메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 904-915

Do different disparity proxies converge on a common signal? Insights from the cranial morphometrics and evolutionary history of Pterosauria (Diapsida: Archosauria)

Author keywords

Disparity; Geometric morphometrics; Macroevolution; Mesozoic; Monofenestrata; Phylogenetic comparative methods; Phylogeny; Pterosauria; Skull shape

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; CLADISTICS; CRETACEOUS; EXTINCTION; FOSSIL RECORD; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; GEOMETRY; MEASUREMENT METHOD; MORPHOMETRY; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGENY; REPTILE; SIGNAL; SKELETON; SKULL; TAXONOMY; TIMESCALE;

EID: 84859438425     PISSN: 1010061X     EISSN: 14209101     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02479.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (47)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 1242321708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the 'revolution'
    • Adams, D.C., Rohlf, F.J. & Slice, D.E. 2004. Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the 'revolution'. Ital. J. Zool. 71: 5-16.
    • (2004) Ital. J. Zool. , vol.71 , pp. 5-16
    • Adams, D.C.1    Rohlf, F.J.2    Slice, D.E.3
  • 2
    • 84859442822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quality of the pterosaur fossil record
    • Andres, B. 2009. The quality of the pterosaur fossil record. J. Vert. Paleontol. 29(Suppl. 3): 55A.
    • (2009) J. Vert. Paleontol. , vol.29 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Andres, B.1
  • 3
    • 84859443700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematics of the Pterosauria. PhD thesis, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven.
    • Andres, B. 2010. Systematics of the Pterosauria. PhD thesis, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven. 347 pp.
    • (2010) , pp. 347
    • Andres, B.1
  • 4
    • 41049083128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new pterosaur from the Liaoning Province of China, the phylogeny of Pterodactyloidea, and convergence in their cervical vertebrae
    • Andres, B. & Ji, Q. 2008. A new pterosaur from the Liaoning Province of China, the phylogeny of Pterodactyloidea, and convergence in their cervical vertebrae. Palaeontology 51: 453-469.
    • (2008) Palaeontology , vol.51 , pp. 453-469
    • Andres, B.1    Ji, Q.2
  • 5
    • 77949723789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and the phylogenetic relationships of basal pterosaurs
    • Andres, B., Clark, J. & Xu, X. 2010. A new rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and the phylogenetic relationships of basal pterosaurs. J. Vert. Paleontol. 30: 163-187.
    • (2010) J. Vert. Paleontol. , vol.30 , pp. 163-187
    • Andres, B.1    Clark, J.2    Xu, X.3
  • 7
    • 85163589176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New crested specimens of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Nyctosaurus
    • Bennett, S.C. 2003. New crested specimens of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Nyctosaurus. Pal. Zeit. 77: 61-75.
    • (2003) Pal. Zeit. , vol.77 , pp. 61-75
    • Bennett, S.C.1
  • 8
    • 61849176966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A second specimen of the pterosaur Anurognathus ammoni
    • Bennett, S.C. 2007. A second specimen of the pterosaur Anurognathus ammoni. Pal. Zeit. 81: 376-398.
    • (2007) Pal. Zeit. , vol.81 , pp. 376-398
    • Bennett, S.C.1
  • 9
    • 84055211721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the quality of the fossil record: insights from vertebrates
    • (A.J. McGowan & A.B. Smith, eds) Geological Society, London, Special Publication 358.
    • Benton, M.J., Dunhill, A.M., Lloyd, G.T. & Marx, F.G. 2011. Assessing the quality of the fossil record: insights from vertebrates. In: Comparing the Geological and Fossil Records: Implications for Biodiversity (A.J. McGowan & A.B. Smith, eds), pp. 63-94. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 358.
    • (2011) Comparing the Geological and Fossil Records: Implications for Biodiversity , pp. 63-94
    • Benton, M.J.1    Dunhill, A.M.2    Lloyd, G.T.3    Marx, F.G.4
  • 10
    • 0343901978 scopus 로고
    • Pterodaustro guinazui gen. et sp. nov. Pterosaurio de la Formación Lagarcito, Provincia de San Luis, Argentina y su significado en la geología regional (Pterodactylidae)
    • Bonaparte, J.F. 1970. Pterodaustro guinazui gen. et sp. nov. Pterosaurio de la Formación Lagarcito, Provincia de San Luis, Argentina y su significado en la geología regional (Pterodactylidae). Acta Geol. Lill. 10: 207-226.
