473-477.
    • (2007) Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 473-477
    • Chub Uppakarn, S.1    Sangsupawanich, P.2
  • 114
    • 16244402280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nebulised L-epinephrine and steroid combination in the treatment of moderate to severe croup
    • Duman M., Ozdemir D., Atasever S. Nebulised L-epinephrine and steroid combination in the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Clin Drug Investig 2005, 25(3):183-189.
    • (2005) Clin Drug Investig , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 183-189
    • Duman, M.1    Ozdemir, D.2    Atasever, S.3
  • 115
    • 0032572078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nebulized budesonide and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup: a randomized controlled trial
    • Klassen T.P., Craig W.R., Moher D., et al. Nebulized budesonide and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998, 279(20):1629-1632.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , Issue.20 , pp. 1629-1632
    • Klassen, T.P.1    Craig, W.R.2    Moher, D.3
  • 116
    • 20544462159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Budesonide offers no advantage when added to oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup
    • Geelhoed G.C. Budesonide offers no advantage when added to oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005, 21(6):359-362.
    • (2005) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 359-362
    • Geelhoed, G.C.1
  • 117
    • 79953020396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children
    • Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011
    • Bjornson C., Russell Kelly F., Vandermeer B., et al. Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, 2. Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006619/frame.html.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Bjornson, C.1    Russell Kelly, F.2    Vandermeer, B.3
  • 118
    • 0016524389 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Use of intermittent positive-pressure breathing and racemic epinephrine
    • Taussig L.M., Castro O., Beaudry P.H., et al. Treatment of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Use of intermittent positive-pressure breathing and racemic epinephrine. Am J Dis Child 1975, 129(7):790-793.
    • (1975) Am J Dis Child , vol.129 , Issue.7 , pp. 790-793
    • Taussig, L.M.1    Castro, O.2    Beaudry, P.H.3
  • 119
    • 33644969029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled delivery of high vs low humidity vs mist therapy for croup in emergency departments: a randomized controlled trial
    • Scolnik D., Coates A., Stephens D., et al. Controlled delivery of high vs low humidity vs mist therapy for croup in emergency departments: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006, 295(11):1274-1280.
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.295 , Issue.11 , pp. 1274-1280
    • Scolnik, D.1    Coates, A.2    Stephens, D.3
  • 120
    • 0036714601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of mist in the acute treatment of moderate croup
    • Neto G., Kentab O., Klassen T., et al. A randomized controlled trial of mist in the acute treatment of moderate croup. Acad Emerg Med 2002, 9(9):873-879.
    • (2002) Acad Emerg Med , vol.9 , Issue.9 , pp. 873-879
    • Neto, G.1    Kentab, O.2    Klassen, T.3
  • 121
    • 33750130602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humidified air inhalation for treating croup
    • Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011
    • Moore M., Little P. Humidified air inhalation for treating croup. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, (3). Available at:, Accessed May 1, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002870/frame.html.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.3
    • Moore, M.1    Little, P.2
  • 122
    • 17544405301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized comparison of helium-oxygen mixture (Heliox) and racemic epinephrine for the treatment of moderate to severe croup
    • Weber J.E., Chudnofsky C.R., Younger J.G., et al. A randomized comparison of helium-oxygen mixture (Heliox) and racemic epinephrine for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Pediatrics 2001, 107(6):E96.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , Issue.6
    • Weber, J.E.1    Chudnofsky, C.R.2    Younger, J.G.3
  • 123
    • 0031771381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of heliox on croup: a pilot study
    • Terregino C.A., Nairn S.J., Chansky M.E., et al. The effect of heliox on croup: a pilot study. Acad Emerg Med 1998, 5(11):1130-1133.
    • (1998) Acad Emerg Med , vol.5 , Issue.11 , pp. 1130-1133
    • Terregino, C.A.1    Nairn, S.J.2    Chansky, M.E.3
  • 125
    • 58149213890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute bronchiolitis and croup
    • Everard M. Acute bronchiolitis and croup. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009, 56(1):119-133.
    • (2009) Pediatr Clin North Am , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-133
    • Everard, M.1
  • 126
    • 79953901394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of acute bronchiolitis
    • Ducharme F.M. Management of acute bronchiolitis. BMJ 2011, 342:d1658.
