Elevated foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopic composition during the last ice age in the South China Sea and its global and regional implications

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Ren, Haojia ^a,b   Sigman, Daniel M ^a   Chen, Min Te ^c   Kao, Shuh Ji ^d  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

^c NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d RESEARCH CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEGLACIAL; EAST ASIAN MONSOON; HOLOCENES; ICE AGE; NITROGEN ISOTOPIC; SOUTH CHINA SEA;

NITROGEN FIXATION; STREAM FLOW;

GLACIAL GEOLOGY;

FORAMINIFERA; GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLE; HOLOCENE; HYDROGRAPHY; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; NITROGEN ISOTOPE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PLEISTOCENE; SURFACE WATER;

CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; PACIFIC OCEAN; SOUTH CHINA SEA;

FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 84859142744     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010GB004020     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Alley, R. B., P. A. Mayewski, T. Sowers, M. Stuiver, K. C. Taylor, and P. U. Clark (1997), Holocene climatic instability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago, Geology, 25(6), 483-486, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)0252.3.CO;2.
2. Altabet, M. A. (1988), Variations in nitrogen isotopic composition between sinking and suspended particles: Implications for nitrogen cycling and particle transformation in the open ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 35(4), 535-554.
3. Altabet, M. A., and R. Francois (1994), Sedimentary nitrogen isotopic ratio as a recorder for surface ocean nitrate utilization, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8(1), 103-116, doi:10.1029/93GB03396. (Pubitemid 24403288)
4. Altabet, M. A., R. Francois, D. W. Murray, and W. L. Prell (1995), Climate-related variations in denitrification in the Arabian Sea from sediment 15N/14N ratios, Nature, 373, 506-509, doi:10.1038/373506a0.
5. Altabet, M. A., C. Pilskaln, R. Thunell, C. Pride, D. Sigman, F. Chavez, and R. Francois (1999), The nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of sinking particles from the margin of the eastern North Pacific, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46, 655-679, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00084-3. (Pubitemid 29147683)
6. Altabet, M. A., M. J. Higginson, and D. W. Murray (2002), The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2, Nature, 415(6868), 159-162, doi:10.1038/415159a. (Pubitemid 34059514)
7. Bassinot, F. C., L. D. Labeyrie, E. Vincent, X. Quidelleur, N. J. Shackleton, and Y. Lancelot (1994), The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes Matuyama magnetic reversal, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 126, 91-108, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(94)90244-5.
8. Braman, R. S., and S. A. Hendrix (1989), Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in environmental and biological materials by V(III) reduction with chemiluminescence detection, Anal. Chem., 61, 2715-2718, doi:10.1021/ ac00199a007. (Pubitemid 20065839)
9. Brandes, J. A., and A. H. Devol (2002), A global marine-fixed nitrogen iso-topic budget: Implications for Holocene nitrogen cycling, Global Biogeo-chem. Cycles, 16(4), 1120, doi:10.1029/2001GB001856.
10. Broecker, W. S. (1982), Glacial to interglacial changes in ocean chemistry, Prog. Oceanogr., 11, 151-197, doi:10.1016/0079-6611(82)90007-6.
11. Broecker, W. S., and G. M. Henderson (1998), The sequence of events surrounding Termination II and their implications for the cause of glacial-interglacial CO2 changes, Paleoceanography, 13(4), 352-364, doi:10.1029/98PA00920. (Pubitemid 128500739)
12. Broecker, W. S., et al. (1988), Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon measurements on marine carbonate samples from deep sea cores and sediment traps, Radiocarbon, 30(3), 261-295.
13. Broecker, W. S., T. H. Peng, S. Trumbore, G. Bonani, and W. Wolfli (1990), The distribution of radiocarbon in the glacial ocean, Global Bio-geochem. Cycles, 4(1), 103-117, doi:10.1029/GB004i001p00103.
