Social organization of crop genetic diversity. The G × E × S Interaction Model

Diversity

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-32

  Leclerc, Christian ^a   d'Eeckenbrugge, Geo Coppens ^b  

^a UMR AGAP   (France)

^b CIRAD   (France)

Author keywords

Crop genetic resources; Cultural transmission; In situ conservation; Interdisciplinary approach; Maize; Seed exchange; Social differentiation; Social network; Sorghum

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM; AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH; CROP PERFORMANCE; EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT; ETHNOBOTANY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH; MAIZE; SEED PRODUCTION; SOCIAL ORGANIZATION;

ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84859299814     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14242818     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/d4010001     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Orlove, B.S.; Brush, S.B. Anthropology and the conservation of biodiversity. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1996, 25, 329-352.
2. Soleri, D.; Smith, S.E. Conserving folk crop varieties: Different agricultures, different goals. In Ethnoecology. Situated Knowledge/Located Lives; Nazarea, V.D., Ed.; The University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ, USA, 1999; pp. 133-154.
3. Brush, S.B. A farmer-based approach to conserving crop germplasm. Econ. Bot. 1991, 45, 153-165.
4. Louette, D.; Smale, M. Genetic Diversity and Maize Seed Management in a Traditional Mexican Community: Implications for in situ Conservation of Maize; CIMMYT: El Batan, Mexico, 1996.
5. Perales, H.R.; Brush, S.B.; Qualset, C.O. Dynamic management of maize landraces in Central Mexico. Econ. Bot. 2003, 57, 21-34.
6. Brush, S.B. Cultural research on the origin and maintenance of agricultural diversity. In Nature Knowledge: Ethnoscience, Cognition, and Utility, Sanga, G., Ortalli, G., Eds.; Berghahn Books: New York, NY, USA, 2005; pp. 379-385.
7. Caillon, S.; Degeorges, P. Biodiversity: Negotiating the border between nature and culture. Biodivers. Conserv. 2007, 16, 2919-2931.
8. Granovetter, M. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. Am. J. Sociol. 1985, 91, 481-510.
9. Lacy, S.M.; Cleveland, D.; Soleri, D. Farmer choice of sorghum varieties in Southern Mali. Hum. Ecol. 2006, 34, 331-353.
10. Perales, H.R.; Brush, S.B.; Qualset, C.O. Landraces of maize in Central Mexico: An altitudinal transect. Econ. Bot. 2003, 57, 7-20.
11. Brush, S.B. Farmers' Bounty. Locating Crop Diversity in the Contempory World; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA; London, UK, 2004.
12. Augé, M. Symbole, Fonction, Histoire. Les Interrogations de l'anthropologie; Hachette: Paris, France, 1979.
13. Descola, P.; Lenclud, G.; Severi, C.; Taylor, A.-C. Les Idées de l'anthropologie; Armand Colin: Paris, France, 1988.
14. Alvarez, N.; Garine, E.; Khasah, C.; Dounias, E.; Hossaert-McKey, M.; McKey, D. Farmers' practices, metapopulation dynamics, and conservation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm: A case study of sorghum among the Duupa in sub-sahelian Cameroon. Biol. Conserv. 2005, 121, 533-543.
15. Barnaud, A.; Deu, M.; Garine, E.; McKey, D.; Joly, H. Local genetic diversity of sorghum in a village in Northern Cameroon: Structure and dynamics of landraces. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2007, 114, 237-248.
16. Elias, M.; McKey, D.; Panaud, O.; Anstett, M.C.; Robert, T. Traditional management of cassava morphological and genetic diversity by the Makushi Amerindian (Guyana, South America): perspective for on-farm conservation of crop genetic resources. Euphytica 2001, 120, 143-157.
17. Elias, M.; Rival, L.; McKey, D. Perception and management of cassava, Manihot esculenta (Crantz) diversity among Makushi Amerindians of Guyana. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2000, 20, 239-265.