    • (2011) BMJ , vol.342
    • Ducharme, F.M.1
  • 127
    • 39749112781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective multicenter study of the viral etiology of bronchiolitis in the emergency department
    • Mansbach J.M., McAdam A.J., Clark S., et al. Prospective multicenter study of the viral etiology of bronchiolitis in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2008, 15(2):111-118.
    • (2008) Acad Emerg Med , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 111-118
    • Mansbach, J.M.1    McAdam, A.J.2    Clark, S.3
  • 128
    • 75349095415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory syncytial virus, human bocavirus and rhinovirus bronchiolitis in infants
    • Midulla F., Scagnolari C., Bonci E., et al. Respiratory syncytial virus, human bocavirus and rhinovirus bronchiolitis in infants. Arch Dis Child 2010, 95(1):35-41.
    • (2010) Arch Dis Child , vol.95 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-41
    • Midulla, F.1    Scagnolari, C.2    Bonci, E.3
  • 129
    • 74049151628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sole pathogen in acute bronchiolitis-is there a role for other organisms apart from RSV?
    • Miron D., Srugo I., Kra-Oz Z., et al. Sole pathogen in acute bronchiolitis-is there a role for other organisms apart from RSV?. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 2010(29):e7-e10.
    • (2010) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.2010 , Issue.29
    • Miron, D.1    Srugo, I.2    Kra-Oz, Z.3
  • 130
    • 33750132530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis
    • American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis
    • American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis Diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 2006, 118(4):1774-1793.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.118 , Issue.4 , pp. 1774-1793
  • 131
    • 0032696770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among US children, 1980-1996
    • Shay D.K., Holman R.C., Newman R.D., et al. Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalizations among US children, 1980-1996. JAMA 1999, 282(15):1440-1446.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , Issue.15 , pp. 1440-1446
    • Shay, D.K.1    Holman, R.C.2    Newman, R.D.3
  • 132
    • 0035168864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchiolitis-associated mortality and estimates of respiratory syncytial virus-associated deaths among US children, 1979-1997
    • Shay D.K., Holman R.C., Roosevelt G.E., et al. Bronchiolitis-associated mortality and estimates of respiratory syncytial virus-associated deaths among US children, 1979-1997. J Infect Dis 2001, 183(1):16-22.
    • (2001) J Infect Dis , vol.183 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-22
    • Shay, D.K.1    Holman, R.C.2    Roosevelt, G.E.3
  • 133
    • 0033807042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of illness in ambulatory children diagnosed with bronchiolitis
    • Swingler G.H., Hussey G.D., Zwarenstein M. Duration of illness in ambulatory children diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000, 154(10):997-1000.
    • (2000) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.154 , Issue.10 , pp. 997-1000
    • Swingler, G.H.1    Hussey, G.D.2    Zwarenstein, M.3
  • 134
    • 77955501593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of illness in infants with bronchiolitis evaluated in the emergency department
    • Petruzella F.D., Gorelick M.H. Duration of illness in infants with bronchiolitis evaluated in the emergency department. Pediatrics 2010, 126(2):285-290.
    • (2010) Pediatrics , vol.126 , Issue.2 , pp. 285-290
    • Petruzella, F.D.1    Gorelick, M.H.2
  • 135
    • 84859490039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cochrane library and the treatment of bronchiolitis in children: an overview of reviews
    • Bialy L., Foisy M., Smith M., et al. The Cochrane library and the treatment of bronchiolitis in children: an overview of reviews. Evid Base Child Health 2011, 6(1):258-275.
    • (2011) Evid Base Child Health , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 258-275
    • Bialy, L.1    Foisy, M.2    Smith, M.3
  • 136
    • 84859510423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchiolitis
    • Hanley & Belfus, Inc, Philadelphia, L.R. Frank, K.A. Jobe (Eds.)
    • Goutzamanis J. Bronchiolitis. Admission & discharge decisions in emergency medicine 2002, 246-250. Hanley & Belfus, Inc, Philadelphia. L.R. Frank, K.A. Jobe (Eds.).
