Species richness and community structure on a high latitude reef: Implications for conservation and management

Diversity

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 329-355

  Jones, Alison M ^a   Berkelmans, Ray ^b   Houston, Wayne ^a  

^a CENTRAL QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Coral; Diversity; Inshore reef

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; CORAL REEF; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH; HIGH TEMPERATURE; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; SPECIES RICHNESS; TAXONOMY; TURBIDITY; WATER QUALITY;

AUSTRALIA; CORAL SEA; GREAT BARRIER REEF; KEPPEL BAY; PACIFIC OCEAN; QUEENSLAND; ROCKHAMPTON;

ANTHOZOA; SCLERACTINIA;

EID: 84859404188     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14242818     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/d3030329     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Bruno, J.F.; Selig, E.R. Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: Timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS ONE 2007, 2, e711.
2. Hughes, T.; Bellwood, D.; Baird, A.; Brodie, J.; Bruno, J.; Pandolfi, J. Shifting base-lines, declining coral cover, and the erosion of reef resilience: Comment on Sweatman et al. (2011). Coral Reef. 2011, 1-8.
3. Sweatman, H.; Delean, S.; Syms, C. Assessing loss of coral cover on Australia's Great Barrier Reef over two decades, with implications for longer-term trends. Coral Reef. 2011, 30, 521-531.
4. Carpenter, K.E.; Abrar, M.; Aeby, G.; Aronson, R.B.; Banks, S.; Bruckner, A.; Chiriboga, A.; Cortés, J.; Delbeek, J.C.; DeVantier, L.; et al. One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science 2008, 321, 560-563.
5. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Species Survival Commission (SSC): Gland, Switzerland; IUCN: Cambridge, UK, 2008; Available online: http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed on 9 October 2008).
6. De'ath, G.; Lough, J.M.; Fabricius, K.E. Declining coral calcification on the Great Barrier Reef. Science 2009, 323, 116-119.
7. Cooper, T.F.; De'Ath, G.; Fabricius, K.E.; Lough, J.M. Declining coral calcification in massive Porites in two nearshore regions of the northern Great Barrier Reef. Glob. Change. Biol. 2008, 14, 529-538.
8. Sweatman, H.; Cheal, A.J.; Coleman, G.; Emslie, M.J.; Johns, K.; Jonker, M.; Miller, I.; Osborne, K. Status Report 8: Long Term Monitoring of the Great Barrier Reef. Austrialian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS): Townsville, Australia, 2008.
9. Fabricius, K. Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: Review and synthesis. Vaccine Res. 2005, 50, 125-146.
10. Wilkinson, C. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008; Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre: Townsville, Australia, 2008.
11. Thompson, A.; Dolman, A. Coral bleaching: One disturbance too many for near-shore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reef. 2010, 29, 637-648.
12. Ogden, J.C.; Smith, S.; Miller, M. Ecological Processes and Coral Reef Recovery in the Florida Keys; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Boulder, CO, USA, 2009; Available online: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/ocd/sferpm/fy02/Ogden02_abstract.pdf (accessed on 13 July 2011).
13. Wakeford, M.; Done, T.J.; Johnson, C.R. Decadal trends in a coral community and evidence of changed disturbance regime. Coral Reef. 2008, 27, 1-13.
14. Orr, J.C.; Fabry, V.J.; Aumont, O.; Bopp, L.; Doney, S.C.; Feely, R.A.; Gnanadesikan, A.; Gruber, N.; Ishida, A.; Joos, F.; et al. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 2005, 437, 681-686.
15. Russ, G.R.; Cheal, A.J.; Dolman, A.M.; Emslie, M.J.; Evans, R.D.; Miller, I.; Sweatman, H.; Williamson, D.H. Rapid increase in fish numbers follows creation of world's largest marine reserve network. Curr. Biol. 2008, 18, 514-515.
16. Sweatman, H. No-take reserves protect coral reefs from predatory starfish. Curr. Biol. 2008, 18, 598-599.
17. Mumby, P.J.; Harborne, A.R. Marine reserves enhance the recovery of corals on Caribbean Reefs. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e8657.
18. Carpenter, S.R.; Ives, A.R. Stability and diversity of ecosystems. Science 2007, 317, 58-62.
19. Done, T. Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance. Hydrobiologia 1992, 247, 121-132.
20. Ostrander, G.K.; Armstrong, K.M.; Knobbe, E.T.; Gerace, D.; Scully, E.P. Rapid transition in the structure of a coral reef community: The effects of coral bleaching and physical disturbance. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 5297-5302.
