The Failure of Biogenetic Analysis in Psychology: Why Psychology is Not a Biological Science

Research in Human Development

Volumn 8, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 173-191

  Greenberg, Gary ^a  

^a WICHITA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859357826     PISSN: 15427609     EISSN: 15427617     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2011.625318     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Rosenblatt, J. R. and Lehrman, D. H. 1972. Selected writings of T. C. Schneirla, San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
2. Breckler, S. J. 2006. The newest age of reductionism. Monitor on Psychology, 27(8): 23
3. Brooks, D. 2006. Is chemistry destiny?. New York Times, September 17: WK14
4. Burian, R. M. 1985. "On conceptual change in biology: The case of the gene". In Evolution at a crossroads: The new biology and the new philosophy of science, Edited by: Depew, D. J. and Weber, B. H. 21-42. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5. Cacioppo, J. T., Bernston, G. G., Sheridan, J. F. and McClintock, B. 2000. Multiple integrative analyses of human behavior: Social neuroscience and the nature of social and biological approaches. Psychological Bulletin, 126: 829-843.
6. Campbell, D. 1990. "Level of organization, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology". In Theories of the evolution of knowing: The T. C. Schneirla Conference Series, Volume 4, Edited by: Greenberg, G. and Tobach, E. 1-18. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
7. Crick, F. 1970. Central dogma of molecular biology. Nature, 227: 561-563.
8. Elman, J. L., Bates, E. A., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D. and Plunkett, K. 1996. Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
9. Gottlieb, G. 1992. Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
10. Gottlieb, G. 1998. "Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis". In Psychological Review Vol. 105, 792-802.
11. Gottlieb, G. 2001. "A developmental psychobiological systems view: Early formulation and current status". In Cycles of contingency: Developmental systems and evolution, Edited by: Oyama, S., Griffiths, P. E. and Gray, R. D. 41-54. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
12. Gottlieb, G. 2004. "Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis". In Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development, Edited by: Coll, C. G., Bearer, E. L. and Lerner, R. M. 85-106. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Granic, I. and Hollenstein, T. 2003. Dynamic systems methods for models of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15: 641-669.
14. Greenberg, G. 2005. The limitations of behavior-genetic analyses: Comment on McGue, Elkins, Walden and Iocono. Developmental Psychology, 41: 989-992.
15. Greenberg, G. 2007. Why psychology is not a biological science: Gilbert Gottlieb and probabilistic epigenesis. European Journal of Developmental Science, 1: 111-121.
16. Greenberg, G. and Haraway, M. M. 2002. Principles of comparative psychology, Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
17. Greenberg, G. and Lambdin, C. 2007. Psychology is a behavioral science not a biological science: A discussion of the issue and a review of Neural theories of mind. Why the mind brain problem may never be solved, by William Uttal. Psychological Record, 57: 457-475.
18. Greenberg, G. and Partridge, T. 2010. "Biology, evolution, and development". In Cognition, Biology, and Methods: Volume 1 of the Handbook of Life-span Development, Edited by: Overton, W. F. 115-148. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
19. Greenberg, G., Partridge, T. and Ablah, E. 2006. "The significance of the concept of emergence for comparative psychology". In Primate perspectives on behavior and cognition, Edited by: Washburn, D. 81-97. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
20. Greenberg, G., Partridge, T., Mosack, V. and Lambdin, C. 2006. Psychology is a developmental science. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 19: 185-205.
21. Harris, D. B. 1957. The concept of development: An issue in the study of human behavior, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
22. Hood, K. E., Halpern, C. T., Greenberg, G. and Lerner, R. M. 2010. Handbook of developmental science, behavior, and genetics, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
23. Hubbard, R. and Wald, E. 1993. Exploding the gene myth: How genetic information is produced and manipulated by scientists, physicians, employers, insurance companies, and law enforcers, Boston, MA: Beacon.
24. Human Genome Project. (2011). ISCID encyclopedia of science and philosophy. http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Human-Genome-Project (Accessed: 20 October 2011).
25. Jennings, H. S. 1924. Heredity and environment. Scientific Monthly, 19: 225-238.
26. nd, Chicago, IL: Principia Press.