18. Thomas, M.; Dawson, J.C.; Goldringer, I.; Bonneuil, C. Seed exchanges, a key to analyze crop diversity dynamics in farmer-led on-farm conservation. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2011, 58, 321-338.
19. Zimmerer, K.S. Geographies of seed networks for food plants (potatoes, ulluco) and approaches to agrobiodiversity conservation in the Andean countries. Soc. Nat. Resour. 2003, 16, 583-601.
20. Van Etten, J. Genetic diversity of maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) in communities of the western highlands of Guatemala: Geographical patterns and processes. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2008, 55, 303-317.
21. Van Etten, J. Molding maize: The shaping of a crop diversity landscape in the western highlands of Guatemala. J. Hist. Geogr. 2006, 32, 689-711.
22. Van Etten, J.; de Bruin, S. Regional and local maize seed exchange and replacement in the western highlands of Guatemala. Plant Genet. Res. Charact. Util. 2007, 5, 57-70.
23. Badstue, L.B.; Bellon, M.R.; Berthaud, J.; Ramírez, A.; Flores, D.; Juárez, X. The dynamics of farmers' maize seed supply practices in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. World Dev. 2007, 35, 1579-1593.
24. Perales, H.R.; Benz, B.F.; Brush, S.B. Maize diversity and ethnolinguistic diversity in Chiapas, Mexico. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 949-954.
25. Brush, S.B.; Perales, H.R. A maize landscape: Ethnicity and agro-biodiversity in Chiapas, Mexico. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 121, 211-221.
26. Fox, R. Kinship and Marriage. An Anthropological Perspective; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1967.
27. Van Heerwaarden, J.; van Eeuwijk, F.; Ross-Ibarra, J. Genetic diversity in a crop metapopulation. Heredity 2010, 104, 28-39.
28. Wendorf, F.; Close, A.E.; Schild, R.; Wasylikowa, K.; Housley, R.A.; Harlan, J.R.; Kralik, H. Saharan exploitation of plants 8,000 years BP. Nature 1992, 359, 721-724.
29. Ollitrault, P.; Noyer, J.-L.; Chantereau, J.; Glaszmann, J.-C. Structure génétique et dynamique des variétés traditionnelles de sorgho au Burkina Faso. In Gestion des Ressources Génétiques des Plantes en Afrique des Savanes; Chirat: St-Just-la-Pendue, France, 1997; pp. 231-240.
30. Djé, Y.; Heuertz, M.; Ater, M.; Lefèbvre, C.; Vekemans, X. In situ estimation of outcrossing rate in sorghum landraces using microsatellite markers. Euphytica 2004, 138, 205-212.
31. Barnaud, A.; Trigueros, G.; McKey, D.; Joly, H.I. High outcrossing rates in fields with mixed sorghum landraces: How are landraces maintained? Heredity 2008, 101, 445-452.
32. Harlan, J.R.; de Wet, J.M.J. A simplified classification of cultivated sorghum. Crop Sci. 1972, 12, 172-176.
33. De Wet, J.M.J. Systematics and evolution of Sorghum Sect. Sorghum (Gramineae). Am. J. Bot. 1978, 65, 477-484.
34. Anderson, E.; Cutler, H.C. Races of Zea mays. I. Their recognition and classification. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 1942, 29, 69-89.
35. Harlan, J.R.; De Wet, J.M.J. Toward a rational classification of cultivated plants. Taxon 1971, 20, 509-517.
36. De Wet, J.M.J.; Huckabay, J.P. The origin of Sorghum bicolor. Distribution and domestication. Evolution 1967, 787-802.
37. Stemler, A.; Harlan, J.R.; de Wet, J.M.J. Caudatum sorghums and speakers of Chari-Nile languages in Africa. J. Afr. Hist. 1975, 16, 161-183.
38. Harlan, J.R.; Stemler, A. The races of sorghum in Africa. In Origins of African Plant Domestication; Harlan, J.R., de Wet, J.M.J., Stemler, A., Eds.; Mouton: The Hague, The Netherlands; Paris, France, 1976; pp. 465-478.