    • (1970) Acta Geol. Lill. , vol.10 , pp. 207-226
    • Bonaparte, J.F.1
  • 12
    • 84856246755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculating the tempo of morphological evolution: rates of discrete character change in a phylogenetic context
    • (A.M.T. Elewa, ed.) Springer-Verlag Publishers, Heidelberg, Germany.
    • Brusatte, S.L. 2011. Calculating the tempo of morphological evolution: rates of discrete character change in a phylogenetic context. In: Computational Paleontology (A.M.T. Elewa, ed.), pp. 53-74. Springer-Verlag Publishers, Heidelberg, Germany.
    • (2011) Computational Paleontology , pp. 53-74
    • Brusatte, S.L.1
  • 13
    • 51749121248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs
    • Brusatte, S.L., Benton, M.J., Ruta, M. & Lloyd, G.T. 2008. Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Science 321: 1485-1488.
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 1485-1488
    • Brusatte, S.L.1    Benton, M.J.2    Ruta, M.3    Lloyd, G.T.4
  • 14
    • 84855860796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of cranial form and function in theropod dinosaurs: insights from geometric morphometrics
    • Brusatte, S.L., Sakamoto, M., Montanari, S. & Harcourt-Smith, W.E.H. 2012. The evolution of cranial form and function in theropod dinosaurs: insights from geometric morphometrics. J. Evol. Biol. 25: 365-377.
    • (2012) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.25 , pp. 365-377
    • Brusatte, S.L.1    Sakamoto, M.2    Montanari, S.3    Harcourt-Smith, W.E.H.4
  • 15
    • 54049085458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body size evolution in Mesozoic birds: little evidence for Cope's rule
    • Butler, R.J. & Goswami, A. 2008. Body size evolution in Mesozoic birds: little evidence for Cope's rule. J. Evol. Biol. 26: 1673-1682.
    • (2008) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.26 , pp. 1673-1682
    • Butler, R.J.1    Goswami, A.2
  • 16
    • 67749133627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity and air-sacs in the earliest pterosaurs
    • Butler, R.J., Barrett, P.M. & Gower, D.J. 2009a. Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity and air-sacs in the earliest pterosaurs. Biol. Lett. 5: 557-560.
    • (2009) Biol. Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 557-560
    • Butler, R.J.1    Barrett, P.M.2    Gower, D.J.3
  • 17
    • 69549097391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the effects of the rock record on pterosaur diversity patterns: implications for hypotheses of bird/pterosaur competitive replacement
    • Butler, R.J., Barrett, P.M., Nowbath, S. & Upchurch, P. 2009b. Estimating the effects of the rock record on pterosaur diversity patterns: implications for hypotheses of bird/pterosaur competitive replacement. Paleobiology 35: 432-446.
    • (2009) Paleobiology , vol.35 , pp. 432-446
    • Butler, R.J.1    Barrett, P.M.2    Nowbath, S.3    Upchurch, P.4
  • 18
    • 84859441047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The taxonomic diversity and morphological disparity of pterosaurs: untangling sampling biases, the impact of Lagerstätten, and diversification trajectories
    • Butler, R.J., Barrett, P.M., Benson, R.B.J., Brusatte, S.L. & Andres, B. 2011. The taxonomic diversity and morphological disparity of pterosaurs: untangling sampling biases, the impact of Lagerstätten, and diversification trajectories. Ann. Meeting Soc. Vert. Paleontol. Abstr. 2011: 81.
    • (2011) Ann. Meeting Soc. Vert. Paleontol. Abstr. , vol.2011 , pp. 81
    • Butler, R.J.1    Barrett, P.M.2    Benson, R.B.J.3    Brusatte, S.L.4    Andres, B.5
  • 19
    • 84055175163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do rock record biases affect studies of disparity in deep time? A case study of the Pterosauria (Reptilia: Archosauria)
    • Butler, R.J., Brusatte, S.L., Andres, B. & Benson, R.B.J. 2012. How do rock record biases affect studies of disparity in deep time? A case study of the Pterosauria (Reptilia: Archosauria) Evolution 66: 147-162.
    • (2012) Evolution , vol.66 , pp. 147-162
    • Butler, R.J.1    Brusatte, S.L.2    Andres, B.3    Benson, R.B.J.4
  • 20
    • 0035712263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting changes in morphospace occupation patterns in the fossil record: characterization and analysis of measures of disparity
    • Ciampaglio, C.N., Kemp, M. & McShea, D.W. 2001. Detecting changes in morphospace occupation patterns in the fossil record: characterization and analysis of measures of disparity. Paleobiology 27: 695-715.
