메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 125, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 140-153

Interpretations of polar bear (Ursus Maritimus) Tracks by inuit hunters: Inter-Rater reliability and inferences concerning accuracy

Author keywords

Interviews; Non invasive population monitoring; Nunavut; Polar bear; Population characteristics; Tracking; Traditional knowledge; Ursus maritimus

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; AGE; BEAR; BODY SIZE; HUNTING; MONITORING; NATIVE SPECIES; SEX DETERMINATION; TRACKING; TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE;

EID: 84859386956     PISSN: 00083550     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.22621/cfn.v125i2.1197     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (78)
  • 1
    • 84859405398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seattle, Washington, 20-24 June 2005, Occasional Paper of The IUCN Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland
    • Aars, J., N. J. Lunn, and A. E. Derocher. 2006. Proceedings of The 14th Working Meeting of The IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. Seattle, Washington, 20-24 June 2005. Occasional Paper of The IUCN Species Survival Commission. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland.
    • (2006) Proceedings of The 14th Working Meeting of The IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group
    • Aars, J.1    Lunn, N.J.2    Derocher, A.E.3
  • 3
    • 84859405675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canada, Department of National Defence, accessed November 2010
    • Canada. 2010. Canadian rangers. Department of National Defence. http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/land-terre/cr-rc/index-eng.asp (accessed November 2010).
    • (2010) Canadian Rangers
  • 4
    • 0040127192 scopus 로고
    • Canada, Denmark, Norway, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and The United States of America, 1973. 15 November, Oslo, Norway
    • Canada, Denmark, Norway, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and The United States of America. 1973. Agreement on The Conservation of Polar Bears. 15 November 1973. Oslo, Norway.
    • (1973) Agreement on The Conservation of Polar Bears
  • 7
    • 0002683702 scopus 로고
    • Government of The Northwest Territories, Government of The Northwest Territories, Yellowknife
    • Government of The Northwest Territories. 1993. Traditional Knowledge Policy. Government of The Northwest Territories, Yellowknife.
    • (1993) Traditional Knowledge Policy
  • 11
    • 5444264362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An introduction to computing and interpreting Cronbach coefficient alpha in SAS
    • Long Beach, California, April 22-25, 2001
    • Yu, C. H. 2001. An introduction to computing and interpreting Cronbach coefficient alpha in SAS. Pages 1-7 in Proceedings of 26th SAS User Group International Conference, Long Beach, California, April 22-25, 2001.
    • (2001) Proceedings of 26th SAS User Group International Conference , pp. 1-7
    • Yu, C.H.1
  • 12
    • 41049109575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A footprint technique to identify white rhino Ceratotherium simum at individual and species levels
    • DOI 10.3354/esr00067
    • Alibhai, S. K., Z. C. Jewell, and P. R. Law. 2008. A footprint technique to identify white rhino Ceratotherium simum at individual and species levels. Endangered Species Research 4: 205-218. (Pubitemid 351419509)
    • (2008) Endangered Species Research , vol.4 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 205-218
    • Alibhai, S.K.1    Jewell, Z.C.2    Law, P.R.3
  • 13
    • 33749362518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea
    • DOI 10.1007/s00300-006-0142-5
    • Amstrup, S. C., I. Stirling, T. S. Smith, C. Perham, and G.W. Thiemann. 2006. Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in The southern Beaufort Sea. Polar Biology 29: 997-1002. (Pubitemid 44496830)
    • (2006) Polar Biology , vol.29 , Issue.11 , pp. 997-1002
    • Amstrup, S.C.1    Stirling, I.2    Smith, T.S.3    Perham, C.4    Thiemann, G.W.5
  • 16
    • 0031396267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating qualitative research in social geography: Establishing 'rigour' in interview analysis
    • Baxter, J., and J. Eyles. 1997. Evaluating qualitative research in social geography: establishing 'rigour' in interview analysis. Transactions of The Institute of British Geographers 22: 505-525.