    • (2002) Admission & discharge decisions in emergency medicine , pp. 246-250
    • Goutzamanis, J.1
  • 137
    • 0033554214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What link between early respiratory viral infections and atopic asthma?
    • Everard M. What link between early respiratory viral infections and atopic asthma?. Lancet 1999, 354(9178):527-528.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , Issue.9178 , pp. 527-528
    • Everard, M.1
  • 138
    • 56149097660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral respiratory infection and the link to asthma
    • Gern J.E. Viral respiratory infection and the link to asthma. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27(10):S97-S103.
    • (2008) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.27 , Issue.10
    • Gern, J.E.1
  • 139
    • 0033554244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years
    • Stein R.T., Sherrill D., Morgan W.J., et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years. Lancet 1999, 354(9178):541-545.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , Issue.9178 , pp. 541-545
    • Stein, R.T.1    Sherrill, D.2    Morgan, W.J.3
  • 140
    • 0344541096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trial of clinical outcome after chest radiograph in ambulatory acute lower-respiratory infection in children
    • Swingler G.H., Hussey G.D., Zwarenstein M. Randomised controlled trial of clinical outcome after chest radiograph in ambulatory acute lower-respiratory infection in children. Lancet 1998, 351(9100):404-408.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9100 , pp. 404-408
    • Swingler, G.H.1    Hussey, G.D.2    Zwarenstein, M.3
  • 141
    • 33947329832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the utility of radiography in acute bronchiolitis
    • Schuh S., Lalani A., Allen U., et al. Evaluation of the utility of radiography in acute bronchiolitis. J Pediatr 2007, 150(4):429-433.
    • (2007) J Pediatr , vol.150 , Issue.4 , pp. 429-433
    • Schuh, S.1    Lalani, A.2    Allen, U.3
  • 142
    • 0032796046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chest radiographs in the pediatric emergency department for children ≤18 months of age with wheezing
    • Mahabee-Gittens E.M., Bachman D.T., Shapiro E.D., et al. Chest radiographs in the pediatric emergency department for children ≤18 months of age with wheezing. Clin Pediatr 1999, 38(7):395-399.
    • (1999) Clin Pediatr , vol.38 , Issue.7 , pp. 395-399
    • Mahabee-Gittens, E.M.1    Bachman, D.T.2    Shapiro, E.D.3
  • 143
    • 34247145844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of usefulness of an abnormal white blood cell count for predicting a concurrent serious bacterial infection in infants and young children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection
    • Purcell K., Fergie J. Lack of usefulness of an abnormal white blood cell count for predicting a concurrent serious bacterial infection in infants and young children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 2007(26):311-315.
    • (2007) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.2007 , Issue.26 , pp. 311-315
    • Purcell, K.1    Fergie, J.2
  • 144
    • 33750608354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of total white blood cell count and serum C-reactive protein levels in confirmed bacterial and viral infections
    • Peltola V., Mertsola J., Ruuskanen O. Comparison of total white blood cell count and serum C-reactive protein levels in confirmed bacterial and viral infections. J Pediatr 2006, 149(5):721-724.
    • (2006) J Pediatr , vol.149 , Issue.5 , pp. 721-724
    • Peltola, V.1    Mertsola, J.2    Ruuskanen, O.3
  • 145
    • 0032923354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic testing for serious bacterial infections in infants aged 90 days or younger with bronchiolitis
    • Liebelt E.L., Qi K., Harvey K. Diagnostic testing for serious bacterial infections in infants aged 90 days or younger with bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999, 153(5):525-530.
    • (1999) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.153 , Issue.5 , pp. 525-530
    • Liebelt, E.L.1    Qi, K.2    Harvey, K.3
  • 146
    • 0031944940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sepsis evaluations in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis
    • Antanow J., Hansen K., McKinstry C.A. Sepsis evaluations in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998, 17(3):231-236.
    • (1998) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 231-236
    • Antanow, J.1    Hansen, K.2    McKinstry, C.A.3
  • 147
    • 33745861311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis
    • Thorburn K., Harigopal S., Reddy V., et al. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Thorax 2006, 61(7):611-615.