21. Elmqvist, T.; Folke, C.; Nystrom, M.; Peterson, G.; Bengtsson, J.; Walker, B.; Norberg, J. Response diversity, ecosystem change and resilience. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2003, 1, 488-494.
22. Walker, B. Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conserv. Biol. 1992, 6, 18-23.
23. Bush, S.L.; Precht, W.F.; Woodley, J.D.; Bruno, J.F. Indo-Pacific mushroom corals found on Jamaican reefs. Coral Reef. 2004, 23, 234-234.
24. Emslie, M.J.; Cheal, A.J.; Sweatman, H.; Delean, S. Recovery from disturbance of coral and reef fish communities on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar. Ecol. Progr. 2008, 371, 177-190.
25. Bellwood, D.R.; Hughes, T.P. Regional-scale assembly rules and biodiversity of coral reefs. Science 2001, 292, 1532-1534.
26. Connell, J.H.; Hughes, T.E.; Wallace, C.C.; Tanner, J.E.; Harms, K.E.; Kerr, A.M. A long-term study of competition and diversity of corals. Ecol. Monogr. 2004, 74, 179-210.
27. Graham, N. Ecological versatility and the decline of coral feeding fishes following climate driven coral mortality. Mar. Biol. 2007, 153, 119-127.
28. Rosen, B.R. The Tropical High Diversity Enigm-The Corals'-Eye View; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1980; pp. 103-129.
29. Chappell, J. Coral morphology, diversity and reef growth. Nature 1980, 286, 249-252.
30. Berkelmans, R.; De'ath, G.; Kinninmonth, S.; Skirving, W.J. A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: Spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions. Coral Reef. 2004, 23, 74-83.
31. Wooldridge, S. Water quality and coral bleaching thresholds: Formalising the linkage for the inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2009, 58, 745-751.
32. Done, T.J. Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reef. 1982, 1, 95-107.
33. McCulloch, M.; Fallon, S.; Wyndham, T.; Hendy, E.; Lough, J.M.; Barnes, D. Coral record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement. Nature 2003, 421, 727-730.
34. Neil, D.T.; Orpin, A.R.; Ridd, P.V.; Yu, B. Sediment yield and impacts from river catchments to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon: A review. Mar. Freshwater Res. 2002, 53, 733-752.
35. Wooldridge, S.; Brodie, J.; Furnas, M. Exposure of inner-shelf reefs to nutrient enriched runoff entering the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon: Post European changes and the design of water quality targets. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2006, 52, 1467-1479.
36. Van Woesik, R.; Done, T.J. Coral communities and reef growth in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reef. 1997, 16, 103-115.
37. Veron, J.E.N. Corals of the World; Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, Australia, 2000; Volume 1, p. 463.
38. De Vantier, L.; De'ath, G.; Done, T.; Turak, E. Ecological assessment of a complex of natural system: A case study from the Great Barrier Reef. Ecol. Appl. 1998, 8, 480-496.
39. De Vantier, L.M.; De'ath, G.; Turak, E.; Done, T.J.; Fabricius, K.E. Species richness and community structure of reef-building corals on the nearshore Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reef. 2006, 25, 329-340.
40. Ayre, D.J.; Hughes, T.P. Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecol. Lett. 2004, 7, 273-278.
41. Perry, C.T.; Smithers, S.G. Cycles of coral reef 'turn-on', rapid growth and 'turn-off' over the past 8500 years: A context for understanding modern ecological states and trajectories. Glob. Change. Biol. 2010, 17, 76-86.
42. Smith, L.D.; Gilmour, J.P.; Heyward, A.J. Resilience of coral communities on an isolated system of reefs following catastrophic mass-bleaching. Coral Reef. 2008, 27, 197-205.
43. Belperio, A.P. Late Quaternary Terrigenous Sedimentation in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. In Proceedings of the Great Barrier Reef Conference, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 28 August-2 September 1983.
44. Hopley, D. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Quaternary Development of Coral Reefs; John Wiley-Interscience: New York, NY, USA, 1982; p. 453.
45. Ryan, D.A.; Bostock, H.; Brooke, B.P.; Skene, D. Synthesis of sediment and acoustic data for Keppel Bay-Report on the analysis of cores and sub-bottom profiles. Milestone Report, Agricultural Contaminants project 54, Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management: Brisbane, Australia, 2005.
46. Ryan, D.A.; Brooke, B.P.; Bostock, B.; Collins, L.B.; Buchanan, C.; Siwabessy, J.; Margvelashvili, N.; Radke, L.; Skene, D.; Hamilton, L. Geomorphology and sediment transport in Keppel Bay, south-east Queensland, Australia. Technical Report No. 49, Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management: Brisbane, Australia, 2006.