14. Brunelle, B. G., D. M. Sigman, M. S. Cook, L. D. Keigwin, G. H. Haug, B. Plessen, G. Schettler, and S. L. Jaccard (2007), Evidence from diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes for subarctic Pacific stratification during the last ice age and a link to North Pacific denitrification changes, Paleoceano-graphy, 22, PA1215, doi:10.1029/2005PA001205. (Pubitemid 46838520)
15. Capone, D. G., J. P. Zehr, H. W. Paerl, B. Bergman, and F. J. Carpenter (1997), Trichodesmium, a globally significant marine cyanobacterium, Science, 276, 1221-1229, doi:10.1126/science.276.5316.1221. (Pubitemid 27227353)
16. Carpenter, E. J., and C. C. Price (1977), Nitrogen fixation, distribution, and production of Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) spp. in western Sargassso and Caribbean Seas, Limnol. Oceanogr., 22(1), 60-72, doi:10.4319/lo.1977.22.1.0060.
17. Casciotti, K. L., D. M. Sigman, M. G. Hastings, J. K. Bohlke, and A. Hilkert (2002), Measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in seawater and freshwater using the denitrifier method, Anal. Chem., 74(19), 4905-4912, doi:10.1021/ac020113w.
18. Chen, C.-T. A., S.-L. Wang, B.-J. Wang, and S.-C. Pai (2001), Nutrient budgets for the South China Sea basin, Mar. Chem., 75, 281-300, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00041-X. (Pubitemid 32818239)
19. Chen, C.-T. A., W.-P. Hou, T. Gamo, and S. L. Wang (2006), Carbonate-related parameters of subsurface waters in the West Philippine, South China and Sulu Seas, Mar. Chem., 99, 151-161, doi:10.1016/j. marchem.2005.05.008. (Pubitemid 43255543)
20. Chen, M.-T., L. Beaufort, and Shipboard Scientific Party of IMAGES III/MD106-IPHIS Cruise (Leg II) (1998), Exploring quaternary variability of the East Asia monsoon, Kuroshio current, and Western Pacific Warm Pool systems: High-resolution investigations of paleoceanography from the IMAGES III (MD106)-IPHIS Cruise, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 9(1), 129-142.
21. Chen, Y.-L. L. (2005), Spatial and seasonal variations of nitrate-based new production and primary production in the South China Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 52, 319-340, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2004.11.001. (Pubitemid 40427944)
22. Chen, Y.-L. L., H.-Y. Chen, and Y.-H. Lin (2003), Distribution and downward flux of Trichodesmium in the South China Sea as influenced by the transport from the Kuroshio Current, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 259, 47-57, doi:10.3354/meps259047. (Pubitemid 37245172)
23. Chen, Y.-L. L., H.-Y. Chen, D. M. Karl, and M. Takahashi (2004), Nitrogen modulates phytoplankton growth in spring in the South China Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 24, 527-541, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2003.12.006. (Pubitemid 38307977)
24. Chen, Y.-L. L., H.-Y. Chen, S.-H. Tuo, and K. Ohki (2008), Seasonal dynamics of new production from Trichodesmium N2 fixation and nitrate uptake in the upstream Kuroshio and South China Sea basin, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53(5), 1705-1721, doi:10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1705.
25. Christensen, J. P. (1994), Carbon export from continental shelves, denitrifi-cation and atmospheric carbon dioxide, Cont. Shelf Res., 14, 547-576, doi:10.1016/0278-4343(94)90103-1.
26. De Pol-Holz, R., O. Ulloa, L. Dezileau, J. Kaiser, F. Lamy, and D. Hebbeln (2006), Melting of the Patagonian Ice Sheet and deglacial perturbations of the nitrogen cycle in the eastern South Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04704, doi:10.1029/2005GL024477.
27. De Pol-Holz, R., O. Ulloa, F. Lamy, L. Dezileau, P. Sabatier, and D. Hebbeln (2007), Late Quaternary variability of sedimentary nitrogen isotopes in the eastern South Pacific Ocean, Paleoceanography, 22, PA2207, doi:10.1029/2006PA001308. (Pubitemid 47323985)
28. Deutsch, C., D. M. Sigman, R. C. Thunell, N. Meckler, and G. H. Haug (2004), Stable isotope constraints on the glacial/interglacial oceanic nitrogen budget, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4012, doi:10.1029/2003GB002189. (Pubitemid 40440574)
29. Deutsch, C., J. L. Sarmiento, D. M. Sigman, N. Gruber, and J. P. Dunne (2007), Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean, Nature, 445(7124), 163-167, doi:10.1038/nature05392. (Pubitemid 46095715)
30. Duce, R. A., and N. W. Tindale (1991), Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36(8), 1715-1726, doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1715. (Pubitemid 23374788)
31. Dugdale, R. C., and J. J. Goering (1967), Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity, Limnol. Oceanogr., 12(2), 196-206, doi:10.4319/lo.1967.12.2.0196.