    • (2006) Thorax , vol.61 , Issue.7 , pp. 611-615
    • Thorburn, K.1    Harigopal, S.2    Reddy, V.3
  • 148
    • 44949120900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of the risk for serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants with or without bronchiolitis
    • Bilavsky E., Shouval D., Yarden-Bilavsky H. A prospective study of the risk for serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants with or without bronchiolitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27(3):269-282.
    • (2008) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 269-282
    • Bilavsky, E.1    Shouval, D.2    Yarden-Bilavsky, H.3
  • 149
    • 9644272500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary and systemic bacterial co-infections in severe RSV bronchiolitis
    • Duttweiler L., Nadal D., Frey B. Pulmonary and systemic bacterial co-infections in severe RSV bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 2004, 89(12):1155-1157.
    • (2004) Arch Dis Child , vol.89 , Issue.12 , pp. 1155-1157
    • Duttweiler, L.1    Nadal, D.2    Frey, B.3
  • 150
    • 80052045453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine for bronchiolitis
    • Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Hartling L., Bialy Liza M., Vandermeer B., et al. Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, (6). Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003123/frame.html.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.6
    • Hartling, L.1    Bialy Liza, M.2    Vandermeer, B.3
  • 151
    • 79953869340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steroids and bronchodilators for acute bronchiolitis in the first two years of life: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Hartling L., Fernandes R.M., Bialy L., et al. Steroids and bronchodilators for acute bronchiolitis in the first two years of life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011, 342:d1714.
    • (2011) BMJ , vol.342
    • Hartling, L.1    Fernandes, R.M.2    Bialy, L.3
  • 152
    • 0036048483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short acting beta2-agonists for recurrent wheeze in children under two years of age
    • Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Chavasse Richard J.P.G., Seddon P., Bara A., et al. Short acting beta2-agonists for recurrent wheeze in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, 2. Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002873/frame.html.
    • (2002) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Chavasse Richard, J.P.G.1    Seddon, P.2    Bara, A.3
  • 153
    • 32944480458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years
    • Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Everard M., Bara A., Kurian M., et al. Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 3. Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001279/frame.html.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Everard, M.1    Bara, A.2    Kurian, M.3
  • 154
    • 79953883647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children
    • Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Fernandes Ricardo M., Bialy Liza M., Vandermeer B., et al. Glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 10. Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004878/frame.html.
    • (2010) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.10
    • Fernandes Ricardo, M.1    Bialy Liza, M.2    Vandermeer, B.3
  • 155
    • 55049093676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nebulized hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants
    • Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Zhang L., Mendoza-Sassi Raúl A., Wainwright C., et al. Nebulized hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 4. Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006458/frame.html.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Zhang, L.1    Mendoza-Sassi Raúl, A.2    Wainwright, C.3
  • 156
    • 77952474145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants
    • Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Liet J.M., Ducruet T., Gupta V., et al. Heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 4. Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006915/frame.html.
    • (2010) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Liet, J.M.1    Ducruet, T.2    Gupta, V.3
  • 157
    • 84898693726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchiolitis Guideline Team, Cincinatti Children's Hospital Medical Team
    • Evidenced-based care guideline for management of bronchiolitis in infants 1 year of age or less with a first time epidose. Cincinnatti (OH): Bronchiolitis Pediatric Evidence-Based Care Guidelines, Cincinnatti Children's Hospital Medical Center. Available at: Accessed October 27.
    • Bronchiolitis Guideline Team, Cincinatti Children's Hospital Medical Team. Evidenced-based care guideline for management of bronchiolitis in infants 1 year of age or less with a first time epidose. Cincinnatti (OH): Bronchiolitis Pediatric Evidence-Based Care Guidelines, Cincinnatti Children's Hospital Medical Center. Available at: Accessed October 27, 2011. http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/j/anderseon-center/evidence-based-care/bronchiolitis/.
    • (2011)
  • 158
    • 66349093989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based guideline for the management of bronchiolitis
    • Turner T., WIlkinson F., Harris C. Evidence-based guideline for the management of bronchiolitis. Aust Fam Physician 2008, 37(6):6-13.