47. Van Woesik, R. Impact of the 1991 floods on coral communities of the Keppel Islands. In Proceedings of Workshop on the Impacts of Flooding, Rockhamptori, Australia, 27 September 1991; Byron, G.T., Ed.; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority: Townsville, Australia, 1992.
48. Packett, B. A Mouthful of Mud: the Fate of Contaminants from the Fitzroy River, Queensland, Australia and Implications for Reef Water Policy. In Proceedings of the 5th Australian Stream Management Conference: Australian Rivers: Making a Difference, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, Australia, 21-25 May 2007.
49. Berkelmans, R.; Oliver, J.K. Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reef. 1999, 18, 55-60.
50. Elvidge, C.D.; Dietz, J.B.; Berkelmans, R.; Andrefouet, S.; Skirving, W.; Strong, A.E.; Tuttle, B.T. Satellite observation of Keppel Islands (Great Barrier Reef) 2002 coral bleaching using IKONOS data. Coral Reef. 2004, 23, 123-132.
51. Marshall, P.; Davidson, J. Biophysical Assessment of the Reefs of Keppel Bay: A Baseline Study (April 2007); Climate Change Group, Australia Government: Currumbin, Australia, 2007; p. 27.
52. Weeks, S.J.; Anthony, K.R.N.; Bakun, A.; Feldman, G.C.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Improved predictions of coral bleaching using seasonal baselines and higher spatial resolution. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2008, 53, 1369-1375.
53. Byron, G.T.; O'Neill, J.P. Flood induced coral mortality on fringing reefs in Keppel Bay; In Proceedings of Workshop on the Impacts of Flooding, Rockhamptori, Australia, 27 September 1991; Byron, G.T., Ed.; Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority: Townsville, Australia, 1992; pp. 76-89.
54. Diaz-Pulido, G.; McCook, L.J.; Dove, S.; Berkelmans, R.; Roff, G.; Kline, D.I.; Weeks, S.; Evans, R.D.; Williamson, D.H.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Doom and boom on a resilient reef: Climate change, algal overgrowth and coral recovery. PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e5239.
55. Roelfsema, C.; Phinn, S. Integrating field data with high spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery for calibration and validation of coral reef benthic community maps. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 2010, 4, 043527.
56. Kohler, K.E.; Gill, S.M. Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Comput. Geosci. 2006, 329, 1259-1269.
57. Wilson, S.; Graham, N.; Polunin, N. Appraisal of visual assessments of habitat complexity and benthic composition on coral reefs. Mar. Biol. 2007, 151, 1069-1076.
58. Clarke, K.; Warwick, R. Changes in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation, 2nd ed.; Primer-E: Plymouth, UK, 2001; pp. 1-172.
59. Clarke, K.R. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust. J. Ecol. 1993, 18, 117-143.
60. Clarke, K.R.; Ainsworth, M. A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Mar. Ecol. Progr. 1993, 92, 205-219.
61. Clarke, K.R.; Somerfield, P.J.; Gorley, R. Testing of null hypotheses in exploratory community analyses: Similarity profiles and biota-environment linkage. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2008, 366, 56-69.
62. Legendre, P.; Legendre, L. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function; Elsevier Health Sciences: New York, NY, USA, 1998.
63. Warwick, R.M.; Clarke, K.R. New 'biodiversity' measures reveal a decrease in taxonomic distinctness with increasing stress. Mar. Ecol. Progr. 1995, 129, 301-305.
64. Gage, J.D.; Coghill, G.G. Studies on the Dispersion Patterns of Scottish Sea-Loch Benthos from Contiguous Core Transects. In Ecology of Marine Benthos; Coull, B.C., Ed.; University of South Carolina Press: Columbia, WA, USA, 1977; pp. 1-467
65. Somerfield, P.J.; Gee, J.M. Warwick, R.M. Soft sediment meiofaunal community structure in relation to a long-term heavy metal gradient in the Fa1 estuary system. Mar. Ecol. Progr. 1994, 105, 79-88.
66. Warwick, R.M.; Clarke, K.R. Taxonomic distinctness and environmental assessment. J. Appl. Ecol. 1998, 35, 532-543.
67. Clarke, K.R.; Warwick, R.M. The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: Weighting of step lengths between hierarchical levels. Mar. Ecol. Progr. 1999, 184, 21-29.
68. Underwood, A.J. Beyond BACI: the detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but variable, world. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1992, 161, 145-178.