39. Doggett, H. Sorghum; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1988.
40. Chantereau, J.; Arnaud, M.; Ollitrault, P.; Nabaya Ogo, P.; Noyer, J.-L. Etude de la diversité morphophysiologique et classification des sorghos cultivés. Agron. Trop. 1989, 44, 223-232.
41. Deu, M.; Hamon, P.; Bonnot, F.; Chantereau, J. Sorghum. In Genetic Diversity of Cultivated Tropical Plants; Hamon, P., Seguin, M., Perrier, X., Glaszmann, J.-C., Eds.; CIRAD: Montpellier, France, 2003; pp. 307-336.
42. Ollitrault, P.; Arnaud, M.; Chantereau, J. Polymorphisme enzymatique des sorghos II. Organisation génétique et évolutive des sorghos cultivés. Agron. Trop. 1989, 44, 211-222.
43. Deu, M.; González de León, D.; Glaszmann, J.-C.; Degremont, I.; Chantereau, J.; Lanaud, C.; Hamon, P. RFLP diversity in cultivated sorghum in relation to racial differentiation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994, 88, 838-844.
44. Cui, Y.X.; Xu, G.W.; Magill, C.W.; Schertz, K.F.; Hart, G.E. RFLP-based assay of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genetic diversity. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1995, 90, 787-796.
45. Deu, M.; Rattunde, F.; Chantereau, J. A global view of genetic diversity in cultivated sorghum using a core collection. Genome 2006, 49, 168-180.
46. Djé, Y.; Heuertz, M.; Lefèbvre, C.; Vakemans, X. Assessment of genetic diversity within and among germplasm accessions in cultivated sorghum using microsatellite markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2000, 100, 918-925.
47. Casa, A.M.; Mitchell, S.E.; Hamblin, M.T.; Sun, H.; Bowers, J.E.; Paterson, A.H.; Aquadro, C.F.; Kresovich, S. Diversity and selection in sorghum: Simultaneous analyses using simple sequence repeats. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2005, 111, 23-30.
48. Ghebru, B.; Schmidt, R.J.; Bennetzen, J.L. Genetic diversity of Eritrean sorghum landraces assessed with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2002, 105, 229-236.
49. Ayana, A.; Bryngelsson, T.; Bekele, E. Genetic variation of Ethiopian and Eritrean sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) germplasm assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2000, 47, 471-482.
50. Djé, Y.; Forcioli, D.; Ater, M.; Lefebvre, C.; Vekemans, X. Assessing population genetic structure of sorghum landraces from North-western Morocco using allozyme and microsatellite markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1999, 99, 157-163.
51. Medraoui, L.; Ater, M.; Benlhabib, O.; Msikine, D.; Filali-Maltouf, A. Evaluation of genetic variability of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in Northwestern Morocco by ISSR and RAPD markers. C. R. Biol. 2007, 330, 789-797.
52. Kayode, A.P.; Linnemann, A.R.; Nout, M.R.; Hounhouigan, J.D.; Stomph, T.J.; Smulders, M.J. Diversity and food quality properties of farmers' varieties of sorghum from Benin. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2006, 86, 1032-1039.
53. Abdi, A.; Bekele, E.; Asfaw, Z.; Teshome, A. Patterns of morphological variation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) landraces in qualitative characters in North Shewa and South Welo, Ethiopia. Hereditas 2002, 137, 161-172.
54. Appa Rao, S.; Prasada Rao, K.E.; Mengesha, M.H.; Gopal-Reddy, V. Morphological diversity in sorghum germplasm from India. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 1996, 43, 559-567.
55. Djé, Y.; Ater, M.; Lefèbvre, C.; Vekemans, X. Patterns of morphological and allozyme variation in sorghum landraces of Northwestern Morocco. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 1998, 45, 541-548.