    • (1997) Transactions of The Institute of British Geographers , vol.22 , pp. 505-525
    • Baxter, J.1    Eyles, J.2
  • 17
    • 0031874467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A population estimator based on network sampling of tracks in the snow
    • Becker, E. F., M. A. Spindler, and T. O. Osborne. 1998. A population estimator based on network sampling of tracks in The snow. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 968-977. (Pubitemid 28348870)
    • (1998) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 968-977
    • Becker, E.F.1    Spindler, M.A.2    Osborne, T.O.3
  • 18
    • 0029660526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power of track surveys to detect changes in cougar populations
    • Beier, P. B., and S. C. Cunningham. 1996. Power of track surveys to detect changes in cougar populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 540-546.
    • (1996) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.24 , pp. 540-546
    • Beier, P.B.1    Cunningham, S.C.2
  • 19
    • 0026284650 scopus 로고
    • A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research
    • Burnard, P. 1991. A method of analysing interview transcripts in qualitative research. Nurse Education Today 11: 461-466.
    • (1991) Nurse Education Today , vol.11 , pp. 461-466
    • Burnard, P.1
  • 20
    • 0000945889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of age determination of polar bears by count of cementum growth layer groups
    • Calvert, W., and M. A. Ramsay. 1998. Evaluation of age determination of polar bears by count of cementum growth layer groups. Ursus 10: 449-453.
    • (1998) Ursus , vol.10 , pp. 449-453
    • Calvert, W.1    Ramsay, M.A.2
  • 21
    • 59749099061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polar bear conservation in Canada: Defining The policy problems
    • Clark, D. A., D. S. Lee, M. M. R. Freeman, and S. G. Clark. 2008. Polar bear conservation in Canada: defining The policy problems. Arctic 61: 347-360.
    • (2008) Arctic , vol.61 , pp. 347-360
    • Clark, D.A.1    Lee, D.S.2    Freeman, M.M.R.3    Clark, S.G.4
  • 22
    • 0029130577 scopus 로고
    • Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development
    • Clark, L. A., and D. Watson. 1995. Constructing validity: basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment 7: 309-319.
    • (1995) Psychological Assessment , vol.7 , pp. 309-319
    • Clark, L.A.1    Watson, D.2
  • 23
  • 24
    • 34147165006 scopus 로고
    • What is coefficient alpha? An examination of Theory and applications
    • Cortina, J. M. 1993. What is coefficient alpha? An examination of Theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology 78: 98-104.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.78 , pp. 98-104
    • Cortina, J.M.1
  • 25
    • 33845945922 scopus 로고
    • Coefficient alpha and The internal structure of tests
    • Cronbach, L. J. 1951. Coefficient alpha and The internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16: 297-334.
    • (1951) Psychometrika , vol.16 , pp. 297-334
    • Cronbach, L.J.1
  • 26
    • 57649238982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploratory use of track and camera surveys of mammalian carnivores in the Peloncillo and Chiricahua mountains of southeastern Arizona
    • DOI 10.1894/CJ-146.1
    • Crooks, K. R., M. Grigione, A. Scoville, and G. Scoville. 2008. Exploratory use of track and camera surveys of mammalian carnivores in The Peloncillo and Chiricahua mountains of southeastern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 53: 510-517. (Pubitemid 352840137)
    • (2008) Southwestern Naturalist , vol.53 , Issue.4 , pp. 510-517
    • Crooks, K.R.1    Grigione, M.2    Scoville, A.3    Scoville, G.4
  • 27
    • 0036125320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postnatal growth in body length and mass of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard
    • DOI 10.1017/S0952836902000377
    • Derocher, A. E., and Ø. Wiig. 2002. Postnatal growth in body length and mass of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. Journal of Zoology 256: 343-349. (Pubitemid 34227886)
    • (2002) Journal of Zoology , vol.256 , Issue.3 , pp. 343-349
    • Derocher, A.E.1    Wiig, O.2
  • 29
    • 27244432095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphism of polar bears
    • DOI 10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[895:SDOPB]2.0.CO;2
    • Derocher, A. E., M. Andersen, and Ø. Wiig. 2005. Sexual dimorphism of polar bears. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 895-901. (Pubitemid 41513233)
    • (2005) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.86 , Issue.5 , pp. 895-901
    • Derocher, A.E.1    Andersen, M.2    Wiig, O.3
  • 30
    • 63049086803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inuit perspectives on polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and climate change in Baffin Bay, Nunavut, Canada
    • Dowsley, M. 2007. Inuit perspectives on polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and climate change in Baffin Bay, Nunavut, Canada. Research and Practice in Social Sciences 2: 53-74.
