Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and suicide in veterans

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 92-97

  Sher, Leo ^a   Braquehais, María Dolores ^b   Casas, Miquel ^b  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEPRESSION; HUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE; VETERANS HEALTH;

DEPRESSION; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE; VETERANS HEALTH;

EID: 84859219469     PISSN: 08911150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.79a.11069     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Mann JJ. Searching for triggers of suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:395-397.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline For The Assessment and Treatment of Patients with Suicidal Behaviors. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2003.
3. Beck AT, Brown GK, Steer RA, Dahlsgaard KK, Grisham JR. Suicide ideation at its worst point: a predictor of eventual suicide in psychiatric outpatients. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1999; 29:1-9.
4. Beck AT, Steer RA, Kovacs M, Garrison B. Hopelessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:559-563.
5. Reinherz HZ, Tanner JL, Berger SR, Beardslee WR, Fitzmaurice GM. Adolescent suicidal ideation as predictive of psychopathology, suicidal behavior, and compromised functioning at age 30. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1226-1232.
6. Vilhjalmsson R, Kristjansdottir G, Sveinbjarnardottir E. Factors associated with suicide ideation in adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998; 33:97-103.
7. Miotto P, De Coppi M, Frezza M, Petretto D, Masala C, Preti A. Suicidal ideation and aggressiveness in school-aged youths. Psychiatry Res 2003; 120:247-255.
8. De Man AF, Leduc CP. Suicidal ideation in high school students: depression and other correlates. J Clin Psychol 1995; 51:173-181.
9. Chioqueta AP, Stiles TC. The relationship between psychological buffers, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation: identification of protective factors. Crisis 2007; 28:67-73.
10. Hatcher-Kay C, King CA. Depression and suicide. Pediatr Rev 2003; 24:363- 371.
11. Brown GK, Beck AT, Steer RA, Grisham JR. Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: a 20-year prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68:371-377.
12. Fawcett J, Scheftner WA, Fogg L, et al. Time-related predictors of suicide in major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:1189-1194.
13. Bulik CM, Carpenter LL, Kupfer DJ, Frank E. Features associated with suicide attempts in recurrent major depression. J Affect Disord 1990; 18:29-37.
14. Drake RE, Gates C, Cotton PG, Whitaker A. Suicide among schizophrenics. Who is at risk? J Nerv Ment Dis 1984; 172:613-617.
15. Oquendo MA, Galfalvy H, Russo S, et al. Prospective study of clinical predictors of suicidal acts after a major depressive episode in patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1433- 1441.
16. Mann JJ, Ellis SP, Waternaux CM, et al. Classification trees distinguish suicide attempters in major psychiatric disorders: a model of clinical decision making. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:23-31.
17. Galfalvy HC, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. Evaluation of clinical prognostic models for suicide attempts after a major depressive episode. Acta PsychiatrScand 2008; 117:244-252.
18. Crosby AE, Cheltenham MP, Sacks JJ. Incidence of suicidal ideation and behavior in the United States, 1994. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1999; 29:131-140.
19. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, et al. Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in nine countries. Psychol Med 1999; 29:9-17.
20. Kessler RC, Borges G, Walters EE. Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:617-626.
21. Bernal M, Haro JM, Bernert S, et al. ESEMED/MHEDEA Investigators. Risk factors for suicidality in Europe: results from the ESEMED study. J Affect Disord 2007; 101:27-34.
22. Selby EA, Anestis MD, Bender TW, et al. Overcoming the fear of lethal injury: evaluating suicidal behavior in the military through the lens of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:298-307.
23. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980:236-238.
24. Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Bernardy NC. Research on posttraumatic stress disorder: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and assessment. J Clin Psychol 2002; 58:877-889.
25. Saigh PA, Bremner JD. The history of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Saigh PA, Bremner JD, eds. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. A Comprehensive Text. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 1999:1-17.
26. Hageman I, Andersen HS, Jørgensen MB. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of psychobiology and pharmacotherapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104:411-422.
27. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Text Revision. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000:463-468.
28. Sher L, Yehuda R. Preventing suicide among returning combat veterans: a moral imperative. Mil Med 2011; 176:601-602.
29. Davidson JR, Hughes D, Blazer DG, George LK. Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: an epidemiological study. Psychol Med 1991; 21:713-721.
30. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:1048-1060.
31. Sher L. Recognizing post-traumatic stress disorder. QJM 2004; 97:1-5.
32. Kaplan GB, Vasterling JJ, Vedak PC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and their comorbid conditions: role in pathogenesis and treatment. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:427-437.