    • (2001) Paleobiology , vol.27 , pp. 695-715
    • Ciampaglio, C.N.1    Kemp, M.2    McShea, D.W.3
  • 21
    • 84883230552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory evolution facilitated the origin of pterosaur flight and aerial gigantism
    • Claessens, L.P.A.M., O'Connor, P.M. & Unwin, D.M. 2009. Respiratory evolution facilitated the origin of pterosaur flight and aerial gigantism. PLoS ONE 4: e4497.
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.4
    • Claessens, L.P.A.M.1    O'Connor, P.M.2    Unwin, D.M.3
  • 22
    • 33745216456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limb disparity and wing shape in pterosaurs
    • Dyke, G.J., Nudds, R.L. & Rayner, J.M. 2006. Limb disparity and wing shape in pterosaurs. J. Evol. Biol. 19: 1339-1342.
    • (2006) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.19 , pp. 1339-1342
    • Dyke, G.J.1    Nudds, R.L.2    Rayner, J.M.3
  • 23
    • 62449217742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The shape of pterosaur evolution: evidence from the fossil record
    • Dyke, G.J., McGowan, A.J., Nudds, R.L. & Smith, D. 2009. The shape of pterosaur evolution: evidence from the fossil record. J. Evol. Biol. 22: 890-898.
    • (2009) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.22 , pp. 890-898
    • Dyke, G.J.1    McGowan, A.J.2    Nudds, R.L.3    Smith, D.4
  • 26
    • 33846080024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disparity: morphological pattern and developmental context
    • Erwin, D.H. 2007. Disparity: morphological pattern and developmental context. Palaeontology 50: 57-73.
    • (2007) Palaeontology , vol.50 , pp. 57-73
    • Erwin, D.H.1
  • 27
    • 0027383095 scopus 로고
    • Discordance and concordance between morphological and taxonomic diversity
    • Foote, M. 1993. Discordance and concordance between morphological and taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology 20: 185-204.
    • (1993) Paleobiology , vol.20 , pp. 185-204
    • Foote, M.1
  • 28
    • 0028595225 scopus 로고
    • Morphological disparity in Ordovician-Devonian crinoids and the early saturation of morphological space
    • Foote, M. 1994. Morphological disparity in Ordovician-Devonian crinoids and the early saturation of morphological space. Paleobiology 20: 320-344.
    • (1994) Paleobiology , vol.20 , pp. 320-344
    • Foote, M.1
  • 29
    • 0346020452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion
    • (E. Buffetaut & J.-M. Mazin, eds) The Geological Society, London.
    • Frey, E., Tischlinger, H., Buchy, M.-C. & Martill, D.M. 2003. New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion. In: Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs (E. Buffetaut & J.-M. Mazin, eds), pp. 233-266. The Geological Society, London.
    • (2003) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs , pp. 233-266
    • Frey, E.1    Tischlinger, H.2    Buchy, M.-C.3    Martill, D.M.4
  • 30
    • 77953515051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explosive morphological diversification of spiny-finned teleost fishes in the aftermath of the end-Cretaceous extinction
    • Friedman, M. 2010. Explosive morphological diversification of spiny-finned teleost fishes in the aftermath of the end-Cretaceous extinction. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 277: 1675-1683.
    • (2010) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.277 , pp. 1675-1683
    • Friedman, M.1
  • 31
    • 0026269216 scopus 로고
    • The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis: why we must strive to quantify morphospace
    • Gould, S.J. 1991. The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis: why we must strive to quantify morphospace. Paleobiology 17: 411-423.
    • (1991) Paleobiology , vol.17 , pp. 411-423
    • Gould, S.J.1
  • 33
    • 77953739250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pterosaur body mass estimates from three-dimensional mathematical slicing
    • Henderson, D.M. 2010. Pterosaur body mass estimates from three-dimensional mathematical slicing. J. Vert. Paleontol. 30: 768-785.
    • (2010) J. Vert. Paleontol. , vol.30 , pp. 768-785
    • Henderson, D.M.1
  • 34
    • 84859443312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does mutual sexual selection explain the evolution of head crests in pterosaurs and dinosaurs?
    • Hone, D.W.E., Naish, D. & Cuthill, I.C. 2011. Does mutual sexual selection explain the evolution of head crests in pterosaurs and dinosaurs? Lethaia DOI: .