    • (2008) Aust Fam Physician , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 6-13
    • Turner, T.1    Wilkinson, F.2    Harris, C.3
  • 159
    • 68049100459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Bronchiolitis in children-a national clinical guideline 2006, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign91.pdf.
    • (2006) Bronchiolitis in children-a national clinical guideline
  • 160
    • 79952198508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis
    • Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Gadomski Anne M., Brower M. Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 12. Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001266/frame.html.
    • (2010) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.12
    • Gadomski Anne, M.1    Brower, M.2
  • 161
    • 66049113197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchiolitis: an evidence-based approach to management
    • Seiden J.A., Scarfone R.J. Bronchiolitis: an evidence-based approach to management. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2009, 10(2):75-81.
    • (2009) Clin Pediatr Emerg Med , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 75-81
    • Seiden, J.A.1    Scarfone, R.J.2
  • 162
    • 70350743123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline with epinephrine in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in the emergency department
    • Grewal S., Ali S., McConnell D.W., et al. A randomized trial of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline with epinephrine in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in the emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009, 163(11):1007-1012.
    • (2009) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.163 , Issue.11 , pp. 1007-1012
    • Grewal, S.1    Ali, S.2    McConnell, D.W.3
  • 163
    • 34547230736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of dexamethasone for bronchiolitis
    • Corneli H.M., Zorc J.J., Mahajan P., et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of dexamethasone for bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med 2007, 357(4):331-339.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , Issue.4 , pp. 331-339
    • Corneli, H.M.1    Zorc, J.J.2    Mahajan, P.3
  • 164
    • 65649099285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine and dexamethasone in children with bronchiolitis
    • Plint A.C., Johnson D.W., Patel H., et al. Epinephrine and dexamethasone in children with bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med 2009, 360(20):2079-2089.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.360 , Issue.20 , pp. 2079-2089
    • Plint, A.C.1    Johnson, D.W.2    Patel, H.3
  • 165
    • 70349083003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nebulised hypertonic saline for cystic fibrosis
    • Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011
    • Wark P., McDonald Vanessa M. Nebulised hypertonic saline for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, 2. Available at:, Accessed April 13, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001506/frame.html.
    • (2009) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Wark, P.1    McDonald Vanessa, M.2
  • 166
    • 72149128917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is nebulized hypertonic saline solution an effective treatment for bronchiolitis in infants?
    • Chaudhry K., Sinert R. Is nebulized hypertonic saline solution an effective treatment for bronchiolitis in infants?. Ann Emerg Med 2010, 55(1):120-122.
    • (2010) Ann Emerg Med , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 120-122
    • Chaudhry, K.1    Sinert, R.2
  • 167
    • 79952999698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of inhaled hypertonic saline on hospital admission rate in children with viral bronchiolitis: a randomized trial
    • Kuzik B.A., Flavin M.P., Kent S., et al. Effect of inhaled hypertonic saline on hospital admission rate in children with viral bronchiolitis: a randomized trial. CJEM 2010, 12(6):477.
    • (2010) CJEM , vol.12 , Issue.6 , pp. 477
    • Kuzik, B.A.1    Flavin, M.P.2    Kent, S.3
  • 168
    • 66049127575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in heliox therapy for asthma and bronchiolitis
    • Kim I.K., Corcoran T. Recent developments in heliox therapy for asthma and bronchiolitis. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2009, 10(2):68-74.
    • (2009) Clin Pediatr Emerg Med , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 68-74
    • Kim, I.K.1    Corcoran, T.2
  • 169
    • 42949097011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective multicenter study of bronchiolitis: predicting safe discharges from the emergency department
    • Mansbach J.M., Clark S., Christopher N.C., et al. Prospective multicenter study of bronchiolitis: predicting safe discharges from the emergency department. Pediatrics 2008, 121(4):680-688.
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.121 , Issue.4 , pp. 680-688
    • Mansbach, J.M.1    Clark, S.2    Christopher, N.C.3
  • 170
    • 33748770070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying hospitalized infants who have bronchiolitis and are at high risk for apnea
    • Willwerth B.M., Harper M.B., Greenes D.S. Identifying hospitalized infants who have bronchiolitis and are at high risk for apnea. Ann Emerg Med 2006, 48(4):441-447.