69. Schulze, E.D.; Mooney, H.A. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 1993.
70. Choukroun, S.; Ridd, P.V.; Brinkman, R.; McKinna, L.I.W. On the surface circulation in the western Coral Sea and residence times in the Great Barrier Reef. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115, 1-13.
71. Veron, J.E.N. Corals in Space and Time: Biogeography and Evolution of the Scleractinia; Cornell University Press: Ithica, NY, USA, 1995; pp. 1-321.
72. Veron, J.E.N. A Biogeographic Database of Hermatypic Corals, Species of the Central Indo-Pacific, Genera of the World; Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS): Townsville, Australia, 1993; pp. 1-433.
73. Stafford-Smith, M. Sediment-rejection efficiency of 22 species of Australian scleractinian corals. Mar. Biol. 1993, 115, 229-243.
74. Brock, V.E.; Jones, R.S.; Helfrich, P. An ecological reconnaissance of Johnston Island and the effects of dredging. Second annual report submitted to the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii: Honolulu, HI, USA, 1966; pp. 1-56.
75. Dodge, R.E.; Vaisyns, J.R. Coral populations and growth patterns: Responses to sedimentation and turbidity associated with dredging. J. Mar. Res. 1977, 35, 715-730.
76. Marsh, J.A.J.; Gordon, G.D. Marine environmental effects of dredging and power plant construction. Technical Report, University Guam Marine Laboratories: Mangilao, GU, USA, 8 May 1974; pp. 1-56.
77. Schaffelke, B.; Carleton, J.; Doyle, J.; Furnas, M.; Gunn, K.; Skuza, M.; Wright, M.; Zagorskis, I. Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program Annual Report of AIMS Activities 2009/10 Project 3.7.8 Inshore Water Quality Monitoring; Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, Australia, 2010; pp. 1-81; Available online: http://www.rrrc.org.au/mmp/ downloads/378_AIMS_final-annual-report_2009-10.pdf (accessed on 14 July 2011).
78. Thompson, A.; Davidson, J.; Schaffelke, B.; Sweatman, H. Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program Annual Report of AIMS Activities 2009/10 Project 3.7.1b Inshore Coral Reef Monitoring; Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, Australia, 2010; pp. 1-104; Available online: http://www.rrrc.org.au/mmp/downloads/371b_AIMS_final-annual-report_2009-10.pdf (accessed on 14 July 2011).
79. Hughes, T.P.; Bellwood, D.R.; Folke, C.S.; McCook, L.J.; Pandolfi, J.M. No-take areas, herbivory and coral reef resilience. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 2006, 22, 1-3.
80. Riegl, B.; Piller, W.E. Possible refugia for reefs in times of environmental stress. Int. J. Earth. Sci. 2003, 92, 520-531.
81. Graham, N.A.J.; McClanahan, T.R.; MacNeil, M.A.; Wilson, S.K.; Polunin, N.V.C.; Jennings, S.; Chabanet, P.; Clark, S.; Spalding, M.D.; Letourneur, Y.; et al. Climate warming, Marine protected areas and the ocean-scale integrity of coral reef ecosystems. PLoS ONE 2008, 3, e3039.
82. Loya, Y. Recolonization of Red Sea corals affected by natural catastrophes and man-made perturbations. Ecology 1976, 57, 278-289.
83. McClanahan, T.; Ateweberhan, M.; Omukoto, J. Long-term changes in coral colony size distributions on Kenyan reefs under different management regimes and across the 1998 bleaching event. Mar. Biol. 2008, 153, 755-768.
84. Aronson R.; Precht W.; Toscano M.; Koltes, K. The 1998 bleaching event and its aftermath on a coral reef in Belize. Mar. Biol. 2002, 141, 435-447.
85. Loya, Y.; Sakai, K.; Yamazato, K.; Nakano, Y. Coral bleaching: The winners and the losers. Ecol. Lett. 2001, 4, 122-131.
86. Shulman, M.; Robertson, D. Changes in the coral reefs of San Blas, Caribbean Panama: 1983 to 1990. Coral Reef. 1996, 15, 231-236.
87. Stobart, B.; Teleki, K.; Buckley, R.; Downing, N.; Callow, M. Coral recovery at Aldabra Atoll, Sechelles: Five years after the 1998 bleaching event. Phil. Trans. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 2005, 363, 251-155.
88. Bellwood, D.R.; Hughes, T.; Folke, C.; Nyström, M. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 2004, 429, 827-833.
89. Glynn, P.W. Some physical and biological determinants of coral community structure in the Eastern Pacific. Ecol. Monogr. 1976, 46, 431-456.