    • (2011) Lethaia
    • Hone, D.W.E.1    Naish, D.2    Cuthill, I.C.3
  • 35
    • 77949336939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of the influences of phylogeny and ecology on phocid and otariid pinniped (Mammalia; Carnivora) cranial morphology
    • Jones, K.E. & Goswami, A. 2010. Quantitative analysis of the influences of phylogeny and ecology on phocid and otariid pinniped (Mammalia; Carnivora) cranial morphology. J. Zool. 280: 297-308.
    • (2010) J. Zool. , vol.280 , pp. 297-308
    • Jones, K.E.1    Goswami, A.2
  • 36
    • 78650839801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics
    • Klingenberg, C.P. 2011. MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 11: 353-357.
    • (2011) Mol. Ecol. Resour. , vol.11 , pp. 353-357
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1
  • 37
    • 77950800361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing and quantifying phylogenetic signals and homoplasy in morphometric data
    • Klingenberg, C.P. & Gidaszewski, N.A. 2010. Testing and quantifying phylogenetic signals and homoplasy in morphometric data. Syst. Biol. 59: 245-261.
    • (2010) Syst. Biol. , vol.59 , pp. 245-261
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1    Gidaszewski, N.A.2
  • 38
    • 4644237660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of body size, Cope's rule and the origin of amniotes
    • Laurin, M. 2004. The evolution of body size, Cope's rule and the origin of amniotes. Syst. Biol. 53: 594-622.
    • (2004) Syst. Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 594-622
    • Laurin, M.1
  • 39
    • 33749074119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversification of atypical Paleozoic echinoderms: a quantitative survey of patterns of stylophoran disparity, diversity, and geography
    • Lefebvre, B., Eble, G.J., Navarro, N. & David, B. 2006. Diversification of atypical Paleozoic echinoderms: a quantitative survey of patterns of stylophoran disparity, diversity, and geography. Paleobiology 32: 483-510.
    • (2006) Paleobiology , vol.32 , pp. 483-510
    • Lefebvre, B.1    Eble, G.J.2    Navarro, N.3    David, B.4
  • 40
    • 41049084142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary results of a phylogenetic analysis of the pterosaurs from western Liaoning and surrounding areas
    • Lü, J. & Ji, Q. 2006. Preliminary results of a phylogenetic analysis of the pterosaurs from western Liaoning and surrounding areas. J. Paleont. Soc. Korea 22: 239-261.
    • (2006) J. Paleont. Soc. Korea , vol.22 , pp. 239-261
    • Lü, J.1    Ji, Q.2
  • 41
    • 76249084749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull
    • Lü, J., Unwin, D.M., Jin, X., Liu, Y. & Ji, Q. 2010. Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull. Proc. Biol. Sci. 277: 383-389.
    • (2010) Proc. Biol. Sci. , vol.277 , pp. 383-389
    • Lü, J.1    Unwin, D.M.2    Jin, X.3    Liu, Y.4    Ji, Q.5
  • 42
    • 78751684831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An egg-adult association, gender, and reproduction in pterosaurs
    • Lü, J., Unwin, D.M., Deeming, D.C., Ji, X., Liu, J. & Ji, Q. 2011. An egg-adult association, gender, and reproduction in pterosaurs. Science 331: 321-324.
    • (2011) Science , vol.331 , pp. 321-324
    • Lü, J.1    Unwin, D.M.2    Deeming, D.C.3    Ji, X.4    Liu, J.5    Ji, Q.6
  • 43
    • 0032992691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discordant morphological disparity and taxonomic diversity during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation: North American pollen record
    • Lupia, R. 1999. Discordant morphological disparity and taxonomic diversity during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation: North American pollen record. Paleobiology 25: 1-28.
    • (1999) Paleobiology , vol.25 , pp. 1-28
    • Lupia, R.1
  • 44
    • 84960578999 scopus 로고
    • Squared-change parsimony reconstructions of ancestral states for continuous-valued characters on a phylogenetic tree
    • Maddison, W.P. 1991. Squared-change parsimony reconstructions of ancestral states for continuous-valued characters on a phylogenetic tree. Syst. Zool. 40: 304-314.
    • (1991) Syst. Zool. , vol.40 , pp. 304-314
    • Maddison, W.P.1
  • 45
    • 84859443311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesquite: a modular system of evolutionary analysis. Version 2.72.
    • Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. 2009. Mesquite: a modular system of evolutionary analysis. Version 2.72.