56. Djé, Y.; Heuertz, M.; Ater, M.; Lefèbvre, C.; Vekemans, X. Évaluation de la diversité morphologique des variétés traditionnelles de sorgho du Nord-ouest du Maroc. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. 2007, 11, 39-46.
57. Ayana, A.; Bekele, E. Geographical patterns of morphological variation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Germplasm from Ethiopia and Eritrea: Qualitative characters. Hereditas 1998, 129, 195-205.
58. Ayana, A.; Bekele, E. Multivariate analysis of morphological variation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) germplasm from Ethiopia and Eritrea. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 1999, 46, 273-284.
59. Ayana, A.E.A.; Bryngelsson, T.; Bekele, E. Geographic and altitudinal allozyme variation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) landraces from Ethiopia and Eritrea. Hereditas 2001, 135, 1-12.
60. Barro-Kondombo, C.; Sagnard, F.; Chantereau, J.; Deu, M.; vom Brocke, K.; Durand, P.; Gozé, E.; Zongo, J.D. Genetic structure among sorghum landraces as revealed by morphological variation and microsatellite markers in three agroclimatic regions of Burkina Faso. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2010, 120, 1511-1523.
61. Zongo, J.; Gouyon, P.; Sarr, A.; Sandmeier, M. Genetic diversity and phylogenic relations among Sahelian sorghum accessions. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 2005, 52, 869-878.
62. Deu, M.; Sagnard, F.; Chantereau, J.; Calatayud, C.; Hérault, D.; Mariac, C.; Pham, J.-L.; Vigouroux, Y.; Kapran, I.; Traore, P.S.; et al. Niger-wide assessment of in situ sorghum genetic diversity with microsatellite markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2008, 103, 903-913.
63. Brown, C.H. Development of agriculture in prehistoric Mesoamerica: The linguistic evidence. In Pre-Columbian Foodways; Staller, J.E., Carrasco, M., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2009; pp. 71-107.
64. Benz, B.F. Maize in the Americas. In Histories of Maize. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize; Staller, J.E., Tykot, R.H., Benz, B.F., Eds.; Elsevier: San Diego, CA, USA, 2006; pp. 9-20.
65. Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M.M.; Sánchez, J.; Buckler, E.; Doebley, J. A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 6080-6084.
66. Blake, M. Dating the initial spread of Zea mays. In Histories of Maize. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, Staller, J.E., Tykot, R.H., Benz, B.F., Eds.; Elsevier: San Diego, CA, USA, 2006; pp. 55-72.
67. Doolittle, W.E.; Mabry, J.B. Environmental mosaics, agricultural diversity, and the evolutionary adoption of maize in the American Southwest. In Histories of Maize. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize; Staller, J.E., Tykot, R.H., Benz, B.F., Eds.; Elsevier: San Diego, CA, USA, 2006; pp. 109-121.
68. Vigouroux, Y.; Glaubitz, J.C.; Matsuoka, Y.; Goodman, M.M.; Sanchez, J.; Doebley, J. Population structure and genetic diversity of New World maize races assessed by DNA microsatellites. Am. J. Bot. 2008, 95, 1240-1253.
69. Wellhausen, E.; Roberts, L.M.; Hernández, E. Races of Maize in Mexico: Their Origin, Characteristics and Distribution; Bussey Institute, Harvard University: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1952; p. 223.
70. Mera, L.M. Diversificación y distribución reciente del maíz en México. In Origen y Diversificación del Maíz: Una Revisión Analítica, Kato, T.A., Mapes, C., Mera, L.M., Serratos, J.A., Bye, R.A., Eds.; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad: México City, Mexico, 2009; pp. 69-81.
71. Hernández, E.; Alanís, G. Estudio morfológico de cinco nuevas razas de maíz de la Sierra Madre Occidental de México: Implicaciones citogenéticas y filogenéticas. Agrociencia 1970, 5, 3-30.
