메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 517-544

Language and Memory for Motion Events: Origins of the Asymmetry Between Source and Goal Paths

Author keywords

Conceptual representations; Goal; Motion events; Prominence hierarchies; Semantics; Source; Space language interface; Syntax

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; COGNITION; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; LINGUISTICS; MALE; MEMORY; MOTIVATION; MOVEMENT PERCEPTION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

EID: 84859418471     PISSN: 03640213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01220.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (68)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 24144453199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markedness and subject choice in Optimality Theory
    • G. Legendre, J. Grimshaw, amp; S. Vikner (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • Aissen, J. (2001). Markedness and subject choice in Optimality Theory. In G. Legendre, J. Grimshaw, & S. Vikner (Eds.), Optimality-theoretic syntax (pp. 61-96). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2001) Optimality-theoretic syntax , pp. 61-96
    • Aissen, J.1
  • 3
    • 0013597094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of semantics in solving the bootstrapping problem
    • R. Jackendoff, P. Bloom, amp; K. Wynn (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • Bloom, P. (1999). The role of semantics in solving the bootstrapping problem. In R. Jackendoff, P. Bloom, & K. Wynn (Eds.), Language, logic, and concepts (pp. 285-309). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1999) Language, logic, and concepts , pp. 285-309
    • Bloom, P.1
  • 4
    • 0038341517 scopus 로고
    • Verbs, particles, and spatial semantics: Learning to talk about spatial actions in typologically different languages
    • E. V. Clark (Ed.), Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
    • Bowerman, M., de León, L., & Choi, S. (1995). Verbs, particles, and spatial semantics: Learning to talk about spatial actions in typologically different languages. In E. V. Clark (Ed.), The Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Child Language Research Forum (pp. 101-110). Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
    • (1995) The Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Child Language Research Forum , pp. 101-110
    • Bowerman, M.1    de León, L.2    Choi, S.3
  • 5
    • 0002431319 scopus 로고
    • Domain-specific knowledge and conceptual change
    • L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • Carey, S., & Spelke, E. (1994). Domain-specific knowledge and conceptual change. In L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 169-200). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1994) Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture , pp. 169-200
    • Carey, S.1    Spelke, E.2
  • 6
    • 0001052834 scopus 로고
    • The acquisition of Japanese
    • D. I. Slobin (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • Clancy, P. M. (1985). The acquisition of Japanese. In D. I. Slobin (Ed.), The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition: Vol. 1. The data (pp. 373-524). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1985) The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition: Vol. 1. The data , pp. 373-524
    • Clancy, P.M.1
  • 7
    • 84936823697 scopus 로고
    • Thematic proto-roles and argument selection
    • Dowty, D. (1991). Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language, 67(3), 547-619.
    • (1991) Language , vol.67 , Issue.3 , pp. 547-619
    • Dowty, D.1
  • 8
    • 31644444963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's use of the temporal dimension of gaze for preferring preference
    • Einav, S., & Hood, B. (2006). Children's use of the temporal dimension of gaze for preferring preference. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 142-152.
    • (2006) Developmental Psychology , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 142-152
    • Einav, S.1    Hood, B.2
  • 9
    • 85050788222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prefixes and the delimitation of events
    • Filip, H. (2003). Prefixes and the delimitation of events. Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 11(1), 55-101.