27. Keller, E. F. 2002. Making sense of life: Explaining biological development with models, metaphors, and machines, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
28. Ko, E. P., Yomo, T. and Urabe, I. 1994. Dynamic clustering of bacterial populations. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 75: 81-88.
29. Koch, S. 1969. Psychology cannot be a coherent science. Psychology Today, 3(4): 64-68. 14
30. Kuo, Z. Y. 1967. The dynamics of behavior development: An epigenetic view, New York, NY: Random House.
31. Layzer, D. 1974. Heritability analyses of IQ scores: Science or numerology?. Science, 183: 1259-1266.
32. Layzer, D. 2000. Comment on"Misconceptions of biometrical IQsts" by C. Capron et al, Cambridge, MA: Unpublished manuscript. Harvard University Press.
33. Lerner, R. M. 1989. "Developmental contextualism and the life-span view of person-context interaction". In Interaction in human development, Edited by: Mornstein, M. and Bruner, J. S. 217-239. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Lerner, R. M. 1998. "Developmental contextualism". In Comparative psychology: A handbook, Edited by: Greenberg, G. and Haraway, M. M. 88-97. New York, NY: Garland.
35. Lerner, R. M. 2002. Concepts and theories of human development, 3rd, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
36. Lerner, R. M. 2004. "Genes and the promotion of positive human development: Hereditarian versus developmental systems perspectives". In Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development, Edited by: Coll, C. G., Bearer, E. L. and Lerner, R. M. 1-33. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
37. Lerner, R. M. 2011. Structure and process in relational, developmental systems theories: A commentary on contemporary changes in the understanding of developmental change across the life span. Human Development, 54: 34-43.
38. Lerner, R. M. and Bush-Rossnagel, N. A. 1981. "Individuals as producers of their development: Conceptual and empirical issues". In Individuals as producers of their development: A life-span perspective, Edited by: Lerner, R. M. and Bush-Rossnagel, N. A. 1-36. New York, NY: Academic Press.
39. Lewis, M. D., Lamey, A. V. and Douglas, L. 1999. A new dynamic systems method for the analysis of early socioemotional development. Developmental Science, 2: 457-475.
40. Lewontin, R. 1991. Biology as ideology: The doctrine of DNA, New York, NY: Harper Collins.
41. Lewontin, R. 2000. It ain't necessarily so: The dream of the human genome and other illusions, New York, NY: New York Review Books.
42. Lewontin, R. C. 2011. It's even less in your genes. New York Review of Books, 23 May 26: 26-27.
43. Li, M., Wang, I. X., Li, Y., Bruzel, A., Richards, A. L.,Tuong, J. M., & Cheung, V. G. (2011). Widespread RNA and DNA sequence differences in the human transcriptome. Science. www.sciencexpress.org/19 May 2011/10.1126/science.1207018
44. Mabry, P. L. and Urban, J. B. 2011. Embracing Systems Science: New Methodologies for Developmental Science [Special Issue]. Research in Human Development, 8(1)
45. Matsuzawa, T. 1998. "Chimpanzee behavior". In Comparative psychology: A handbook, Edited by: Greenberg, G. and Haraway, M. M. 360-375. New York, NY: Garland.
46. Mazzocchi, F. 2008. Complexity in biology. Exceeding the limits of reductionism and determinism using the complexity theory. EMBO Reports, 9(1): 10-14.
47. Michel, G. F. 2010. "The roles of environment, experience, and learning in behavioral development". In Handbook of developmental science, behavior, and genetics, Edited by: Hood, K. E., Halpern, C. T., Greenberg, G. and Lerner, R. M. 123-165. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
48. Molenaar, P. C. M. 2010. "On the limits of standard quantitative genetic modeling of inter-individual variation: Extensions, ergotic conditions and a new genetic factor model of intra-individual variation". In Handbook of developmental science, behavior, and genetics, Edited by: Hood, K. E., Halpern, C. T., Greenberg, G. and Lerner, R. M. 626-648. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
49. Moltz, H. 1965. Contemporary instinct theory and the fixed action pattern. Psychological Review, 72: 27-47.
50. Montagu, A. 1962. "Our changing conception of human nature". In The humanization of man, 15-34. New York, NY: Grove Press.
