Posttraumatic stress and worry as mediators and moderators between political stressors and emotional and behavioral disorders in Palestinian children

International Journal of Psychology

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 133-141

  Khamis, Vivian ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

Emotional and behavioral disorders; Palestinian children; Political stressors; Posttraumatic stress; War; Worry

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARAB; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD; COGNITIVE THERAPY; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE EAST; PERSONALITY TEST; POLITICS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; ARABS; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE EAST; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; POLITICS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84859183652     PISSN: 00207594     EISSN: 1464066X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2011.598524     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Aiken, LS and West, SG. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. Almqvist, K and Broberg, AG. 1999. Mental health and social adjustment in young refugee children 31/2 years after their arrival in Sweden. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38: 723-730.
3. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th, Washington, DC: APA.
4. Baron, RM and Kenny, DA. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51: 1173-1182.
5. Borkovec, TD and Costello, E. 1993. Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61: 611-619.
6. Borkovec, TD and Newman, MG. 1999. "Worry and generalized anxiety disorder". In Comprehensive clinical psychology: Vol. 4. Adults: Clinical formulation and treatment, Edited by: Salkovskis, P. 439-459. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
7. Breslau, N, Davis, GC, Peterson, EL and Schultz, LR. 2000. A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: The posttraumatic stress disorder-major depression connection. Biological Psychiatry, 48: 902-909.
8. Consortium CATS. 2007. Implementing CBT for traumatized children and adolescents after September 11: Lessons learned from the Child and Adolescent Trauma Treatments and Services (CATS) Project. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36: 581-592.
9. Cloitre, M, Stolbach, B, Herman, J, van der Kolk, B, Pynoos, RWang, J. 2009. A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22: 399-408.
10. Diefenbach, G, McCarthy-Larzelere, M, Williamson, D, Mathews, A, Manguno-Mire, G and Bentz, B. 2001. Anxiety, depression and the content of worries. Depression and Anxiety, 14: 247-250.
11. Dorahy, MJ, Corry, M, Shannon, M, MacSherry, A, Hamilton, GMcRobert, G. 2009. Complex PTSD, interpersonal trauma and relational consequences: Findings from a treatment-receiving Northern Irish sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 112: 71-80.
12. Dugas, MJ, Freeston, MH and Ladouceur, R. 1997. Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21: 593-606.
13. Elbedour, S, Onwuegbuzie, AJ, Ghannamc, J, Whitcome, J and Abu Hein, F. 2007. Post- traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among Gaza Strip adolescents in the wake of the second uprising (Intifada). Child Abuse & Neglect, 31: 719-729.
14. Garmezy, N and Rutter, M. 1985. "Acute reactions to stress". In Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches, 2nd, Edited by: Rutter, M and Hersov, L. 152-176. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
15. Gilbertson, MW, Gurvits, TV, Lasko, NB, Orr, SP and Pitman, RK. 2001. Multivariate assessment of explicit memory function in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14: 413-432.
16. Goodman, R. 1997. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38: 581-586.
17. Grych, JH, Jouriles, EN, Swank, PR, McDonald, R and Norwood, WD. 2000. Patterns of adjustment among children of battered women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68: 84-94.
18. Hoagwood, KE, Vogel, JM, Levitt, JM, D'Amico, PJ, Paisner, WIKaplan, SJ. 2007. Implementing an evidence-based trauma treatment in a state system after September 11: The CATS Project. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46: 773-779.
19. Horowitz, MJ, Wilner, N and Alvarez, W. 1979. Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychometric Medicine, 41: 207-218.
20. Johansson, P and Høglend, P. 2007. Identifying mechanisms of change in psychotherapy: Mediators of treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14: 1-9.
21. Khamis, V. 1993a. Victims of the intifada: The psychosocial adjustment of the injured. Behavioral Medicine, 19: 93-101.
22. Khamis, V. 1993b. Post-traumatic stress disorder among the injured of the intifada. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6: 555-559.
23. Khamis, V. 1998. Psychological distress and well-being among traumatized Palestinian women during the intifada. Social Science and Medicine, 46: 1033-1041.
24. Khamis, V. 2000. Political violence and the Palestinian family: Implications for mental health and well-being, New York, NY: Haworth Press.
25. Khamis, V. 2005. Posttraumatic stress disorder among school-age Palestinian children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29: 81-95.
26. Khamis, V. 2008. Post-traumatic stress and psychiatric disorders in Palestinian adolescents following intifada-related injuries. Social Science and Medicine, 67: 1199-1207.
27. Kivisto, A, Moore, T, Elkins, S and Rhatigan, D. 2009. The effects of PTSD symptomatology on laboratory-based aggression. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22: 344-347.
28. Ladouceur, R, Dugas, M, Freeston, M, Leger, E, Gagnon, F and Thibodeau, N. 2000. Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68: 957-964.
29. Litz, BT, Gray, MJ, Bryant, RA and Adler, AB. 2002. Early intervention for trauma: Current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9: 112-134.
30. Malmquist, CP. 1986. Children who witness parental murder: Posttraumatic aspects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25: 320-325.
31. Masten, A. 2001. Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56: 227-238.
32. Mathews, A. 1990. Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28: 455-468.
33. McNally, R, Bryant, R and Ehlers, A. 2003. Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4: 45-79.
34. Meewisse, ML, Nijdam, M, de Vries, G, Gersons, B, Kleber, Rvan der Velden, P. 2005. Disaster-related posttraumatic stress symptoms and sustained attention: Evaluation of depressive symptomatology and sleep disturbances as mediators. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4: 299-302.
35. Meyer, TJ, Miller, ML, Metzger, RL and Borkovec, TD. 1990. Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28: 487-495.
36. Muris, P, Meesters, C and Gobel, M. 2001. Reliability, validity, and normative data of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in 8-12 yr. old children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 32: 63-72.
37. Sachinvala, N, Von Scotti, H, McGuire, M, Fairbanks, L, Bakst, KMcGuire, M. 2000. Memory, attention, function, and mood among patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188: 818-823.
38. Taft, CT, Kaloupek, DG, Schumm, JA, Marshall, AD, Panuzio, JKing, DW. 2007. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, physiological reactivity, alcohol problems, and aggression among military veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116: 498-507.
39. Thabet, A, Abed, Y and Vostanis, P. 2002. Emotional problems in Palestinian children living in a war zone: A cross sectional study. Lancet, 359: 1801-1804.
40. Thabet, A, Abed, Y and Vostanis, P. 2004. Comorbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45: 533-542.
41. Vasterling, JJ, Duke, LM, Brailey, K, Constans, JI, Allain, AN Jr and Sutker, PB. 2002. Attention, learning, and memory performances and intellectual resources in Vietnam veterans: PTSD and no disorder comparisons. Neuropsychology, 16: 5-14.
42. Wells, A and Matthews, G. 1994. Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective, Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
43. Yates, TM, Dodds, MF, Sroufe, A and Egeland, B. 2003. Exposure to partner violence and child behavior problems: A prospective study controlling for child physical abuse and neglect, child cognitive ability, socioeconomic status, and life stress. Development and Psychopathology, 15: 199-218.
44. Yιlmaz, E, Genzos, T and Wells, A. 2008. Psychometric characteristics of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 and metacognitive predictors of worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a Turkish sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15: 424-439.
45. Yule, W. 1994. "Posttraumatic stress disorder". In International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, Edited by: Ollendick, TH, King, N and Yule, W. 223-240. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
46. Zilberg, NJ, Weiss, DS and Horowitz, MJ. 1982. Impact of Event Scale: A cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(3): 407-414.