    • (2003) Journal of Slavic Linguistics , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-101
    • Filip, H.1
  • 11
    • 0001038020 scopus 로고
    • When it is better to receive than to give: Syntactic and conceptual constraints on vocabulary growth
    • L. Gleitman & B. Landau (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • Fisher, C., Hall, G. D., Rakowitz, S., & Gleitman, L. (1994). When it is better to receive than to give: Syntactic and conceptual constraints on vocabulary growth. In L. Gleitman & B. Landau (Eds.), The acquisition of the lexicon (pp. 333-375). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1994) The acquisition of the lexicon , pp. 333-375
    • Fisher, C.1    Hall, G.D.2    Rakowitz, S.3    Gleitman, L.4
  • 12
    • 47249089420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who's the subject? Sentence structure and verb meaning
    • K. Hirsh-Pasek & R. Michnick-Golinkoff (Eds.), Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
    • Fisher, C., & Song, H. (2006). Who's the subject? Sentence structure and verb meaning. In K. Hirsh-Pasek & R. Michnick-Golinkoff (Eds.), Action meets word: How children learn verbs (pp. 392-425). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
    • (2006) Action meets word: How children learn verbs , pp. 392-425
    • Fisher, C.1    Song, H.2
  • 13
    • 0019582750 scopus 로고
    • The allative bias in three-year-olds is almost proof against task naturalness
    • Freeman, N. H., Sinha, C. G., & Stedmon, J. A. (1980). The allative bias in three-year-olds is almost proof against task naturalness. Journal of Child Language, 8, 283-296.
    • (1980) Journal of Child Language , vol.8 , pp. 283-296
    • Freeman, N.H.1    Sinha, C.G.2    Stedmon, J.A.3
  • 14
    • 84859396235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prepositional aspect of Slavic prefixes and the goal-source asymmetry
    • H. de Hoop & J. Zwarts (Eds.), Edinburgh, Scotland: Heriot-Watt University.
    • Gehrke, B. (2005). The prepositional aspect of Slavic prefixes and the goal-source asymmetry. In H. de Hoop & J. Zwarts (Eds.), Proceedings of the ESSLLI workshop on Formal Semantics and Cross-Linguistic Data (pp. 47-56). Edinburgh, Scotland: Heriot-Watt University.
    • (2005) Proceedings of the ESSLLI workshop on Formal Semantics and Cross-Linguistic Data , pp. 47-56
    • Gehrke, B.1
  • 16
    • 0002493339 scopus 로고
    • Form, function, and the language acquisition device
    • C. L. Baker & J. J. McCarthy (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • Grimshaw, J. (1981). Form, function, and the language acquisition device. In C. L. Baker & J. J. McCarthy (Eds.), The logical problem of language acquisition (pp. 165-182). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1981) The logical problem of language acquisition , pp. 165-182
    • Grimshaw, J.1
  • 17
    • 84859395264 scopus 로고
    • Studies in lexical relations. Doctoral dissertation, Cambridge, MA: MIT. Reprinted by Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington, IN. Reprinted 1976 as part of Lexical structures in syntax and semantics. New York: North-Holland Publishing Company.
    • Gruber, J. S. (1965). Studies in lexical relations. Doctoral dissertation, Cambridge, MA: MIT. Reprinted by Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington, IN. Reprinted 1976 as part of Lexical structures in syntax and semantics. New York: North-Holland Publishing Company.
    • (1965)
    • Gruber, J.S.1
  • 18
    • 84955134839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geometry of grammatical meaning: Semantic maps and cross-linguistic comparison
    • M. Tomasello (Ed.) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • Haspelmath, M. (2003). The geometry of grammatical meaning: Semantic maps and cross-linguistic comparison. In M. Tomasello (Ed.), The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches in language structure, Vol. 2 (pp. 211-242), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (2003) The new psychology of language: Cognitive and functional approaches in language structure , vol.2 , pp. 211-242
    • Haspelmath, M.1
  • 19
    • 0029282578 scopus 로고
    • Spatial language and spatial representation
    • Hayward, W. G., & Tarr., M. J. (1995). Spatial language and spatial representation. Cognition, 55, 39-84.
    • (1995) Cognition , vol.55 , pp. 39-84
    • Hayward, W.G.1    Tarr, M.J.2
  • 21
    • 0033172834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of flexibility in human cognition: Dual-task studies of space and language
    • Hermer-Vaszquez, L., Spelke, E. S., & Katsnelson, A. S. (1999). Sources of flexibility in human cognition: Dual-task studies of space and language. Cognitive Psychology, 39, 3-36.
    • (1999) Cognitive Psychology , vol.39 , pp. 3-36
    • Hermer-Vaszquez, L.1    Spelke, E.S.2    Katsnelson, A.S.3
  • 25
    • 84859395065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source and goal asymmetry in non-linguistic motion event representations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University.