    • (2006) Ann Emerg Med , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 441-447
    • Willwerth, B.M.1    Harper, M.B.2    Greenes, D.S.3
  • 171
    • 77951038955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective multicenter study of bronchiolitis: predictors of an unscheduled visit after discharge from the emergency department
    • Norwood A., Mansbach J.M., Clark S., et al. Prospective multicenter study of bronchiolitis: predictors of an unscheduled visit after discharge from the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2010, 17(4):376-382.
    • (2010) Acad Emerg Med , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 376-382
    • Norwood, A.1    Mansbach, J.M.2    Clark, S.3
  • 172
    • 79959852917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical predictors of admission in infants with acute bronchiolitis
    • Marlais M., Evans J., Abrahamson E. Clinical predictors of admission in infants with acute bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 2011, 96(7):648-652.
    • (2011) Arch Dis Child , vol.96 , Issue.7 , pp. 648-652
    • Marlais, M.1    Evans, J.2    Abrahamson, E.3
  • 173
    • 77953002425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis
    • Black R.E., Cousens S., Johnson H.L., et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 2010, 375(9730):1969-1987.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , Issue.9730 , pp. 1969-1987
    • Black, R.E.1    Cousens, S.2    Johnson, H.L.3
  • 174
    • 37349122160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of pneumonia in children under 12 years of age who undergo abdominal radiography in the emergency department
    • Homier V., Bellevance C., Xhignesse M. Prevalence of pneumonia in children under 12 years of age who undergo abdominal radiography in the emergency department. CJEM 2007, 9(5):347-351.
    • (2007) CJEM , vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp. 347-351
    • Homier, V.1    Bellevance, C.2    Xhignesse, M.3
  • 175
    • 84898694982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-Based (EB) Clinical Decision Support Team & Community-Acquired Pneumonia Content Expert Team - Texas Children's Hospital
    • Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) clinical guideline. Available at: Accessed October 27.
    • Evidence-Based (EB) Clinical Decision Support Team & Community-Acquired Pneumonia Content Expert Team - Texas Children's Hospital. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) clinical guideline. Available at: Accessed October 27, 2011. http://www.bcm.edu/web/pediatrics/documents/rp_archive_21.pdf.
    • (2011)
  • 176
    • 33847214203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical predictors of occult pneumonia in the febrile child
    • Murphy C.G., Van De Pol A.C., Harper M.B., et al. Clinical predictors of occult pneumonia in the febrile child. Acad Emerg Med 2007, 14(3):243-249.
    • (2007) Acad Emerg Med , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 243-249
    • Murphy, C.G.1    Van De Pol, A.C.2    Harper, M.B.3
  • 177
    • 77951865870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of predictive value of tachypnea in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children
    • Shah S., Bachur R., Kim D., et al. Lack of predictive value of tachypnea in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 29:406-409.
    • (2010) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.29 , pp. 406-409
    • Shah, S.1    Bachur, R.2    Kim, D.3
  • 178
    • 44849125424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The value of clinical features in differentiating between viral, pneumococcal and atypical bacterial pneumonia in children
    • Korppi M., Don M., Valent F., et al. The value of clinical features in differentiating between viral, pneumococcal and atypical bacterial pneumonia in children. Acta Paediatr 2008, 97(7):943-947.
    • (2008) Acta Paediatr , vol.97 , Issue.7 , pp. 943-947
    • Korppi, M.1    Don, M.2    Valent, F.3
  • 179
    • 67649579829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical predictors of pneumonia among children with wheezing
    • Mathews B., Shah S., Cleveland R.H., et al. Clinical predictors of pneumonia among children with wheezing. Pediatrics 2009, 124(1):e29-e36.
    • (2009) Pediatrics , vol.124 , Issue.1
    • Mathews, B.1    Shah, S.2    Cleveland, R.H.3
  • 180
    • 84898699818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic therapy for pneumonia in the pediatric population
    • Korppi M. Antibiotic therapy for pneumonia in the pediatric population. Pediatr Health 2007, 1(1):77.