72. Doebley, J. Molecular evidence and the evolution of maize. Econ. Bot. 1990, 44, 6-27.
73. Benz, B.F. Diversidad y distribución prehispánica del maíz mexicano. Arqueología Mexicana 1997, 5, 17-23.
74. Bird, R.M. Maize evolution from 500 B.C. to the present. Biotropica 1980, 12, 30-41.
75. Louette, D.; Charrier, A.; Berthaud, J. In situ conservation of maize in Mexico: Genetic diversity and maize seed management in a traditional community. Econ. Bot. 1997, 51, 20-38.
76. Berthaud, J.; Pressoir, G.; Ramírez-Corona, F.; Bellon, M.R. Farmers management of maize landrace diversity. A case study in Oaxaca and beyond. In Proceedings of The Seventh International Symposium on the Biosafety of Genetically Modified Organisms, Beijing, China, 10-16 October 2002; International Society for Biosafety Research, China National Center for Biotechnology Development: Beijing, China, 2002; pp. 79-88.
77. Pressoir, G.; Berthaud, J. Patterns of population structure in maize landraces from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca in Mexico. Heredity 2004, 92, 88-94.
78. Pressoir, G.; Berthaud, J. Population structure and strong divergent selection shape phenotypic diversification in maize landraces. Heredity 2004, 92, 95-101.
79. Benz, B.F.; Perales, H.R.; Brush, S.B. Tzeltal and Tzotzil farmer knowledge and maize diversity in Chiapas, Mexico. Curr. Anthropol. 2007, 48, 289-300.
80. Bellon, M.R.; Brush, S.B. Keepers of maize in Chiapas, Mexico. Econ. Bot. 1994, 48, 196-209.
81. Louette, D.; Smale, M. Farmers' seed selection practices and traditional maize varieties in Cuzalapa, Mexico. Euphytica 2000, 113, 24-41.
82. Dyer, G.A.; Taylor, J.E. A crop population perspective on maize seed systems in Mexico. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 470-475.
83. Patal, F.; García, P.O.; Espantzay, C. Rujunamaxik ri Kaqchikel Chi'. Variación Dialectal en Kaqchikel; Cholsamaj: Antigua, Guatemala, 2000.
84. Bellon, M.R.; Hodson, D.; Hellinc, J. Assessing the vulnerability of traditional maize seed systems in Mexico to climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, doi:10.1073/pnas.1103373108.
85. Polanyi, K. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time; Beacon Press: Boston, MA, USA, 1944.
86. Laville, J.-L. Granovetter et la nouvelle sociologie économique. In Sociologie Economique, Granovetter, M., Ed.; Le Seuil: Paris, France, 2008; pp. 11-32.
87. Granovetter, M. A Theoretical agenda for economic sociology. In The New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field; Guillen, M., Collins, R., England, P., Meyer, M., Eds.; Russell Sage Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 2002; pp. 35-60.
88. Granovetter, M. The strength of weak ties. Am. J. Sociol. 1973, 78, 1360-1380.
89. Longley, C. A social life of seeds: Local management of crop variability in North-Western Sierra Leone. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of London, London, UK, 2000.
90. Barth, F. Ethnic groups and Boundaries; Little, Brown & Co: Boston, MA, USA, 1969.
91. Murdock, G.P.; White, D.R. Standard Cross-Cultural Sample; On-line edition; Working Papers Series; Social Dynamics and Complexity, Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine: Irvine, CA, USA, 2006; pp. 329-369. Available online: http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/SCCS1969.pdf (accessed on 1 November 2011).
92. Korotayev, A. Form of marriage, sexual division of labor, and postmarital residence in cross-cultural perspective: A reconsideration. J. Anthropol. Res. 2003, 59, 69-89.
93. Holden, C.; Mace, R. Spread of cattle led to the loss of matrilineal descent in Africa: A coevolutionary analysis. Proc. R. Soc. B 2003, 270, 2425-2433.
94. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.; Feldman, M. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1981.