    • (2009)
    • Maddison, W.P.1    Maddison, D.R.2
  • 46
    • 0038978605 scopus 로고
    • TFH Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey.
    • Maisey, J.G. 1991. Santana Fossils. TFH Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey.
    • (1991) Santana Fossils
    • Maisey, J.G.1
  • 47
    • 33745820795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cranial crest development in the azhdarchoid pterosaur Tupuxuara, with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly
    • Martill, D.M. & Naish, D. 2006. Cranial crest development in the azhdarchoid pterosaur Tupuxuara, with a review of the genus and tapejarid monophyly. Palaeontology 49: 925-941.
    • (2006) Palaeontology , vol.49 , pp. 925-941
    • Martill, D.M.1    Naish, D.2
  • 48
    • 34247494108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A morphospace-based test for competitive exclusion among flying vertebrates: did birds, bats and pterosaurs get in each other's space?
    • McGowan, A.J. & Dyke, G.J. 2007. A morphospace-based test for competitive exclusion among flying vertebrates: did birds, bats and pterosaurs get in each other's space? J. Evol. Biol. 20: 1230-1236.
    • (2007) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.20 , pp. 1230-1236
    • McGowan, A.J.1    Dyke, G.J.2
  • 49
    • 0033852603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The study of morphological variation in the hominid fossil record: biology, landmarks and geometry
    • O'Higgins, P. 2000. The study of morphological variation in the hominid fossil record: biology, landmarks and geometry. J. Anat. 197: 103-120.
    • (2000) J. Anat. , vol.197 , pp. 103-120
    • O'Higgins, P.1
  • 50
    • 79955542307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeding-related characters in basal pterosaurs: implications for jaw mechanism, dental function and diet
    • O{double acute}si, A. 2010. Feeding-related characters in basal pterosaurs: implications for jaw mechanism, dental function and diet. Lethaia 44: 136-152.
    • (2010) Lethaia , vol.44 , pp. 136-152
    • Osi, A.1
  • 51
    • 29144532641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First evidence of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary
    • O{double acute}si, A., Weishampel, D.B. & Jianu, C.M. 2005. First evidence of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 50: 777-787.
    • (2005) Acta Palaeontol. Pol. , vol.50 , pp. 777-787
    • Osi, A.1    Weishampel, D.B.2    Jianu, C.M.3
  • 52
    • 84971995942 scopus 로고
    • A functional analysis of flying and walking in pterosaurs
    • Padian, K. 1983. A functional analysis of flying and walking in pterosaurs. Paleobiology 9: 218-239.
    • (1983) Paleobiology , vol.9 , pp. 218-239
    • Padian, K.1
  • 53
    • 0022178801 scopus 로고
    • The origins and aerodynamics of flight in extinct vertebrates
    • Padian, K. 1985. The origins and aerodynamics of flight in extinct vertebrates. Palaeontology 28: 413-433.
    • (1985) Palaeontology , vol.28 , pp. 413-433
    • Padian, K.1
  • 54
    • 77950817181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of the unique pterosaur pteroid
    • Palmer, C. & Dyke, G.J. 2010. Biomechanics of the unique pterosaur pteroid. Proc. Biol. Sci. 277: 1121-1127.
    • (2010) Proc. Biol. Sci. , vol.277 , pp. 1121-1127
    • Palmer, C.1    Dyke, G.J.2
  • 55
    • 1042304216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language
    • Paradis, E., Claude, J. & Strimmer, K. 2004. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20: 289-290. .
    • (2004) Bioinformatics , vol.20 , pp. 289-290
    • Paradis, E.1    Claude, J.2    Strimmer, K.3
  • 56
    • 81255208664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of morphological disparity in pterosaurs
    • Prentice, K.C., Ruta, M. & Benton, M.J. 2011. Evolution of morphological disparity in pterosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 9: 337-353.
    • (2011) J. Syst. Palaeontol. , vol.9 , pp. 337-353
    • Prentice, K.C.1    Ruta, M.2    Benton, M.J.3
  • 57
    • 79961135005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team . . R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
    • R Development Core Team 2011. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. .
    • (2011) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 58
    • 0034079586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical power comparisons among alternative morphometric methods
    • Rohlf, F.J. 2000. Statistical power comparisons among alternative morphometric methods. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 111: 463-478.
    • (2000) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.111 , pp. 463-478
    • Rohlf, F.J.1
  • 59
    • 84859304222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY.
    • Rohlf, F.J. 2010. TpsDig 2. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY.