    • Lakusta, L. (2005). Source and goal asymmetry in non-linguistic motion event representations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University.
    • (2005)
    • Lakusta, L.1
  • 26
    • 17044407990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Starting at the end: The importance of goals in spatial language
    • Lakusta, L., & Landau, B. (2005). Starting at the end: The importance of goals in spatial language. Cognition, 96, 1-33.
    • (2005) Cognition , vol.96 , pp. 1-33
    • Lakusta, L.1    Landau, B.2
  • 27
    • 84859395067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal bias in language and in non-linguistic motion event representations. Poster presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, April, Boston.
    • Lakusta, L., & Landau, B. (2007). Goal bias in language and in non-linguistic motion event representations. Poster presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, April, Boston.
    • (2007)
    • Lakusta, L.1    Landau, B.2
  • 28
    • 84859396229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A goal bias in pre-linguistic thought and language: How strong is the homology? Paper presented at the Boston University Conference on Language Development, November, Boston.
    • Lakusta, L., Reardon, R., Oakes, L., & Carey, S. (2007). A goal bias in pre-linguistic thought and language: How strong is the homology? Paper presented at the Boston University Conference on Language Development, November, Boston.
    • (2007)
    • Lakusta, L.1    Reardon, R.2    Oakes, L.3    Carey, S.4
  • 29
    • 85044917336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptual foundations of spatial language: Evidence for a goal bias in infants
    • Lakusta, L., Wagner, L., O'Hearn, K., & Landau, B. (2007). Conceptual foundations of spatial language: Evidence for a goal bias in infants. Language Learning and Development, 3(3), 179-197.
    • (2007) Language Learning and Development , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 179-197
    • Lakusta, L.1    Wagner, L.2    O'Hearn, K.3    Landau, B.4
  • 30
    • 84859395068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-linguistic evidence for a Goal/Source asymmetry: The case of Japanese. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, June, 2006, Kyoto, Japan.
    • Lakusta, L., Yoshida, H., Landau, B., & Smith, L. (2006). Cross-linguistic evidence for a Goal/Source asymmetry: The case of Japanese. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, June, 2006, Kyoto, Japan.
    • (2006)
    • Lakusta, L.1    Yoshida, H.2    Landau, B.3    Smith, L.4
  • 31
    • 20744449329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallels between spatial cognition and spatial language: Evidence from Williams syndrome
    • Landau, B., & Hoffman, J. E. (2005). Parallels between spatial cognition and spatial language: Evidence from Williams syndrome. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(2), 163-185.
    • (2005) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 163-185
    • Landau, B.1    Hoffman, J.E.2
  • 32
    • 0001602494 scopus 로고
    • "What" and "where" in spatial language and spatial cognition
    • Landau, B., & Jackendoff, R. (1993). "What" and "where" in spatial language and spatial cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 217-265.
    • (1993) Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.16 , pp. 217-265
    • Landau, B.1    Jackendoff, R.2
  • 33
    • 0031869677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Object perception and object naming in early development
    • Landau, B., Smith, L., & Jones, S. (1998). Object perception and object naming in early development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(1), 19-24.
    • (1998) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-24
    • Landau, B.1    Smith, L.2    Jones, S.3
  • 34
    • 0037248316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objects, motions, and paths: Spatial language in children with Williams syndrome
    • Landau, B., & Zukowski, A. (2003). Objects, motions, and paths: Spatial language in children with Williams syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology, 23(1 & 2), 107-139.
    • (2003) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.23 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 107-139
    • Landau, B.1    Zukowski, A.2
  • 35
    • 33947387749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levinson, S. C., amp; Wilkins, D. (eds.) (). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • Levinson, S. C., & Wilkins, D. (eds.) (2006). Grammars of space: Towards a semantic typology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2006) Grammars of space: Towards a semantic typology
  • 36
    • 24644483296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can a self-propelled box have a goal? Psychological reasoning in 5-month-old infants
    • Luo, Y., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Can a self-propelled box have a goal? Psychological reasoning in 5-month-old infants. Psychological Science, 16(8), 601-608.