32. Dykoski, C. A., R. L. Edwards, H. Cheng, D. X. Yuan, Y. J. Cai, M. L. Zhang, Y. S. Lin, J. M. Qing, Z. S. An, and J. Revenaugh (2005), A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 233, 71-86, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2005.01.036.
33. Emmer, E., and R. C. Thunell (2000), Nitrogen isotope variations in Santa Barbara Basin sediments: Implications for denitrification in the eastern tropical North Pacific during the last 50,000 years, Paleoceanography, 15(4), 377-387, doi:10.1029/1999PA000417. (Pubitemid 32300483)
34. Falkowski, P. G. (1997), Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean, Nature, 387(6630), 272-275, doi:10.1038/387272a0. (Pubitemid 27220759)
35. Galbraith, E. D., M. Kienast, S. L. Jaccard, T. F. Pedersen, B. G. Brunelle, D. M. Sigman, and T. Kiefer (2008), Consistent relationship between global climate and surface nitrate utilization in the western subarctic Pacific throughout the last 500 ka, Paleoceanography, 23, PA2212, doi:10.1029/ 2007PA001518.
36. Ganeshram, R. S., T. F. Pedersen, S. E. Calvert, and J. W. Murray (1995), Large changes in oceanic nutrient inventories from glacial to interglacial periods, Nature, 376, 755-758, doi:10.1038/376755a0. (Pubitemid 26438598)
37. Ganeshram, R. S., T. F. Pedersen, S. E. Calvert, G. W. McNeill, and M. R. Fontugne (2000), Glacial-interglacial variability in denitrification in the world's oceans: Causes and consequences, Paleoceanography, 15(4), 361-376, doi:10.1029/1999PA000422. (Pubitemid 32300482)
38. Ganeshram, R. S., T. F. Pedersen, S. E. Calvert, and R. Francois (2002), Reduced nitrogen fixation in the glacial ocean inferred from changes in marine nitrogen and phosphorus inventories, Nature, 415, 156-159, doi:10.1038/415156a. (Pubitemid 34059513)
39. Gaye, B., M. G. Wiesner, and N. Lahajnar (2009), Nitrogen sources in the South China Sea, as discerned from stable nitrogen isotopic ratios in rivers, sinking particles, and sediments, Mar. Chem., 114, 72-85, doi:10.1016/j.marchem. 2009.04.003.
40. Haug, G. H., T. F. Pedersen, D. M. Sigman, S. E. Calvert, B. Nielsen, and L. C. Peterson (1998), Glacial/interglacial variations in production and nitrogen fixation in the Cariaco Basin during the last 580 kyr, Paleocea-nography, 13, 427-432, doi:10.1029/98PA01976. (Pubitemid 29097062)
41. Higginson, M. J., J. R. Maxwell, and M. A. Altabet (2003), Nitrogen isotope and chlorin paleoproductivity records from the Northern South China Sea: Remote vs. local forcing of millennial-and orbital-scale variability, Mar. Geol., 201, 223-250, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(03) 00218-4. (Pubitemid 37207637)
42. Kao, S.-J., K.-K. Liu, S.-C. Hsu, Y.-P. Chang, and M. H. Dai (2008), North Pacific-wide spreading of isotopically heavy nitrogen during the last deglaciation: Evidence from the western Pacific, Biogeosciences, 5(6), 1641-1650, doi:10.5194/bg-5-1641-2008.