    • (2007) Research and Practice in Social Sciences , vol.2 , pp. 53-74
    • Dowsley, M.1
  • 31
    • 63049089545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community clusters in wildlife and environmental management: Using TEK and community involvement to improve co-management in an era of rapid environmental change
    • Dowsley, M. 2009. Community clusters in wildlife and environmental management: using TEK and community involvement to improve co-management in an era of rapid environmental change. Polar Research 28: 43-59.
    • (2009) Polar Research , vol.28 , pp. 43-59
    • Dowsley, M.1
  • 32
    • 46749137916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The time of The most polar bears": A co-management conflict in Nunavut
    • Dowsley, M., and G. Wenzel. 2008. "The time of The most polar bears": a co-management conflict in Nunavut. Arctic 61: 77-189.
    • (2008) Arctic , vol.61 , pp. 77-189
    • Dowsley, M.1    Wenzel, G.2
  • 33
    • 34247561673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reliable genetic technique for sex determination of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) from non-invasively collected hair samples
    • DOI 10.1007/s10592-006-9196-8
    • Durnin, M. E., P. J. Palsbøll, O. A. Ryder, and D. R. McCullough. 2007. A reliable genetic technique for sex determination of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) from non-invasively collected hair samples. Conservation Genetics 8: 715-720. (Pubitemid 46682968)
    • (2007) Conservation Genetics , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 715-720
    • Durnin, M.E.1    Palsboll, P.J.2    Ryder, O.A.3    McCullough, D.R.4
  • 34
    • 34447329021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: Are warming spring air temperatures the "ultimate" survival control factor?
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.03.002, PII S1476945X07000219
    • Dyck, M. G., W. Soon, R. K. Baydack, D. R. Legates, S. Baliunas, T. F. Ball, and L. O. Hancock. 2007. Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: are warming spring air temperatures The "ultimate" survival control factor? Ecological Complexity 4: 73-84. (Pubitemid 47049698)
    • (2007) Ecological Complexity , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 73-84
    • Dyck, M.G.1    Soon, W.2    Baydack, R.K.3    Legates, D.R.4    Baliunas, S.5    Ball, T.F.6    Hancock, L.O.7
  • 35
    • 0041095431 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of The reliability of ratings
    • Ebel, R. 1951. Estimation of The reliability of ratings. Psychometrika 16: 407-424.
    • (1951) Psychometrika , vol.16 , pp. 407-424
    • Ebel, R.1
  • 36
    • 33645708913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five misunderstandings about casestudy research
    • Flyvbjerg, B. 2006. Five misunderstandings about casestudy research. Qualitative Inquiry 12: 219-245.
    • (2006) Qualitative Inquiry , vol.12 , pp. 219-245
    • Flyvbjerg, B.1
  • 37
    • 33645963138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature and significance of polar bear conservation hunting in The Canadian Arctic
    • Freeman, M. M. R., and G. W. Wenzel. 2006. The nature and significance of polar bear conservation hunting in The Canadian Arctic. Arctic 59: 21-30.