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , Issue.8 , pp. 601-608
    • Luo, Y.1    Baillargeon, R.2
  • 37
    • 85050371034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal-source asymmetry and Russian spatial prefixes
    • P. Svenonius (Ed.), Nordlyd, Norway: Tromsø C.
    • Markovskaya, E. (2006). Goal-source asymmetry and Russian spatial prefixes. In P. Svenonius (Ed.), Working Papers in Linguistics, 33.2, Special Issue on Adpositions (pp. 200-219). Nordlyd, Norway: Tromsø C.
    • (2006) Working Papers in Linguistics, 33.2, Special Issue on Adpositions , pp. 200-219
    • Markovskaya, E.1
  • 38
    • 84859395066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaching space in Tiriyo grammar
    • S. C. Levinson & D. Wilkins (Eds.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • Meira, S. (2006). Approaching space in Tiriyo grammar. In S. C. Levinson & D. Wilkins (Eds.), Grammars of space: Towards a semantic typology (pp. 288-235). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2006) Grammars of space: Towards a semantic typology , pp. 288-235
    • Meira, S.1
  • 39
    • 58149323600 scopus 로고
    • Understanding the intentions of others: Re-enactments of intended acts by 18-month-old children
    • Meltzoff, A. M. (1995). Understanding the intentions of others: Re-enactments of intended acts by 18-month-old children. Developmental Psychology, 31(5), 838-850.
    • (1995) Developmental Psychology , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 838-850
    • Meltzoff, A.M.1
  • 40
    • 0034898842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial language and spatial representation: A cross-linguistic comparison
    • Munnich, E., Landau, B., & Dosher, B. A. (2001). Spatial language and spatial representation: A cross-linguistic comparison. Cognition, 81, 171-207.
    • (2001) Cognition , vol.81 , pp. 171-207
    • Munnich, E.1    Landau, B.2    Dosher, B.A.3
  • 41
    • 84859416515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goal and source: Asymmetry in their syntax and semantics. Paper presented at the Workshop on Event Structure, Leipzig, Germany.
    • Nam, S. (2004). Goal and source: Asymmetry in their syntax and semantics. Paper presented at the Workshop on Event Structure, Leipzig, Germany.
    • (2004)
    • Nam, S.1
  • 42
    • 70349282248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcategorization pattern and lexical meaning of motion verbs: A study of the source/goal ambiguity
    • Nikitina, T. (2006). Subcategorization pattern and lexical meaning of motion verbs: A study of the source/goal ambiguity. Linguistics, 47(5), 1113-1141.
    • (2006) Linguistics , vol.47 , Issue.5 , pp. 1113-1141
    • Nikitina, T.1
  • 43
    • 78651511543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source-goal asymmetries in motion representation: Implications for language production and comprehension
    • Papafragou, A. (2010). Source-goal asymmetries in motion representation: Implications for language production and comprehension. Cognitive Science, 34, 1064-1092.
    • (2010) Cognitive Science , vol.34 , pp. 1064-1092
    • Papafragou, A.1
  • 45
    • 4644269791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early spatial case markers in Hungarian children
    • E. V. Clark (Ed.), Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
    • Pléh, C. (1998). Early spatial case markers in Hungarian children. In E. V. Clark (Ed.), The Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Child Language Research Forum (pp. 211-219). Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
    • (1998) The Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth Annual Child Language Research Forum , pp. 211-219
    • Pléh, C.1
  • 46
    • 0025457983 scopus 로고
    • The infant's theory of self-propelled objects
    • Premack, D. (1990). The infant's theory of self-propelled objects. Cognition, 36, 1-16.
    • (1990) Cognition , vol.36 , pp. 1-16
    • Premack, D.1
  • 47
  • 49
    • 34547992216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention to endpoints: A cross-linguistic constraint on spatial meaning
    • Regier, T., & Zheng, M. (2007). Attention to endpoints: A cross-linguistic constraint on spatial meaning. Cognitive Science, 31, 705-719.