43. Karl, D., A. Michaels, B. Bergman, D. Capone, E. Carpenter, R. Letelier, F. Lipschultz, H. Paerl, D. Sigman, and L. Stal (2002), Dinitrogen fixation in the world's oceans, Biogeochemistry, 57, 47-98, doi:10.1023/A:1015798105851. (Pubitemid 34780283)
44. Kienast, M. (2000), Unchanged nitrogen isotopic composition of organic matter in the South China Sea during the last climatic cycle: Global implications, Paleoceanography, 15(2), 244-253, doi:10.1029/1999PA000407. (Pubitemid 32296296)
45. Kienast, M., S. Steinke, K. Stattegger, and S. E. Calvert (2001), Synchronous tropical South China Sea SST change and Greenland warming during deglaciation, Science, 291, 2132-2134, doi:10.1126/science.1057131. (Pubitemid 32224440)
46. Kienast, M., M. J. Higginson, G. Mollenhauer, T. I. Eglinton, M.-T. Chen, and S. E. Calvert (2005), On the sedimentological origin of down-core variations of bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotope ratios, Paleoceanogra-phy, 20, PA2009, doi:10.1029/2004PA001081. (Pubitemid 41410759)
47. Kienast, M., M. F. Lehmann, A. Timmermann, E. Galbraith, T. Bolliet, A. Holbourn, C. Normandeau, and C. Laj (2008), A mid-Holocene transition in the nitrogen dynamics of the western equatorial Pacific: Evidence of a deepening thermocline?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23610, doi:10.1029/2008GL035464.
48. Knapp, A. N., D. M. Sigman, and F. Lipschultz (2005), N isotopic composition of dissolved organic nitrogen and nitrate at the Bermuda Atlantic time-series study site, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB1018, doi:10.1029/2004GB002320. (Pubitemid 40801469)
49. Knapp, A. N., P. J. DiFiore, C. Deutsch, D. M. Sigman, and F. Lipschultz (2008), Nitrate isotopic composition between Bermuda and Puerto Rico: Implications for N-2 fixation in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB3014, doi:10.1029/2007GB003107.
50. Lin, L.-L., and H.-Y. Hsieh (2007), Seasonal variations of modern plank-tonic foraminifera in the South China Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 54, 1634-1644, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.05.007. (Pubitemid 47369161)
51. Liu, K. K., M. J. Su, C. R. Hsueh, and G. C. Gong (1996), The nitrogen iso-topic composition of nitrate in the Kuroshio Water northeast of Taiwan: Evidence for nitrogen fixation as a source of isotopically light nitrate, Mar. Chem., 54, 273-292, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(96)00034-5. (Pubitemid 26369398)
52. Liu, K.-K., S.-Y. Chao, P.-T. Shaw, G.-C. Gong, C.-C. Chen, and T. Y. Tang (2002), Monsoon-forced chlorophyll distribution and primary production in the South China Sea: Observations and a numerical study, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 49, 1387-1412, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02) 00035-3. (Pubitemid 34973571)
53. Loick, N., J. Dippner, H. N. Doan, I. Liskow, and M. Voss (2007), Pelagic nitrogen dynamics in the Vietnamese upwelling area according to stable nitrogen and carbon isotope data, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 54, 596-607, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2006.12.009. (Pubitemid 46546468)
54. Martinez, P., F. Lamy, R. R. Robinson, L. Pichevin, and I. Billy (2006), Atypical d15N variations at the southern boundary of the East Pacific oxygen minimum zone over the last 50 ka, Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 3017-3028, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.009. (Pubitemid 44791693)
55. McElroy, M. B. (1983), Marine biological-controls on atmospheric CO2 and climate, Nature, 302, 328-329, doi:10.1038/302328a0. (Pubitemid 13154522)
56. Meckler, A. N., G. H. Haug, D. M. Sigman, B. Plessen, L. C. Peterson, and H. R. Thierstein (2007), Detailed sedimentary N isotope records from Cariaco Basin for Terminations I and V: Local and global implications, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB4019, doi:10.1029/2006GB002893. (Pubitemid 351386641)
57. Mehra, O. P., and M. L. Jackson (1958), Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate, Clays Clay Miner., 7, 317-327, doi:10.1346/CCMN.1958.0070122.
58. Montoya, J. P., P. H. Wiebe, and J. J. McCarthy (1992), Natural abundance of 15N in particulate nitrogen and zooplankton in the Gulf Stream region and warm core ring 86A, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 39, 363-392.