    • (2006) Arctic , vol.59 , pp. 21-30
    • Freeman, M.M.R.1    Wenzel, G.W.2
  • 38
    • 0005784645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of terrestrial carnivore populations
    • edited by J. L.Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. W. Macdonald, and R. K.Wayne. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Gese, E. M. 2001. Monitoring of terrestrial carnivore populations. Pages 372-396 in Carnivore Conservation, edited by J. L.Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. W. Macdonald, and R. K.Wayne. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (2001) Carnivore Conservation , pp. 372-396
    • Gese, E.M.1
  • 39
    • 33845932641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of noninvasive techniques to survey carnivore communities in Northeastern North America
    • DOI 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[1142:ACONTT]2.0.CO;2
    • Gompper, M. E., R. W. Kays, J. C. Ray, S. D. Ladpoint, D. A. Bogan, and J. R. Cryan. 2006. A comparison of noninvasive techniques to survey carnivore communities in northeastern North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 1142-1151. (Pubitemid 46036386)
    • (2006) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 1142-1151
    • Gompper, M.E.1    Kays, R.W.2    Ray, J.C.3    Lapoint, S.D.4    Bogan, D.A.5    Cryan, J.R.6
  • 40
    • 33144475384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating larger carnivore numbers from track counts and measurements
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00581.x
    • Gusset M. and N. Burgener. 2005. Estimating larger carnivore numbers from track counts and measurements. African Journal of Ecology 43: 320-324. (Pubitemid 43271746)
    • (2005) African Journal of Ecology , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 320-324
    • Gusset, M.1    Burgener, N.2
  • 41
    • 0036975026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring Amur tiger populations: Characteristics of track surveys in snow
    • Hayward, G. D., D. G. Miquelle, E. N. Smirnov, and C. Nations. 2002. Monitoring Amur tiger populations: characteristics of track surveys in snow. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30: 1150-1159. (Pubitemid 36137601)
    • (2002) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 1150-1159
    • Hayward, G.D.1    Miquelle, D.G.2    Smirnov, E.N.3    Nations, C.4
  • 42
    • 0016273081 scopus 로고
    • Scaling stride frequency and gait to animal size: Mice to horses
    • Heglund, N. C. 1974. Scaling stride frequency and gait to animal size: mice to horses. Science 186: 1112-1113.
    • (1974) Science , vol.186 , pp. 1112-1113
    • Heglund, N.C.1
  • 44
    • 67649092478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spoor density as a measure of true density of a known population of free-ranging wild cheetah in Botswana
    • Houser, A.M., M. J. Somers, and L. K. Boast. 2009. Spoor density as a measure of true density of a known population of free-ranging wild cheetah in Botswana. Journal of Zoology 278: 108-115.
    • (2009) Journal of Zoology , vol.278 , pp. 108-115
    • Houser, A.M.1    Somers, M.J.2    Boast, L.K.3
  • 45
    • 0031670989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations on the utility of the semi-directive interview for documenting traditional ecological knowledge
    • Huntington, H. P. 1998. Observations on The utility of The semi-directive interview for documenting traditional ecological knowledge. Arctic 51: 237-242. (Pubitemid 28476567)
    • (1998) Arctic , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 237-242
    • Huntington, H.P.1
  • 46
    • 0034477206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: Methods and applications
    • Huntington, H. P. 2000. Using traditional ecological knowledge in science: methods and applications. Ecological Applications 10: 1270-1274. (Pubitemid 32139995)
    • (2000) Ecological Applications , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 1270-1274
    • Huntington, H.P.1
  • 47
    • 0035009312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Censusing and monitoring black rhino (Diceros bicornis) using an objective spoor (footprint) identification technique
    • DOI 10.1017/S0952836901000516
    • Jewell, Z. C., S. K. Alibhai, and P. R. Law. 2001. Censusing and monitoring black rhino (Diceros bicornis) using an objective spoor (footprint) identification technique. Journal of Zoology 254: 1-16. JMP. 2009. Version 9. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C. (Pubitemid 32453931)
    • (2001) Journal of Zoology , vol.254 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-16
    • Jewell, Z.C.1    Alibhai, S.K.2    Law, P.R.3
  • 49
    • 33847310928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peer assessment of elementary science teaching skills
    • Kilic, G. B., and M. Cakan. 2007. Peer assessment of elementary science teaching skills. Journal of Science Teacher Education 18: 91-107.