    • (2007) Pediatr Health , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 77
    • Korppi, M.1
  • 181
    • 0036261048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BTS guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in childhood
    • British Thoracic Society
    • British Thoracic Society BTS guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in childhood. Thorax 2002, 57(Suppl 1):i1-i24.
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
  • 182
    • 35348997414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of parapneumonic empyema in children
    • Lahti E., Peltola V., Virkki R., et al. Development of parapneumonic empyema in children. Acta Paediatr 2007, 96(11):1686-1692.
    • (2007) Acta Paediatr , vol.96 , Issue.11 , pp. 1686-1692
    • Lahti, E.1    Peltola, V.2    Virkki, R.3
  • 183
    • 0036257643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation of bacterial and viral pneumonia in children
    • Virkki R., Juven T., Rikalainen H., et al. Differentiation of bacterial and viral pneumonia in children. Thorax 2002, 57(5):438-441.
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , Issue.5 , pp. 438-441
    • Virkki, R.1    Juven, T.2    Rikalainen, H.3
  • 184
    • 1842482146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children
    • Michelow I.C., Olsen K., Lozano J., et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Pediatrics 2004, 113(4):701-707.
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.113 , Issue.4 , pp. 701-707
    • Michelow, I.C.1    Olsen, K.2    Lozano, J.3
  • 185
    • 79959705258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in children in the era of community-acquired methicillin-resistance at Texas Children's Hospital
    • Carrillo-Marquez M., Hulten K., Hammerman W., et al. Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in children in the era of community-acquired methicillin-resistance at Texas Children's Hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30(7):545-550.
    • (2011) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 545-550
    • Carrillo-Marquez, M.1    Hulten, K.2    Hammerman, W.3
  • 186
    • 41849130677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Wallin T., Hern H., Frazee B. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2008, 26:431-455.
    • (2008) Emerg Med Clin North Am , vol.26 , pp. 431-455
    • Wallin, T.1    Hern, H.2    Frazee, B.3
  • 187
    • 79951821210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary
    • Liu C., Bayer A., Cosgrove S.E., et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52(3):285-292.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 285-292
    • Liu, C.1    Bayer, A.2    Cosgrove, S.E.3
  • 188
    • 43749113823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges to improving case management of childhood pneumonia at health facilities in resource-limited settings
    • Graham S., English M., Hazir T., et al. Challenges to improving case management of childhood pneumonia at health facilities in resource-limited settings. Bull World Health Organ 2008, 86(5):349-355.
    • (2008) Bull World Health Organ , vol.86 , Issue.5 , pp. 349-355
    • Graham, S.1    English, M.2    Hazir, T.3
  • 189
    • 84898691698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical Practice Guidelines Group - Toward Optimized Practice (TOP) Program
    • Guideline for the diagnosis and management of community acquired pneumonia: pediatric - 2008 Update. Available at: Accessed April 26.
    • Clinical Practice Guidelines Group - Toward Optimized Practice (TOP) Program. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of community acquired pneumonia: pediatric - 2008 Update. Available at: Accessed April 26, 2011. http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/cpgs.php?sid=15&cpg_cats=61.
  • 190
    • 78650243013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physician assessment of the likelihood of pneumonia in pediatric emergency department
    • Newman M., Scully K., Kim D. Physician assessment of the likelihood of pneumonia in pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2010, 26(11):817-822.
    • (2010) Pediatr Emerg Care , vol.26 , Issue.11 , pp. 817-822
    • Newman, M.1    Scully, K.2    Kim, D.3
  • 191
    • 77957814302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review on the diagnosis of pediatric bacterial pneumonia: when gold is bronze
    • Lynch T., Bialy L., Kellner J. A systematic review on the diagnosis of pediatric bacterial pneumonia: when gold is bronze. PLoS One 2010, 5(8):1-7.
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5 , Issue.8 , pp. 1-7
    • Lynch, T.1    Bialy, L.2    Kellner, J.3
  • 192
    • 84455202268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung ultrasound is an accurate diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the emergency department
    • [Epub ahead of print]
    • Cortellaro F., Colombo S., Coen D., et al. Lung ultrasound is an accurate diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2010) Emerg Med J
    • Cortellaro, F.1    Colombo, S.2    Coen, D.3
  • 193
    • 73449123756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ultrasound and CT in the evaluation of pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic effusion in children
    • Kurian J., Levin T.L., Han B.K., et al. Comparison of ultrasound and CT in the evaluation of pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic effusion in children. Am J Roentgenol 2009, 193(6):1648-1654.