59. Montoya, J. P., E. J. Carpenter, and D. G. Capone (2002), Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen isotope abundances in zooplankton of the oligotro-phic North Atlantic, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47(6), 1617-1628, doi:10.4319/lo.2002.47.6. 1617. (Pubitemid 36016820)
60. Nydahl, F. (1978), Peroxodisulfate oxidation of total nitrogen in waters to nitrate, Water Res., 12, 1123-1130, doi:10.1016/0043-1354(78)90060-X. (Pubitemid 9041190)
61. Pride, C., R. Thunell, D. M. Sigman, L. Keigwin, M. Altabet, and E. Tappa (1999), Nitrogen isotopic variations in the Gulf of California since the Last Deglaciation: Response to global climate change, Paleoceanogra-phy, 14(3), 397-409, doi:10.1029/1999PA900004.
62. Rafter, P. A., D. M. Sigman, C. D. Charles, J. Kaiser, and G. H. Haug (2012), Subsurface tropical Pacific nitrogen isotopic composition of nitrate: Biogeochemical signals and their transport, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 26, GB1003, doi:10.1029/2010GB003979.
63. Ravelo, A. C., and R. G. Fairbanks (1992), Oxygen isotopic composition of multiple species of planktonic foraminifera: Recorders of the modern photic zone temperature gradient, Paleoceanography, 7, 815-831, doi:10.1029/92PA02092. (Pubitemid 23381350)
64. Redfield, A. C. (1958), The biological control of chemical factors in the environment, Am. Sci., 46, 205-221.
65. Ren, H., D. M. Sigman, A. N. Meckler, B. Plessen, R. S. Robinson, Y. Rosenthal, and G. H. Haug (2009), Foraminiferal isotope evidence of reduced nitrogen fixation in the ice age Atlantic Ocean, Science, 323(5911), 244-248, doi:10.1126/science.1165787.
66. Ren, H., D. M. Sigman, R. Thunell, and M. G. Propopenko (2012), Nitrogen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera from the modern ocean and recent sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., in press.
67. Robinson, R., A. Mix, and P. Martinez (2007), Southern Ocean control on the extent of denitrification in the southeast Pacific over the last 70 ka, Quat. Sci. Rev., 26(1-2), 201-212, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.005. (Pubitemid 46037941)
68. Robinson, R. S., P. Martinez, L. D. Pena, and I. Cacho (2009), Nitrogen isotopic evidence for deglacial changes in nutrient supply in the eastern equatorial Pacific, Paleoceanography, 24, PA4213, doi:10.1029/2008PA001702.
69. Rosenthal, Y., D. W. Oppo, and B. K. Linsley (2003), The amplitude and phasing of climate change during the last deglaciation in the Sulu Sea, western equatorial Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(8), 1428, doi:10.1029/2002GL016612.
70. Schindler, D. W. (1977), Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes, Science, 195(4275), 260-262, doi:10.1126/science.195.4275.260.
71. Schubert, C. J., and S. E. Calvert (2001), Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of marine and terrestrial organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments: Implications for nutrient utilization and organic matter composition, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 48(3), 789-810, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00069-8. (Pubitemid 32100463)
72. Shintani, T., M. Yamamoto, and M.-T. Chen (2008), Slow warming of the northern South China Sea during the last deglaciation, Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 19(4), 341-346, doi:10.3319/TAO.2008.19.4.341(IMAGES).
73. Shiozaki, T., K. Furuya, T. Kodama, S. Kitajima, S. Takeda, T. Takemura, and J. Kanda (2010), New estimation of N2 fixation in the western and central Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 24, GB1015, doi:10.1029/2009GB003620.
74. Sigman, D. M., M. A. Altabet, D. C. McCorkle, R. Francois, and G. Fisher (2000), The d15N of nitrate in the Southern Ocean: Nitrogen cycling and circulation in the ocean interior, J. Geophys. Res., 105(C8), 19,599-19,614, doi:10.1029/2000JC000265.
75. Sigman, D. M., K. L. Casciotti, M. Andreani, C. Barford, M. Galanter, and J. K. Bohlke (2001), A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater, Anal. Chem., 73(17), 4145-4153, doi:10.1021/ac010088e. (Pubitemid 32830853)
76. Sigman, D. M., P. J. DiFiore, M. P. Hain, C. Deutsch, and D. M. Karl (2009), Sinking organic matter spreads the nitrogen isotope signal of pelagic denitrification in the North Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08605, doi:10.1029/2008GL035784.
77. Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming (1942), The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology, 1087 pp., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
78. Tamburini, F., T. Adatte, K. Follmi, S. M. Bernasconi, and P. Steinmann (2003), Investigating the history of East Asian monsoon and climate during the last glacial-interglacial period (0-140000 years): Mineralogy and geochemistry of ODP Sites 1143 and 1144, South China Sea, Mar. Geol., 201, 147-168, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00214-7. (Pubitemid 37207633)
79. Thunell, R. C., Q. Miao, S. E. Calvert, and T. F. Pedersen (1992), Glacial-Holocene biogenic sedimentation patterns in the South China Sea: Productivity variations and surface water pCO2, Paleoceanography, 7(2), 143-162, doi:10.1029/92PA00278. (Pubitemid 23371921)
80. Tyrrell, T. (1999), The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production, Nature, 400, 525-531, doi:10.1038/22941. (Pubitemid 29381794)
81. Uhle, M. E., S. A. Macko, H. J. Spero, M. H. Engel, and D. W. Lea (1997), Sources of carbon and nitrogen in modern planktonic foraminifera: The role of algal symbionts as determined by bulk and compound specific stable isotopic analyses, Org. Geochem., 27(3-4), 103-113, doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00075-2. (Pubitemid 28034880)
82. Wada, E., and A. Hattori (1976), Natural abundance of 15N in particulate organic matter in North Pacific Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40(2), 249-251, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(76)90183-6.
83. Wang, Y. J., H. Cheng, R. L. Edwards, Z. S. An, J. Y. Wu, C.-C. Shen, and J. A. Dorale (2001), A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene Monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China, Science, 294, 2345-2348, doi:10.1126/science. 1064618. (Pubitemid 33140556)
84. Wang, R. J., Z. M. Jian, W. S. Xiao, J. Tian, J. R. Li, R. H. Chen, Y. L. Zheng, and J. F. Chen (2007), Quaternary biogenic opal records in the South China Sea: Linkages to East Asian monsoon, global ice volume and orbital forcing, Sci. China, Ser. D Earth Sci., 50(5), 710-724. (Pubitemid 351147986)
85. Wei, K.-Y., T.-C. Chiu, and Y.-G. Chen (2003), Toward establishing a maritime proxy record of the East Asian summer monsoons for the late Quaternary, Mar. Geol., 201, 67-79, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00209-3. (Pubitemid 37207629)
86. Winckler, G., R. F. Anderson, M. Q. Fleisher, D. McGee, and N. Mahowald (2008), Covariant glacial-interglacial dust fluxes in the equatorial Pacific and Antarctica, Science, 320, 93-96, doi:10.1126/science.1150595. (Pubitemid 351490761)
87. Wong, G. T. F., S.-W. Chung, F.-K. Shiah, C.-C. Chen, L.-S. Wen, and K.-K. Liu (2002), Nitrate anomaly in the upper nutricline in the northern South China Sea-Evidence for nitrogen fixation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(23), 2097, doi:10.1029/2002GL015796.
88. Wong, G. T. F., C.-M. Tseng, L.-S. Wen, and S.-W. Chung (2007), Nutrient dynamics and N-anomaly at the SEATS station, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 54, 1528-1545, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.05.011. (Pubitemid 47369155)
89. You, Y. (2003), The pathway and circulation of North Pacific Intermediate Water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 2291, doi:10.1029/2003GL018561.
90. Yu, P.-S., C.-C. Huang, Y. Chin, H.-S. Mii, and M.-T. Chen (2006), Late Quaternary East Asian Monsoon variability in the South China Sea: Evidence from planktonic foraminifera faunal and hydrographic gradient records, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 236, 74-90, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.11.038. (Pubitemid 43816621)
91. Yuan, D. X., et al. (2004), Timing, duration, and transitions of the Last Interglacial Asian Monsoon, Science, 304(5670), 575-578, doi:10.1126/science. 1091220. (Pubitemid 38541913)