    • (2007) Journal of Science Teacher Education , vol.18 , pp. 91-107
    • Kilic, G.B.1    Cakan, M.2
  • 50
    • 0029240365 scopus 로고
    • Conservation genetics of The European brown bear- A study using excremental PCR of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences
    • Kohn, M., F. Knauer, A. Stoffella, W. Schröder, and S. Pääbo. 1995. Conservation genetics of The European brown bear-a study using excremental PCR of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Molecular Ecology 4: 95-104.
    • (1995) Molecular Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 95-104
    • Kohn, M.1    Knauer, F.2    Stoffella, A.3    Schröder, W.4    Pääbo, S.5
  • 51
    • 3242765305 scopus 로고
    • Interrater reliability with SPSS for Windows 5.0
    • MacLennan, R. N. 1993. Interrater reliability with SPSS for Windows 5.0. American Statistician 47: 292-296.
    • (1993) American Statistician , vol.47 , pp. 292-296
    • MacLennan, R.N.1
  • 52
    • 84993812284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal explanation, qualitative research, and scientific inquiry in education
    • Maxwell, J.A. 2004. Causal explanation, qualitative research, and scientific inquiry in education. Educational Researcher 33: 3-11. (Pubitemid 38497664)
    • (2004) Educational Researcher , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 3-11
    • Maxwell, J.A.1
  • 53
    • 28444450527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using spoor counts to analyse the effect of small stock farming in Namibia on caracal density in the neighbouring Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.06.005, PII S0140196305001424
    • Melville, H. I. A. S., and J. D. Bothma. 2006. Using spoor counts to analyse The effect of small stock farming in Namibia on caracal density in The neighbouring Kgalagadi Transfrontier park. Journal of Arid Environments 64: 436-447. (Pubitemid 41736124)
    • (2006) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.64 , Issue.3 , pp. 436-447
    • Melville, H.I.A.S.1    Bothma, J.D.P.2
  • 54
    • 67649329443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A system for sex determination from degraded DNA: A useful tool for palaeogenetics and conservation genetics of ursids
    • Pagès, M., C. Maudet, E. Bellemain, P. Taberlet, S. Hughes, and C. Hänni. 2009. A system for sex determination from degraded DNA: a useful tool for palaeogenetics and conservation genetics of ursids. Conservation Genetics 10: 897-907.
    • (2009) Conservation Genetics , vol.10 , pp. 897-907
    • Pagès, M.1    Maudet, C.2    Bellemain, E.3    Taberlet, P.4    Hughes, S.5    Hänni, C.6
  • 55
    • 1542662640 scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of Cronbach's coefficient alpha
    • Peterson, R. A. 1994. A meta-analysis of Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Journal of Consumer Research 21: 381-391.
    • (1994) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.21 , pp. 381-391
    • Peterson, R.A.1
  • 57
    • 84986739496 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
    • Ramsay, M. A., and I. Stirling. 1988. Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Journal of Zoology 214: 601-633.
    • (1988) Journal of Zoology , vol.214 , pp. 601-633
    • Ramsay, M.A.1    Stirling, I.2
  • 58
    • 84993682704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The art(fulness) of open-ended interviewing: Some considerations on analysing interviews
    • Rapley, T. J. 2001. The art(fulness) of open-ended interviewing: some considerations on analysing interviews. Qualitative Research 1: 303-323.
    • (2001) Qualitative Research , vol.1 , pp. 303-323
    • Rapley, T.J.1
  • 59
  • 60
    • 0042131081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cronbach's alpha: A tool for assessing The reliability of scales
    • accessed July 2008
    • Santos, J. R. A. 1999. Cronbach's alpha: a tool for assessing The reliability of scales. Journal of Extension 37. http://www.joe.org/joe/ 1999april/tt3.html (accessed July 2008).