95. Mace, R.; Holden, C.J. A phylogenetic approach to cultural evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005, 20, 116-121.
96. Holden, C. Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across Sub-saharan Africa: A maximum parsimony analysis. Proc. R. Soc. B 2002, 269, 793-799.
97. Gray, R.D.; Greenhill, S.J.; Ross, R.M. The pleasures and perils of Darwinizing culture (with phylogenies). Biol. Theory 2007, 2, 360-375.
98. Grimes, B.F. Ethnologue; SIL International: Dallas, TX, USA, 2000.
99. Hewlett, B.S.; Silvestri, A.D.; Guglielmino, C.R. Semes and genes in Africa. Curr. Anthropol. 2002, 43, 313-321.
100. Steward, J.H. Theory of Culture Change, the Methodology of Multilinear Evolution; University of Illinois Press: Urbana, IL, USA, 1955.
101. Reyes-García, V.; Broesch, J.; Calvet-Mir, L.; Fuentes-Peláez, N.; McDade, T.W.; Parsa, S.; Tanner, S.; Huanca, T.; Leonard, W.R.; Martínez-Rodríguez, M. Cultural transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge and skills: An empirical analysis from an Amerindian society. Evol. Hum. Behav. 2009, 30, 274-585.
102. Lozada, M.; Ladio, A.; Weigandt, M. Cultural transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge in a rural community of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Econ. Bot. 2006, 60, 374-385.
103. Ohmagari, K.; Berkes, F. Transmission of indigenous knowledge and bush skills among the Western James Bay Cree women of Subartic Canada. Hum. Ecol. 1977, 25, 197-222.
104. Hewlett, B.S.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. Cultural transmission among Aka Pygmies. Am. Anthropol. 1986, 88, 922-934.
105. Jarvis, D.I.; Brown, A.H.D.; Cuong, P.H.; Collado-Panduro, L.; Latournerie-Moreno, L.; Gyawali, S.; Tanto, T.; Sawadogo, M.; Mar, I.; Sadiki, M.; et al. A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop-variety diversity maintained by farming communities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 5326-5331.
106. Romney, A.K.; Weller, S.C.; Batchelder, W.H. Culture as consensus: A theory of culture and informant accuracy. Am. Anthropol. 1986, 88, 313-338.
107. Reyes-García, V.; Martí, N.; McDade, T.; Tanner, S.; Vadez, V. Concepts and methods in studies measuring individual ethnobotanical knowledge. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2007, 27, 182-203.
108. Boster, J.S. Selection of perceptual distinctiveness: Evidence from Aguaruna cultivars of Manihot esculenta. Econ. Bot. 1985, 39, 310-325.
109. Duputié, A.; Massol, F.; David, P.; Haxaire, C.; McKey, D. Traditional Amerindian cultivators combine directional and ideotypic selection for sustainable management of cassava genetic diversity. J. Evol. Biol. 2009, 22, 1317-1325.
110. Berlin, B. Folk systematics in relation to biological classification and nomenclature. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1973, 4, 259-271.
111. Berlin, B.; Breedlove, D.E.; Raven, P.H. The Principles of Tzeltal Plant Classification; Academic Press: New-York, NY, USA, London, UK, 1974.
112. Berlin, B.; Breedlove, D.E.; Raven, P.H. General principles of classification and nomenclature in folk biology. Am. Anthropol. 1973, 75, 214-242.
113. Martin, M.A. L'ethnobotanique, science per se? A propos d'un livre de B. Berlin, D.E. Breedlove, P.H. Raven "The principles of Tzeltal plant classification". J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 1975, 22, 237-276.
114. Bourdeix, R.; Leclerc, C.; Thampan, P.H.; Baudouin, L.; Joly, H.I. Modern and natural coconut hybrids in southern India: Natural, technical and social facts. J. Ethnobiol. 2008, 28, 39-54.
115. Haudricourt, A.G. Nature et culture dans la civilisation de l'igname: L'origine des clones et des clans. Homme 1964, 4, 93-104.