33. Taubman-Ben-Ari O, Rabinowitz J, Feldman D, Vaturi R. Post-traumatic stress disorder in primary-care settings: prevalence and physicians' detection. Psychol Med 2001; 31:555-560.
34. Tanielian T, Jaycox LH, editors. Invisible Wounds of War. Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2008.
35. Spooner MH. Suicide claiming more British Falkland veterans than fighting did. CMAJ 2002; 166:1453.
36. Kapur N, While D, Blatchley N, Bray I, Harrison K. Suicide after leaving the UK armed forces-a cohort study. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e26.
37. A brief history of the Falklands Islands. Part 7- The 1982 War and Beyond. http://www.falklands.info/history/history7.html. Accessed January 5, 2012.
38. Sher L, Vilens A, editors. War and Suicide. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2009.
39. Kaplan MS, McFarland BH, Huguet N. Firearm suicide among veterans in the general population: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. J Trauma 2009; 67:503-507.
40. Jakupcak M, Cook J, Imel Z, Fontana A, Rosenheck R, McFall M. Posttraumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. J Trauma Stress 2009; 22:303-306.
41. Tarrier N, Gregg L. Suicide risk in civilian PTSD patients-predictors of suicidal ideation, planning and attempts. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004; 39:655-661.
42. Bell JB, Nye EC. Specific symptoms predict suicidal ideation in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil Med 2007; 172:1144-1147.
43. Kramer TL, Lindy JD, Green BL, Grace MC, Leonard AC. The comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidality in Vietnam veterans. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1994; 24:58-67.
44. Ferrada-Noli M, Asberg M, Ormstad K. Suicidal behavior after severe trauma. Part 2: The association between methods of torture and of suicidal ideation in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11:113-124.
45. Tiet QQ, Finney JW, Moos RH. Recent sexual abuse, physical abuse, and suicide attempts among male veterans seeking psychiatric treatment. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57:107-113.
46. Pietrzak RH, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Rivers AJ, Johnson DC, Southwick SM. Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. J Affect Disord 2010; 123:102-107.
47. Guerra VS, Calhoun PS; Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center Workgroup. Examining the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation in an OEF/OIF veteran sample. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:12-18.
48. Maguen S, Luxton DD, Skopp NA, et al. Killing in combat, mental health symptoms, and suicidal ideation in Iraq war veterans. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:563-567.
49. Jakupcak M, Hoerster KD, Varra A, Vannoy S, Felker B, Hunt S. Hopelessness and suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans reporting subthreshold and threshold posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2011; 199:272-275.
50. Lemaire CM, Graham DP. Factors associated with suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF veterans. J Affect Disord 2011; 130:231-238.
51. Sher L. The concept of post-traumatic mood disorder. Med Hypotheses 2005; 65:205-210.
52. Sher L. Suicide in war veterans: the role of comorbidity of PTSD and depression. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9:921-923.
53. Blank AS Jr. Clinical detection, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1994; 17:351-383.
54. Denneson LM, Basham C, Dickinson KC, et al. Suicide risk assessment and content of VA health care contacts before suicide completion by veterans in Oregon. Psychiatr Serv 2010; 61:1192-1197.
55. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Mental Health. Suicide Prevention. http://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/suicide_prevention. Accessed December 8, 2011.
56. Gliatto MF, Rai AK. Evaluation and treatment of patients with suicidal ideation. Am Fam Physician 1999; 59:1500-1506.
57. Sher L, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. Risk of suicide in mood disorders. Clin Neurosci Res 2001; 1:337-344.
58. Oquendo MA, Currier D, Mann JJ. Prospective studies of suicidal behavior in major depressive and bipolar disorders: what is the evidence for predictive risk factors? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 114:151-158.
59. Sher L. Alcoholism and suicidal behavior: a clinical overview. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006; 113:13-22.
60. Moscicki EK. Identification of suicide risk factors using epidemiologic studies. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1997; 20:499-517.
61. Goldman HH. Review of General Psychiatry, 5th ed. New York, NY: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill; 2000.
62. Hendin H, Haas AP. Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:586-591.
63. Henning KR, Frueh BC. Combat guilt and its relationship to PTSD symptoms. J Clin Psychol 1997; 53:801-808.
64. Marx BP, Foley KM, Feinstein BA, Wolf EJ, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM. Combat-related guilt mediates the relations between exposure to combatrelated abusive violence and psychiatric diagnoses. Depress Anxiety 2010; 27:287-293.
65. Hetrick SE, Purcell R, Garner B, Parslow R. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (7):CD007316.
66. Brent DA, Oquendo M, Birmaher B, et al. Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: risk for suicidal behavior in offspring of mood-disordered suicide attempters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:801-807.
67. Australian Department of Health and Ageing. Fact sheet 6: Resilience, vulnerability, and suicide prevention. Living is for Everyone (LIFE) fact sheets. www. livingisforeveryone.com.au/LIFE-Fact-sheets.html. Accessed December 8, 2011.