    • (2007) Cognitive Science , vol.31 , pp. 705-719
    • Regier, T.1    Zheng, M.2
  • 50
    • 84859396232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case of source and goal: what determine case in german spatial PPs. Paper presented at Harvard Linguistics Theory Group, April, 2007, Cambridge, MA.
    • Riemsdijk, H. C. van (2007). The case of source and goal: what determine case in german spatial PPs. Paper presented at Harvard Linguistics Theory Group, April, 2007, Cambridge, MA.
    • (2007)
    • van Riemsdijk, H.C.1
  • 51
    • 0034048152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current approaches to change blindness
    • Simons, D. J. (2000). Current approaches to change blindness. Visual Cognition, 7, 1-15.
    • (2000) Visual Cognition , vol.7 , pp. 1-15
    • Simons, D.J.1
  • 52
    • 0001623117 scopus 로고
    • Crosslinguistic evidence for the language-making capacity
    • D. I. Slobin (Ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • Slobin, D. I. (1985). Crosslinguistic evidence for the language-making capacity. In D. I. Slobin (Ed.), The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition: Vol. 2. Theoretical Issues (pp. 1157-1256). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1985) The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition: Vol. 2. Theoretical Issues , pp. 1157-1256
    • Slobin, D.I.1
  • 53
    • 0001878223 scopus 로고
    • How language structures space
    • H. Pick & L. Acredolo (Eds.), New York: Plenum Press.
    • Talmy, L. (1983). How language structures space. In H. Pick & L. Acredolo (Eds.), Spatial orientations: Theory, research, and application (pp. 225-282). New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1983) Spatial orientations: Theory, research, and application , pp. 225-282
    • Talmy, L.1
  • 54
    • 0001768989 scopus 로고
    • Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms
    • T. Shopen (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description (pp. 57-149). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1985) Language typology and syntactic description , pp. 57-149
    • Talmy, L.1
  • 55
    • 0002087753 scopus 로고
    • Joint attention as social cognition
    • C. Moore & P. Dunham (Eds.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • Tomasello, M. (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. In C. Moore & P. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 103-130). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1995) Joint attention: Its origins and role in development , pp. 103-130
    • Tomasello, M.1
  • 56
    • 0035513581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing pink elephants: Fourteen-month-olds' interpretations of novel nouns and adjectives
    • Waxman, S. R., & Booth, A. E. (2001). Seeing pink elephants: Fourteen-month-olds' interpretations of novel nouns and adjectives. Cognitive Psychology, 43(3), 217-242.
    • (2001) Cognitive Psychology , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 217-242
    • Waxman, S.R.1    Booth, A.E.2
  • 57
    • 0032193275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Object properties and object kind: 21-month-old infants' extension of novel adjectives
    • Waxman, S. R., & Markow, D. B. (1998). Object properties and object kind: 21-month-old infants' extension of novel adjectives. Child Development, 69(5), 1313-1329.
    • (1998) Child Development , vol.69 , Issue.5 , pp. 1313-1329
    • Waxman, S.R.1    Markow, D.B.2
  • 58
    • 0032196876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor's reach
    • Woodward, A. (1998). Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor's reach. Cognition, 69, 1-34.
    • (1998) Cognition , vol.69 , pp. 1-34
    • Woodward, A.1
  • 59
    • 0000400188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infants' ability to distinguish between purposeful and non-purposeful behaviors
    • Woodward, A. (1999). Infants' ability to distinguish between purposeful and non-purposeful behaviors. Infant Behavior and Development, 22, 145-160.
    • (1999) Infant Behavior and Development , vol.22 , pp. 145-160
    • Woodward, A.1
  • 60
    • 0033754857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twelve-month-old infants interpret action in context
    • Woodward, A., & Sommerville, J. A. (2000). Twelve-month-old infants interpret action in context. Psychological Science, 11(1), 73-77.
    • (2000) Psychological Science , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-77
    • Woodward, A.1    Sommerville, J.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.