    • (2010) TpsDig 2
    • Rohlf, F.J.1
  • 60
    • 78649628956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of morphological evolution in major groups of Palaeozoic Temnospondyli (Amphibia: Tetrapoda)
    • Ruta, M. 2009. Patterns of morphological evolution in major groups of Palaeozoic Temnospondyli (Amphibia: Tetrapoda). Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 81: 91-120.
    • (2009) Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. , vol.81 , pp. 91-120
    • Ruta, M.1
  • 61
    • 33748275455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. I. Rapid initial diversification followed by decrease in rates of character change
    • Ruta, M., Wagner, P.J. & Coates, M.I. 2006. Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. I. Rapid initial diversification followed by decrease in rates of character change. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273: 2107-2111.
    • (2006) Proc. Biol. Sci. , vol.273 , pp. 2107-2111
    • Ruta, M.1    Wagner, P.J.2    Coates, M.I.3
  • 62
    • 0033502115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disparity and constraint in olenelloid trilobites and the Cambrian radiation
    • Smith, L.H. & Lieberman, B.S. 1999. Disparity and constraint in olenelloid trilobites and the Cambrian radiation. Paleobiology 25: 459-470.
    • (1999) Paleobiology , vol.25 , pp. 459-470
    • Smith, L.H.1    Lieberman, B.S.2
  • 65
    • 7544243294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the robustness of disparity estimates: the impact of morphometric scheme, temporal scale, and taxonomic level in spatangoid echinoids
    • Villier, L. & Eble, G.J. 2004. Assessing the robustness of disparity estimates: the impact of morphometric scheme, temporal scale, and taxonomic level in spatangoid echinoids. Paleobiology 30: 652-665.
    • (2004) Paleobiology , vol.30 , pp. 652-665
    • Villier, L.1    Eble, G.J.2
  • 66
    • 27144448823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China
    • Wang, X., Kellner, A.W.A., Zhou, Z. & Campos, D.D.A. 2005. Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China. Nature 437: 875-879.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 875-879
    • Wang, X.1    Kellner, A.W.A.2    Zhou, Z.3    Campos, D.D.A.4
  • 68
    • 33645294673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High lift function of the pteroid bone and forewing of pterosaurs
    • Wilkinson, M.T., Unwin, D.M. & Ellington, C.P. 2006. High lift function of the pteroid bone and forewing of pterosaurs. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273: 119-126.
    • (2006) Proc. Biol. Sci. , vol.273 , pp. 119-126
    • Wilkinson, M.T.1    Unwin, D.M.2    Ellington, C.P.3
  • 69
    • 0032422860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crustacean disparity through the Phanerozoic: comparing morphological and stratigraphic data
    • Wills, M.A. 1998. Crustacean disparity through the Phanerozoic: comparing morphological and stratigraphic data. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 65: 455-500.
    • (1998) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.65 , pp. 455-500
    • Wills, M.A.1
  • 70
    • 0028163272 scopus 로고
    • Disparity as an evolutionary index: a comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods
    • Wills, M.A., Briggs, D.E.G. & Fortey, R.A. 1994. Disparity as an evolutionary index: a comparison of Cambrian and Recent arthropods. Paleobiology 20: 93-130.
    • (1994) Paleobiology , vol.20 , pp. 93-130
    • Wills, M.A.1    Briggs, D.E.G.2    Fortey, R.A.3
  • 71
    • 61849170105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new approach to determining pterosaur body mass and its implications for pterosaur flight
    • Witton, M.P. 2008. A new approach to determining pterosaur body mass and its implications for pterosaur flight. Zitteliana B 28: 143-158.
    • (2008) Zitteliana B , vol.28 , pp. 143-158
    • Witton, M.P.1
  • 72
    • 78649759555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the size and flight diversity of giant pterosaurs, the use of birds as pterosaur analogues and comments on the pterosaur flightlessness
    • Witton, M.P. & Habib, M.B. 2010. On the size and flight diversity of giant pterosaurs, the use of birds as pterosaur analogues and comments on the pterosaur flightlessness. PLoS ONE 5: e13982.
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5
    • Witton, M.P.1    Habib, M.B.2
  • 73
    • 48249144765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reappraisal of azhdarchid pterosaur functional morphology and paleoecology
    • Witton, M.P. & Naish, D. 2008. A reappraisal of azhdarchid pterosaur functional morphology and paleoecology. PLoS ONE 3: e2271.
    • (2008) PLoS ONE , vol.3
    • Witton, M.P.1    Naish, D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.