    • (1999) Journal of Extension , vol.37
    • Santos, J.R.A.1
  • 61
    • 3142758578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concordance of DSM-IV Axis I and II diagnoses by personal and informant's interview
    • DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.02.015, PII S0165178104000605
    • Schneider, B., K. Maurer, D. Sargk, H. Heiskel, B. Weber, L. Frölich, K. Georgi, J. Fritze, and A. Seidler. 2004. Concordance of DSM-IV Axis I and II diagnoses by personal and informant's interview. Psychiatry Research 127: 121-136. (Pubitemid 38916873)
    • (2004) Psychiatry Research , vol.127 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 121-136
    • Schneider, B.1    Maurer, K.2    Sargk, D.3    Heiskel, H.4    Weber, B.5    Frolich, L.6    Georgi, K.7    Fritze, J.8    Seidler, A.9
  • 62
    • 84857849046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inuit observations of polar bears in Salliq/Coral Harbour, Nunavut, and The management of The conservation hunt
    • edited by M. M. R. Freeman and L. Foote, CCI Press, Edmonton, Alberta
    • Shannon, K. A., and M. M. R. Freeman. 2009. Inuit observations of polar bears in Salliq/Coral Harbour, Nunavut, and The management of The conservation hunt. Pages 39-50 in Inuit, Polar Bears, and Sustainable Use, edited by M. M. R. Freeman and L. Foote. CCI Press, Edmonton, Alberta.
    • (2009) Inuit, Polar Bears, and Sustainable Use , pp. 39-50
    • Shannon, K.A.1    Freeman, M.M.R.2
  • 63
    • 48249153186 scopus 로고
    • Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability
    • Shrout, P. E., and J. L. Fleiss. 1979. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin 86: 420-428.
    • (1979) Psychological Bulletin , vol.86 , pp. 420-428
    • Shrout, P.E.1    Fleiss, J.L.2
  • 64
    • 0141538000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Camera trap, line transect census and track surveys: A comparative evaluation
    • DOI 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00063-6
    • Silveira, L., A. T. A. Jácomo, and J. A. F. Diniz-Filho. 2003. Camera trap, line transect census and track surveys: a comparative evaluation. Biological Conservation 114: 351-355. (Pubitemid 37118254)
    • (2003) Biological Conservation , vol.114 , Issue.3 , pp. 351-355
    • Silveira, L.1    Jacomo, A.T.A.2    Diniz-Filho, J.A.F.3
  • 65
    • 0000650258 scopus 로고
    • Averaging correlation coefficients: Should Fisher's z transformation be used?
    • Silver, N. C., and W. P. Dunlap. 1987. Averaging correlation coefficients: should Fisher's z transformation be used? Journal of Applied Psychology 72: 146-148.
    • (1987) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 146-148
    • Silver, N.C.1    Dunlap, W.P.2
  • 66
    • 0028977075 scopus 로고
    • A track count for estimating mountain lion Felis concolor californica population trend
    • Smallwood, K. S., and E. L. Fitzhugh. 1995. A track count for estimating mountain lion Felis concolor californica population trend. Biological Conservation 71: 251-259.
    • (1995) Biological Conservation , vol.71 , pp. 251-259
    • Smallwood, K.S.1    Fitzhugh, E.L.2
  • 67
    • 84859405409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPSS, 2009, Version 17.0.1, SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois
    • SPSS. 2009. Version 17.0.1. SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
  • 68
    • 0030616720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracking and The interpretation of spoor: A scientifically sound method in ecology
    • Stander, P. E., Ghau, D. Tsisaba. 1997. Tracking and The interpretation of spoor: a scientifically sound method in ecology. Journal of Zoology 242: 329-341.