90. Porter, J.W. Predation by Acanthaster and its effect on coral species diversity. Am. Nat. 1972, 106, 487-492.
91. Porter, J.W. Community structure of coral reefs on opposite sides of the isthmus of Panama. Science 1974, 186, 543-545.
92. Dikou, A.; van Woesik, R. Survival under chronic stress from sediment load: Spatial patterns of hard coral communities in the southern islands of Singapore. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2006, 52, 7-21.
93. Ross, M.A. A Quantitative Study of the Stony Coral Fishery in Cebu, Philippines. Mar. Ecol. 1984, 5, 75-91.
94. Bentley, N. An overview of the exploitation, trade and management of corals in Indonesia. Traffic Bull. 1998, 17, 67-78.
95. Pratchett, M.S.; Wilson, S.K.; Baird, A.H. Declines in the abundance of Chaetodon butterflyfishes following extensive coral depletion. J. Fish Biol. 2006, 69, 1269-1280.
96. Connell, J.H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 1978, 199, 1302-1310.
97. Harrison, P.; Booth, D. Coral reefs: Naturally dynamic and increasingly disturbed ecosystems. In Marine Ecology; Connell, S., Gillanders, B., Eds.; Oxford University Press: London, UK, 2007; pp. 316-377.
98. Doak, D.F.; Bigger, D.; Harding, E.K.; Marvier, M.A.; O'Malley, R.E.; Thomson, D. The statistical inevitability of stability-diversity relationships in community ecology. Am. Nat. 1998, 151, 264-276.
99. Tilman, D. Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature 2000, 405, 208-211.
100. Smithers, S.G.; Hopley, D.; Parnell, K.E. Fringing and nearshore coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef: Episodic Holocene development and future prospects. J. Coast. Res. 2006, 22, 175-187.
101. Johnson, M.P.; Frost, N.J.; Mosley, M.W.J.; Roberts, M.F.; Hawkins, S.J. The area-independent effects of habitat complexity on biodiversity vary between regions. Ecol. Lett. 2003, 6, 126-132.
102. Bellwood, D.R.; Hughes, T.P.; Connolly, S.R.; Tanner, J. Environmental and geometric constraints on Indo-Pacific coral reef biodiversity. Ecol. Lett. 2005, 8, 643-651.
103. van Woesik, R. An assessment of the coral reef communities of the Keppel Isles. Report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Australia, 1989.
104. Veron, J.; Stafford-Smith, M.G. Coral ID version 1.1.; Australian Institute of Marine Science: Townsville, Australia, 2011; Available online: http://www.coralid.com (accessed on 14 July 2011).
105. Van Woesik, R.; DeVantier, L.M.; Glazebrook, J.S. Effects of Cyclone 'Joy' on nearshore coral communities of the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Ecol. Progr. 1995, 128, 261-270.
106. Kerrigan, B.; Breen, D.; De'ath, G.; Day, J.; Fernandes, L.; Tobin, R.; Kirsin, D. Classifying the Biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area; Great Barrier Marine Park Authority: Townsville, Australia, 1999; pp. 1-50.
107. Annual status report 2009. Queensland Coral Fishery: Brisbane, Australia, 2010; p. 12.
108. Wooldridge, S.; Done, T.; Berkelmans, R.; Jones, R.; Marshall, P. Precursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming climate: A belief network approach. Mar. Ecol. Progr. 2005, 295, 157-169.
109. Worm, B.; Barbier, E.B.; Beaumont, N.; Duffy, J.E.; Folke, C.; Halpern, B.S.; Jackson, J.B.C.; Lotze, H.K.; Micheli, F.; Palumbi, S.R.; Sala, E.; Selkoe, K.A.; Stachowicz, J.J.; Watson, R. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 2006, 314, 787-790.
110. Larsen, T.H.; Williams, N.M.; Kremen, C. Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning. Ecol. Lett. 2005, 8, 538-547.
111. Duffy, J.E. Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real-world ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2009, 7, 437-444.
112. Pandolfi, J.M. Response of Pleistocene coral reefs to environmental change over long temporal scales. Am. Zool. 1999, 39, 113-130.
113. Mumby, P.J.; Harborne, A.R.; Williams, J.; Kappel, C.V.; Brumbaugh, D.R.; Micheli, F.; Holmes, K.E.; Dahlgren, C.P.; Paris, C.B.; Blackwell, P.G. Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104, 8362-8367.
114. Negri, A.P.; Flores, F.; Röthig, T.; Uthicke, S. Herbicides increase the vulnerability of corals to rising sea surface temperature. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2011, 56, 471-485.