    • (2009) Am J Roentgenol , vol.193 , Issue.6 , pp. 1648-1654
    • Kurian, J.1    Levin, T.L.2    Han, B.K.3
  • 194
    • 84898693370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community Acquired Pneumonia Guideline Team, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
    • Evidence-based care guideline for medical management of community acquired pneumonia in children 60 days to 17 years of age. Available at: Accessed October 27.
    • Community Acquired Pneumonia Guideline Team, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Evidence-based care guideline for medical management of community acquired pneumonia in children 60 days to 17 years of age. Available at: Accessed October 27, 2011. http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/j/anderson-center/evidence-based-care/community-acquired-pneumonia/.
    • (2011)
  • 195
    • 79958018175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood cultures in the emergency department evaluation of childhood pneumonia
    • Shah S., Dugan M., Bell L., et al. Blood cultures in the emergency department evaluation of childhood pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30:475-479.
    • (2011) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.30 , pp. 475-479
    • Shah, S.1    Dugan, M.2    Bell, L.3
  • 196
    • 0029941837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of blood cultures in pediatric patients found to have pneumonia in the emergency department
    • Hickey R.W., Bowman M.J., Smith G.A. Utility of blood cultures in pediatric patients found to have pneumonia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1996, 27(6):721-725.
    • (1996) Ann Emerg Med , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 721-725
    • Hickey, R.W.1    Bowman, M.J.2    Smith, G.A.3
  • 197
    • 0030991694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pneumonia
    • Jadavji T., Law B. A practical guide for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pneumonia. CMAJ 1997, 156(5):S703.
    • (1997) CMAJ , vol.156 , Issue.5
    • Jadavji, T.1    Law, B.2
  • 198
    • 0036760178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid diagnostic testing for the identification of respiratory agents in the emergency department
    • Wilde J.A. Rapid diagnostic testing for the identification of respiratory agents in the emergency department. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 2002, 3(3):181-190.
    • (2002) Clin Pediatr Emerg Med , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 181-190
    • Wilde, J.A.1
  • 199
    • 80052481839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Bradley J.S., Byington C.L., Shah S.S., et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53(7):e25-e76.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , Issue.7
    • Bradley, J.S.1    Byington, C.L.2    Shah, S.S.3
  • 200
    • 36749102470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of oral amoxicillin and intravenous benzyl penicillin for community acquired pneumonia in children (PIVOT trial): a multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled equivalence trial
    • Atkinson M., Lakhanpaul M., Smyth A., et al. Comparison of oral amoxicillin and intravenous benzyl penicillin for community acquired pneumonia in children (PIVOT trial): a multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled equivalence trial. Thorax 2007, 62(12):1102-1106.
    • (2007) Thorax , vol.62 , Issue.12 , pp. 1102-1106
    • Atkinson, M.1    Lakhanpaul, M.2    Smyth, A.3
  • 201
    • 44949211451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-course versus long-course antibiotic therapy for non-severe community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months
    • Available at:, Accessed June 12, 2011
    • Haider Batool A., Lassi Zohra S., Bhutta Zulfiqar A. Short-course versus long-course antibiotic therapy for non-severe community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 2. Available at:, Accessed June 12, 2011. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005976/frame.html.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Haider Batool, A.1    Lassi Zohra, S.2    Bhutta Zulfiqar, A.3
  • 202
    • 34249113479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case management of childhood pneumonia in developing countries
    • Ayieko P., English M. Case management of childhood pneumonia in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 26(5):432-440.
    • (2007) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.26 , Issue.5 , pp. 432-440
    • Ayieko, P.1    English, M.2
  • 203
    • 24344444086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiographic follow-up of pneumonia in children
    • Virkki R., Juven T., Mertsola J., et al. Radiographic follow-up of pneumonia in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005, 40(3):223-227.
    • (2005) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-227
    • Virkki, R.1    Juven, T.2    Mertsola, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.