116. Nuijten, E.; Almekinders, C.J.M. Mechanisms explaining variety naming by farmers and name consistency of rice varieties in the Gambia. Econ. Bot. 2008, 62, 148-160.
117. Almekinders, C.J.M.; Louwaars, N.P.; Bruijn, G.H. Local seed systems and their importance for an improved seed supply in developing contries. Euphytica 1994, 78, 207-216.
118. Mauss, M. Essai sur le don, forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques. In Sociologie et Anthropologie; Mauss, M., Ed.; Presses Universitaires de France: Paris, France, 1950; pp. 143-279.
119. Delaunay, S.; Tescar, R.-P.; Oualbego, A.; Vom Brocke, K.; Lançon, J. La culture du coton ne bouleverse pas les échanges traditionnels de semences de sorghos. Cah. Agric. 2008, 17, 189-194.
120. Smale, M.; Aguirre, A.; Bellon, M.R.; Mendoza, J.; Rosas, I.M. Farmer Management of Maize Diversity in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico; CIMMYT/INIFAP: Mexico D.F., Mexico, 1999.
121. Badstue, L.B.; Bellon, M.R.; Berthaud, J.; Juárez, X.; Rosas, I.M.; Solano, A.M.; Ramírez, A. Examining the role of collective action in an informal seed system: A case study from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Hum. Ecol. 2006, 34, 249-273.
122. McGuire, S.J. Vulnerability in farmer seed systems: farmer practices for coping with seed insecurity for sorghum in Eastern Ethiopia. Econ. Bot. 2007, 616, 211-222.
123. Janssen, W. Bean Seed Supply Systems for Small Farmers: The Need for Primary Data in Institutional Design; CIAT: Cali, Colombia, 1989.
124. Philippson, G.; Bahuchet, S. Cultivated crops and bantu migrations in Central and Eastern Africa: A Linguistic Approach. In The Growth of Farming Communities in Africa from the Equator Southwards, Sutton, J., Ed.; British Institute in Eastern Africa: Nairobi, Kenya, 1994; pp. 103-120.
125. Zerega, N.J.C.; Ragon, D.; Motley, T.J. Complex origins of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae): Implications for human migrations in Oceania. Am. J. Bot. 2004, 91, 760-766.
126. Perrier, X.; de Langhe, E.; Donohue, M.; Lentfer, C.; Vrydaghs, L.; Bakry, F.; Carreel, F.; Hippolyte, I.; Horry, J.-P.; Jenny, C.; et al. Multidisciplinary perspectives on banana (Musa spp.) domestication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 11311-11318.
127. Hanotte, O.; Bradley, D.G.; Ochieng, J.W.; Verjee, Y.; Hill, E.W.; Rege, J.E.O. African pastoralism: Genetic imprints of origins and migrations. Science 2002, 296, 336-339.
128. Cymbron, T.; Freeman, A.R.; Malheiro, M.I.; Vigne, J.-D.; Bradley, D.G. Microsatellite diversity suggests different histories for Mediterranean and Northern European cattle populations. Proc. R. Soc. B 2005, 272, 1837-1843.
129. Zeder, M.A.; Emshwiller, E.; Smith, B.D.; Bradley, D.G. Documenting domestication: The intersection of genetics and archeology. Trends Genet. 2006, 22, 139-155.
130. Maffi, L. Linguistic, cultural, and biological diversity. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2005, 34, 599-617.
131. Saussure De, F. Cours de Linguistique Générale; Grande Bibliotèque Payot: Paris, France, 1916.
132. Sagnard, F.; Barnaud, A.; Deu, M.; Barro, C.; Luce, C.; Billot, C.; Rami, J.-F.; Bouchet, S.; Dambele, D.; Pomies, V.; et al. Analyse multiéchelle de la diversité génétique des sorghos: Compréhension des processus évolutifs pour la conservation in-situ. Cah. Agric. 2008, 17, 114-121.