The area-independent effects of habitat complexity on biodiversity vary between regions

Ecology Letters

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 126-132

  Johnson, Mark P ^a   Frost, Natalie J ^b   Mosley, Matthew W J ^c   Roberts, Malcolm F ^b   Hawkins, Stephen J ^b,d  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^c Port Erin Marine Laboratory   (United Kingdom)

^d THE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Fractal; Heterogeneity; Lottery; Spacing; Topography

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; FRACTAL ANALYSIS; HETEROGENEITY; TOPOGRAPHY;

EID: 0037314738     PISSN: 1461023X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00404.x     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Archambault, P. & Bourget, E. (1996). Scales of coastal heterogeneity and benthic intertidal species richness diversity and abundance. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 136, 111-121.
2. Ballantine, W.J. (1961). A biologically defined exposure scale for the comparative description of rocky shores. Field Studies, 1, 1-19.
3. Beck, M.W. (2000). Separating the elements of habitat structure: independent effects of habitat complexity and structural components on rocky intertidal gastropods. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 249, 29-49.
4. Bergeron, P. & Bourget, E. (1986). Shore topography and spatial partitioning of crevice refuges by sessile epibenthos in an ice disturbed environment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 28, 129-145.
5. Berntson, G.M. & Stoll, P. (1997). Correcting for finite spatial scales of self similarity when calculating the fractal dimensions of real-world structures. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 264, 1531-1537.
6. Chesson, P.L. & Warner, R.R. (1981). Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive systems. Am. Nat., 117, 923-943.
7. Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. (1994). Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Natural Environment Research Council UK.
8. Cox, B.L. & Wang, J.S.Y. (1993). Fractal surfaces: measurement and applications in the earth sciences. Fractals, 1, 87-115.
9. Crawley, M.J. & Harral, J.E. (2001). Scale dependence in plant biodiversity. Science, 291, 864-868.
10. Debski, I., Burslem, D.F.R.P., Palmiotto, P.A., Lafrankie, J.V., Lee, H.S. & Manokaran, N. (2002). Habitat preferences of Aporosa in two Malaysian forests: implications for abundance and coexistence. Ecology, 83, 2005-2018.
11. Douglas, M. & Lake, P.S. (1994). Species richness of stream stones: an investigation of the mechanisms generating the species-area relationship. Oikos, 69, 387-396.
12. Downes, B.J., Lake, P.S., Schreiber, E.S.G. & Glaister, A. (1998). Habitat structure and regulation of local species diversity in a stony, upland stream. Ecol. Monogr., 68, 237-257.
13. Fairweather, P.G. (1988). Predation creates haloes of bare space among prey on rocky seashores in New South Wales. Aust. J. Ecol., 13, 401-409.
14. Gaines, S.D. & Bertness, M.D. (1992). Dispersal of juveniles and variable recruitment in sessile marine species. Nature, 360, 579-580.
15. Gonzalez, A. (2000). Community relaxation in fragmented landscapes: the relation between species richness, area and age. Ecol. Lett., 3, 441-448.
16. Hills, J.M., Thomason, J.C. & Muhl, J. (1999). Settlement of barnacle larvae is governed by Euclidian and not fractal surface characteristics. Funct. Ecol., 13, 868-875.
17. Hubbell, S.P. (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton University Press.
18. Huitema, B.E. (1980). The Analysis of Covariance and Alternatives. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
19. Jenkins, S.R., Åberg, P., Cervin, G., Coleman, R.A., Delany, J., Hawkins, S.J. et al. (2001). Population dynamics of the intertidal barnacle Semibalanus balanoides at three European locations: spatial scales of variability. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 217, 207-217.
20. Johnson, M.P., Hughes, R.N., Burrows, M.T. & Hawkins, S.J. (1998). Beyond the predation halo: small scale gradients in barnacle populations affected by the relative refuge value of crevices. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 231, 163-170.
21. Kerr, J. (2001). Global biodiversity patterns: from description to understanding. Trends Ecol. Evol., 16, 424-425.
22. Kerr, J.T. & Packer, L. (1997). Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature, 385, 252-254.
23. Kostylev, V. (1996). Spatial heterogeneity and habitat complexity affecting marine littoral fauna. Thesis, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
24. Lomolino, M.V. (2001). The species-area relationship: new challenges for an old pattern. Progr. Phys. Geogr., 25, 1-21.
25. Losos, J.B. & Schluter, D. (2000). Analysis of an evolutionary species-area relationship. Nature, 408, 847-850.
26. MacArthur, R.H. & MacArthur, J.W. (1961). On bird species diversity. Ecology, 42, 594-598.
27. MacArthur, R.H. & Wilson, E.O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press.
28. Mandelbrot, B.B. (1967). How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self similarity and fractal dimension. Science, 155, 636-638.
29. McCormick, M.I. (1994). Comparison of field methods for measuring surface topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 112, 87-96.
30. McGuinness, K.A. (2000). Distinguishing area and habitat heterogeneity effects: a simulation test of the MacNally and Watson (1997) protocol. Austral. Ecol., 25, 8-15.
31. Menge, B.A., Lubchenco, J. & Ashkenas, L.R. (1985). Diversity, heterogeneity and consumer pressure in a tropical rocky intertidal community. Oecologia, 65, 394-405.
32. Pacala, S.W. (1987). Neighborhood models of plant population dynamics. III: Models with spatial heterogeneity in the physical environment. Theor. Pop. Biol., 31, 359-392.
33. Pennycuick, C.J. (1992). Newton Rules Biology. A Physical Approach to Biological Problems. Oxford University Press.
34. Pennycuick, C.J. & Kline, N.C. (1986). Units of measurement for fractal extent, applied to the coastal distribution of bald eagle nests in the Aleutian Islands. Oecologia, 68, 254-258.
35. Petigen, H.-O. & Saupe, D. (1988). The Science of Fractal Images. Springer Verlag, New York.
36. Petren, K. & Case, T.J. (1998). Habitat structure determines competition intensity and invasion success in gecko lizards. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 11739-11744.
37. Quinn, G.P. & Keough, M.J. (2002). Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge University Press.
38. Raffaelli, D.G. & Hughes, R.N. (1978). The effects of crevice size and availability on populations of Littorina rudis and Littorina neritoides. J. Anim. Ecol., 47, 71-83.
39. Rahbek, C. & Graves, G.R. (2001). Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 4534-4539.
40. Ricklefs, R.E. & Lovette, I.J. (1999). The roles of island area per se and habitat diversity in the species-area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups. J. Anim. Ecol., 68, 1142-1160.
41. Sale, P.F. & Douglas, W.A. (1984). Temporal variability in the community structure of fish on coral patch reefs and the relation of community structure to reef structure. Ecology, 65, 409-422.
42. Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Biometry, 3rd edn. W. H. Freeman, New York.
43. Sugihara, G. & May, R.M. (1990). Applications for fractals in ecology. Trends. Ecol. Evol., 5, 79-86.
44. Thornby, J.I. (1972). A robust test for linear regression. Biometrics, 28, 533-543.
45. Tokeshi, M. (1999). Species Coexistence. Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
46. Whittaker, R.J. (1998). Island Biogeography. Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. Oxford University Press.
47. Whittaker, R.J., Willis, K.J. & Field, R. (2001). Scale and species richness: towards a general hierarchical theory of species diversity. J. Biogeogr., 28, 453-470.
48. Williamson, M. (1981). Island Populations. Oxford University Press.
49. Willis, K.J. & Whittaker, R.J. (2002). Species diversity - scale matters. Science, 295, 1245-1248.
50. Zar, J.H. (1996). Biostatistical Analysis, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall International, London.