51. Moss, L. 2003. What genes can't do, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
52. Nesselroade, J. R. and Molenaar, P. C. M. 2010. "Emphasizing intraindividual variability in the study of development over the life span: Concepts and issues". In Cognition, biology, and methods. Volume 1 of the handbook of life-span development, Edited by: Overton, W. F. 30-54. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
53. Nieuwkoop, P. D., Johnen, A. G. and Albers, B. 1985. The epigenetic nature of early chordate development: Inductive interaction and competence, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
54. th, Edited by: Damon, W. and Lerner, R. M. Vol. 1, 18-88. New York, NY: Wiley. Series Ed
55. Overton, W. F. 2010. "Life-span development: Concepts and issues". In Cognition, biology, and methods. Volume 1 of the handbook of life-span development, Edited by: Overton, W. F. 1-29. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
56. Overton, W. F. and Müller, U. in press. "Metatheories, theories, and concepts in the study of development". In Comprehensive handbook of psychology: Developmental psychology, Edited by: Lerner, R. M., Easterbrooks, M. A. and Mistry, J. Vol. 6, New York, NY: Wiley.
57. Oyama, S., Griffiths, P. E. and Gray, R. D. 2001. Cycles of contingency: Developmental systems & evolution, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
58. Partridge, T. and Greenberg, G. 2010. "Contemporary ideas of physics and biology in Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenesis". In Handbook of developmental science, behavior, and genetics, Edited by: Hood, K. E., Halpern, C T., Greenberg, G. and Lerner, R. M. 166-202. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
59. Pronko, N. H. 1973. Panorama of psychology, 2nd ed, Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
60. Pronko, N. H. 1980. Psychology from the standpoint of an interbehaviorist, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
61. Pronko, N. H. 1988. "Heredity versus environment". In From AI to Zeitgeist: A philosophical guide for the skeptical psychologist, Edited by: Pronko, N. H. 75-80. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.
62. Robert, J. S. 2004. Embryology, epigenesis, and evolution: Taking development seriously, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
63. Schneirla, T. C. 1957. "The concept of development in comparative psychology". In The concept of development: An issue in the study of human behavior, Edited by: Harris, D. B. 78-108. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
64. Seay, B. and Gottfried, N. 1978. The development of behavior: A synthesis of developmental and comparative psychology, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
65. Skinner, B. F. 1953. Science and human behavior, New York, NY: Macmillan.
66. Skinner, B. F. 1966. The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, 153: 1205-1213.
67. Solé, R. and Goodwin, B. 2000. Signs of life: How complexity pervades biology, New York, NY: Basic Books.
68. Strohman, R. C. 1997. The coming Kuhnian revolution in biology. Nature Biotechnology, 15: 194-200.
69. Tandon, P. N. 2000. The decade of the brain: A brief review. Neurology India, 48: 199-207.
70. Thelen, E. and Smith, L. B. 1998. "Dynamic systems theories". In Handbook of child psychology. Volume 1: Theoretical models of human development, 5th, Edited by: Damon, W. and Lerner, R. M. 563-634. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
71. Tobach, E. and Greenberg, G. 1984. "The significance of T. C. Schneirla's contribution to the concept of levels of integration". In Behavioral evolution and integrative levels, Edited by: Greenberg, G. and Tobach, E. 1-7. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
72. Urban, J. B., Osgood, N. D. and Mabry, P. L. 2011. Developmental systems science: Exploring the application of systems science methods to developmental science questions. Research in Human Development, 8(1): 1-25.
73. Uttal, W. R. 2005. Neural theories of mind: Why the mind-brain problem may never be solved, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
74. Venter, J., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W.Mural, R. J. 2001. The sequence of the human genome. Science, 291: 1304-1351.
75. von Uexküll, J. 1957. "A stroll through the world of animals and men". In Instinctive behavior, Edited by: Schiller, C. H. 5-80. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
76. Weiss, P. 1973. The science of life, New York, NY: Futura Publishing.