    • (1997) Journal of Zoology , vol.242 , pp. 329-341
    • Stander, P.E.1    Ghau2    Tsisaba, D.3
  • 69
    • 33746303685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating population density from indirect sign: Track counts and the Formozov-Malyshev-Pereleshin formula
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00044.x
    • Stephens, P. A., O. Y. Zaumyslova, D. G. Miquelle, A. I. Myslenkov, and G. D. Hayward. 2006. Estimating population density from indirect sign: track counts and The Formozov-Malyshev-Pereleshin formula. Animal Conservation 9: 339-348. (Pubitemid 44103266)
    • (2006) Animal Conservation , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 339-348
    • Stephens, P.A.1    Zaumyslova, O.Yu.2    Miquelle, D.G.3    Myslenkov, A.I.4    Hayward, G.D.5
  • 70
    • 33750179518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in The Canadian Arctic
    • Stirling, I., and C. L. Parkinson. 2006. Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in The Canadian Arctic. Arctic 59: 261-273.
    • (2006) Arctic , vol.59 , pp. 261-273
    • Stirling, I.1    Parkinson, C.L.2
  • 71
    • 48949116936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to Dyck et al. (2007) on polar bears and climate change in western Hudson Bay
    • Stirling, I., A. E. Derocher, W. A. Gough, and K. Rode. 2008. Response to Dyck et al. (2007) on polar bears and climate change in western Hudson Bay. Ecological Complexity 9: 193-201.
    • (2008) Ecological Complexity , vol.9 , pp. 193-201
    • Stirling, I.1    Derocher, A.E.2    Gough, W.A.3    Rode, K.4
  • 72
    • 0037297709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency
    • DOI 10.1207/S15327752JPA8001-18
    • Streiner, D. L. 2006. Starting at The beginning: an introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment 80: 99-103. (Pubitemid 36330963)
    • (2003) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.80 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-103
    • Streiner, D.L.1
  • 73
    • 0027728317 scopus 로고
    • Sexing free-ranging brown bears Ursus arctos using hairs found in the field
    • Taberlet, P., H. Mattock, C. Dubois-Paganon, and J. Bouvet. 1993. Sexing free-ranging brown bears Ursus arctos using hairs found in The field. Molecular Ecology 2: 399-403. (Pubitemid 2027977)
    • (1993) Molecular Ecology , vol.2 , Issue.6 , pp. 399-403
    • Taberlet, P.1    Mattock, H.2    Dubois-Paganon, C.3    Bouvet, J.4
  • 74
    • 43049102388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-selective harvesting of polar bears Ursus maritimus
    • DOI 10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[52:SHOPBU]2.0.CO;2
    • Taylor, M. K., P. D. McLoughlin, and F. Messier. 2008. Sex-selective harvesting of polar bears Ursus maritimus. Wildlife Biology 14: 52-60. (Pubitemid 351631511)
    • (2008) Wildlife Biology , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 52-60
    • Taylor, M.K.1    McLoughlin, P.D.2    Messier, F.3
  • 76
    • 33846811668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic parameters and harvest-explicit population viability analysis for polar bears in M'Clintock Channel, Nunavut, Canada
    • DOI 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1667:DPAHPV]2.0.CO;2
    • Taylor, M. K., J. Laake, P. D. McLoughlin, H. D. Cluff, and F. Messier. 2006. Demographic parameters and harvest- explicit population viability analysis for polar bears in M'Clintock Channel, Nunavut, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Management 70: 1667-1673. (Pubitemid 46214503)
    • (2006) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.70 , Issue.6 , pp. 1667-1673
    • Taylor, M.K.1    Laake, J.2    Mcloughlin, P.D.3    Cluff, H.D.4    Messier, F.5
  • 77
    • 34848892953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More bears, less bears: Inuit and scientific perceptions of polar bear populations on The west coast of Hudson Bay
    • Tyrell, M. 2006. More bears, less bears: Inuit and scientific perceptions of polar bear populations on The west coast of Hudson Bay. Inuit Studies 30: 191-208.
    • (2006) Inuit Studies , vol.30 , pp. 191-208
    • Tyrell, M.1
  • 78
    • 0033876285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traditional ecological knowledge in environmental assessment and management
    • Usher, P. J. 2000. Traditional ecological knowledge in environmental assessment and management. Arctic 53: 183- 193. (Pubitemid 30597696)
    • (2000) Arctic , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 183-193
    • Usher, P.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.