Tracking and the interpretation of spoor: A scientifically sound method in ecology

Journal of Zoology

Volumn 242, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 329-341

  Stander, P E ^a,c   Ghau, ^b   Tsisaba, D ^b   Oma, ^b   Ui, ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b Tsumkwe Conservation Trust   (Namibia)

^c Ministry of Environment and Tourism   (Namibia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

FAECES; SPORE; TRACKING;

EID: 0030616720     PISSN: 09528369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05805.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Amlaner, C. J. & Macdonald, D. W. (Eds) (1980). A handbook on biotelemetry and radio tracking. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
2. Baerends, G. P. (1958). The contribution of ethology to the study of the causation of behaviour. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 7: 466-499.
3. Bicchieri, M. G. (1972). Hunters and gatherers today. New York: Holt. Rhinehart & Winton.
4. Blurton Jones, N. & Konner, M. J. (1976). !Kung knowledge of animal behaviour. In Kalahari hunter-gatherers: 325-348. Lee, R. B. & DeVore, I. (Eds). Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
5. Bothma, J. du P. & Le Riche, E. A. N. (1984). Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the leopard Panthern pardus in the Kalahari Desert. Koedoe (Suppl.) 27: 259-279.
6. Bothma, J. du P. & Le Riche, E. A. N. (1990). The influence of increasing hunger on the hunting behaviour of southern Kalahari leopards. J. Arid Environ. 18: 79-84.
7. Bothma, J. du P. & Le Riche, E. A. N. (1993). Disturbance bias when tracking Kalahari leopards (Panthera pardus) by spoor. Koedoe 36: 109-112.
8. Brown, R. W., Lawrence, M. J. & Pope, J. (1992). Animals: tracks, trails & signs. London: Hamlyn.
9. Brown, T. (1978). The tracker. New York: Berkeley Books.
10. Caro, T. M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: group living in an asocial species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11. Carruthers, J. (1993). "Police boys" and poachers: Africans, wildlife protection and national parks, the Transvaal 1902-1950. Koedoe 36: 11-22.
12. Choudhury, S. R. (1971). The tiger stride. Cheetal 14: 62-65.
13. Dagg, A. I. (1973). Gaits of mammals. Mammal Rev. 3: 135-154.
14. Eloff, F. C. (1984). Food ecology of the Kalahari lion Panthera leo. Koedoe (Suppl.) 27: 249-258.
15. Eltringham, S. K. (1984). Wildlife resources and economic development. Chichester: Wiley.
16. Giess, W. (1971). A preliminary vegetation map of South West Africa. Dinteria 4: 1-114.
17. Grieg-Smith, P. (1957). Quantitative plant ecology. London: Butterworths.
18. Grogan, J. W. (1951). The gaits of horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 19: 112-117.
19. Hildebrand, M. (1959). Motions of the running cheetah and horse. J. Mammal. 40: 481-495.
20. Hildebrand, M. (1961). Further studies on locomotion of the cheetah. J. Mammal. 42: 84-91.
21. Hildebrand, M. (1968). Symmetrical gaits of dogs in relation to body build. J. Morphol. 124: 353-359.
22. Lakatos, I. (1978). The methodology of scientific research programmes. In Philosophical papers 1. Worral, J. & Currie, G. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. Laughlin, W. S. (1961). Acquisition of anatomical knowledge by ancient man. In Social life of early man: 150-175. Washbum, S. L. (Ed.). Chicago: Aldine Publication Co.
24. Laughlin, W. S. (1968). Hunting: an integrating biobehavior system and its evolutionary importance. In Man the hunter. 304-320. Lee, R. B. & DeVore, I. (Eds). Chicago: Aldine Publication Co.
25. Lee, R. B. (1979). The !Kung San. men, women, and work in a foraging society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Legge, S. (1996). Cooperative lions escape the Prisoner's Dilemma. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 2-3.
27. Liebenberg, L. (1990). The art of tracking: the Origin of Science. Cape Town: David Philip.
28. Marshall, L. (1976). The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
29. Martin, R. B. (1984). Wildlife human interaction. In Conservation and wildlife management in Africa: 209-218. Bell, R. H. V. & McShane-Caluzi, E. (Eds). Washington, D.C.: (U.S.) Peace Corps.
30. Medawar, P. B. (1969). Induction and intuition in scientific thought. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
31. Mentis, M. T. (1988). Hypothetico-deductive and inductive approaches in ecology. Funct. Ecol. 2: 5-14.
32. Mills, M. G. L. (1990). Kalahari hyaenas. Comparative behavioural ecology of two species. London: Unwin Hyman.
33. Muybridge, E. (1899). Animals in motion. London: Chapman & Hall.
34. Owen-Smith, G. & Jacobsohn, M. (1989). Involving a local community in wildlife conservation. A pilot project at Purros, southwestern Kaokoland, SWA/Namibia. Quagga 27: 21-28.
35. Packer, C., Scheel, D. & Pusey, A. E. (1990). Why lions form groups: food is not enough. Am. Nat. 136: 1-19.
36. Panwar, H. S. (1979). A note on the tiger census technique based on pugmark tracings. Indian For. (Special issue on International Symposium on Tiger, February): 70-77.
37. pfeiffer, J. E. (1978). The emergence of Man. New York: Harper & Row.
38. Sagar, S. R. & Singh, L. A. K. (1990). Technique to distinguish tracks of leopard and tiger cub. Indian For. 116: 214-219.
39. Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti lion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
40. Scheel, D. & Packer, C. (1991). Group hunting behaviour of lions: a search for cooperation. Anim. Behav. 41: 697-709.
41. Smallwood, K. S. & Fitzhugh, E. L. (1993). A rigorous technique for identifying individual mountain lions Felis concolor by their tracks. Biol. Conserv. 65: 51-59.
42. Smith, R. M. (1977). Movement patterns and feeding behaviour of leopard in the Rhodes Matopos National Park, Rhodesia. Arnoldia Zimbabwe 8(13): 1-16.
43. Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. (1995). Biometry. (3rd edn). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co.
44. Stander, P. E. (1992). Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 29: 445-454.
45. Stander, P. E. (1993). Conserving large African carnivores in a developing world. In Wildlife ranching: a celebration of diversity: 368-372. van Hoven, W., Ebedes, H. & Conroy, A. (Eds). Pretoria: Promedia.
46. Stander, P. E. & Albon, S. D. (1993). Hunting success of lions in a semi-arid environment. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. No. 65: 127-143.
47. Stander, P. E., Haden, P. J., Kaqece. ||. & Ghau, //. (1997). The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards. J. Zool. (Lond.) 242: 343-364.
48. Teer, J. G. (1982). Advances in wildlife management techniques. Trans. Int. Congr. Game Biologists 14: 397-407.
49. Washburn, S. L. & Lancaster, C. S. (1968). The evolution of hunting. In Man the hunter: 293-303. Lee, R. B. & DeVore, I. (Eds). Chicago: Aldine Publication Co.