Ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination at the quarter centennial: Implications for the multiple births epidemic

Fertility and Sterility

Volumn 97, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 802-809

  McClamrock, Howard D ^a,b   Jones, Howard W ^c,d   Adashi, Eli Y ^e  

^a Shady Grove Fertility   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Infertility; intrauterine insemination; multiple births; ovarian stimulation

Indexed keywords

CLOMIFENE; ESTROGEN; GONADOTROPIN; LETROZOLE;

ARTICLE; BODY MASS; EPIDEMIC; FERTILITY; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; HUMAN; INFERTILITY THERAPY; INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION; JUVENILE; MATERNAL AGE; MULTIPLE PREGNANCY; OVARIAN STIMULATION; OVARY FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT; OVULATION; OVULATION INDUCTION; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANCY RATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TWIN PREGNANCY;

EID: 84859124015     PISSN: 00150282     EISSN: 15565653     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.02.031     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. W.C. Dodson, D.B. Whitesides, C.L. Hughes Jr., H.A. Easley 3rd, and A.F. Haney Superovulation with intrauterine insemination in the treatment of infertility: a possible alternative to gamete intrafallopian transfer and in vitro fertilization Fertil Steril 48 1987 441 445
2. G. Sher, V.K. Knutzen, C.J. Stratton, M.M. Montakhab, and S.G. Allenson In vitro sperm capacitation and transcervical intrauterine insemination for the treatment of refractory infertility: phase I Fertil Steril 41 1984 260 264
3. A.E. Cantineau, and B.J. Cohlen Ovarian stimulation protocols (anti-oestrogens, gonadotrophins with and without GnRH agonists/antagonists) for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in women with subfertility Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6 2011 CD000057
4. US Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA. FDA approved drug products. Clomiphene. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/ index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.DrugDetails. Accessed January 10, 2012.
5. US Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA. FDA approved drug products. Menotropins. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.DrugDetails. Accessed January 10, 2012.
6. P.C. Steptoe, and R.G. Edwards Birth after reimplantation of a human embryo Lancet 312 1978 366
7. M. Bustillo, J.E. Buster, S.W. Cohen, F. Hamilton, I.H. Thorneycroft, and J.A. Simon Delivery of a healthy infant following nonsurgical ovum transfer JAMA 251 1984 889
8. E.Y. Adashi, P.N. Barry, R. Berkowitz, P. Braude, E. Bryan, and J. Carr Infertility therapy- associated multiple pregnancies (births): an ongoing epidemic Reprod Biomed Online 7 2003 515 542
9. A. Templeton The multiple gestation epidemic: the role of the assisted reproductive technologies Am J Obstet Gynecol 190 2004 894 898
10. E.Y. Adashi, M. Nebeker Ekins, and Y. LaCoursiere On the discharge of Hippocratic obligations: challenges and opportunities Am J Obstet Gynecol 190 2004 885 893
11. B.J. Van Voorhis, and G.L. Ryan Ethical obligation for restricting the number of embryos transferred to women: combating the multiple-birth epidemic from in vitro fertilization Semin Reprod Med 28 2010 287 294
12. R. Cutting, J. Denton, and A. Rutherford Multiple births: an update Hum Fertil 14 2011 149 150
13. E.R. Norwitz, V. Edusa, and J.S. Park Maternal physiology and complications of multiple pregnancy Semin Perinatol 29 2005 338 348
14. A. Janvier, B. Spelke, and K. Barrington The epidemic of multiple gestations and neonatal intensive care unit use: the cost of irresponsibility J Pediatr 159 2011 409 413
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Public-use data files and documentation. National vital statistics system. Natality (births). Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-access/ ftp-data.htm. Accessed January 10, 2012.
16. J.L. Cook, L. Geran, and M. Roterman Multiple births associated with assisted human reproduction in Canada J Obstet Gynaecol Can 33 2011 609 616
17. A.F. Guttmacher The incidence of multiple births in man and some of the other unipara Obstet Gynecol 2 1953 22 35
18. J.A. Martin, B.E. Hamilton, and M.J.K. Osterman Three decades of twin births in the United States, 1980-2009. NCHS data brief, no 80 2012 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD
19. J.L. Kiely, J.C. Kleinman, and M. Kiely Triplets and higher-order multiple births. Time trends and infant mortality Am J Dis Child 146 1992 862 868
20. S.E. Jewell, and R. Yip Increasing trends in plural births in the United States Obstet Gynecol 85 1995 229 232
21. L.S. Wilcox, J.L. Kiely, C.L. Melvin, and M.C. Martin Assisted reproductive technologies: estimates of their contribution to multiple births and newborn hospital days in the United States Fertil Steril 65 1996 361 366
22. J.A. Martin, M.F. MacDorman, and T.J. Mathews Triplet births: trends and outcomes, 1971-94 Vital Health Stat 21 55 1997 1 20
23. W.C. Dodson, and A.F. Haney Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination for treatment of infertility Fertil Steril 55 1991 457 467
24. W.C. Dodson, L. Tyrey, and A.F. Haney Serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentration for predicting multiple gestation in pregnancies conceived with superovulation and intrauterine insemination J Reprod Med 36 1991 651 654
25. J.C. Nulsen, S. Walsh, S. Dumez, and D.A. Metzger A randomized and longitudinal study of human menopausal gonadotropin with intrauterine insemination in the treatment of infertility Obstet Gynecol 82 1993 780 786
26. K. Sengoku, K. Tamate, Y. Takaoka, N. Morishita, and M. Ishikawa A randomized prospective study of gonadotrophin with or without gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist for treatment of unexplained infertility Hum Reprod 9 1994 1043 1047
27. I.S. Tummon, L.J. Asher, J.S. Martin, and T. Tulandi Randomized controlled trial of superovulation and insemination for infertility associated with minimal or mild endometriosis Fertil Steril 68 1997 8 12
28. K. Sengoku, K. Tamate, Y. Takaoka, M. Horikawa, K. Goishi, and H. Komori The clinical efficacy of low-dose step-up follicle stimulating hormone administration for treatment of unexplained infertility Hum Reprod 14 1999 349 353
29. R. Matorras, V. Recio, B. Corcóstegui, and F.J. Rodríguez-Escudero Recombinant human FSH versus highly purified urinary FSH: a randomized study in intrauterine insemination with husbands' spermatozoa Hum Reprod 15 2000 1231 1234
30. R. Matorras, T. Diaz, B. Corcostegui, O. Ramón, J.I. Pijoan, and F.J. Rodriguez-Escudero Ovarian stimulation in intrauterine insemination with donor sperm: a randomized study comparing clomiphene citrate in fixed protocol versus highly purified urinary FSH Hum Reprod 17 2002 2107 2111
31. R.S. Williams, J.B. Hillard, G. De Vane, T. Yeko, S. Kipersztok, and A. Rhoton-Vlasak A randomized, multicenter study comparing the efficacy of recombinant FSH vs recombinant FSH with Ganirelix during superovulation/IUI therapy Am J Obstet Gynecol 191 2004 648 651
32. R.H. Reindollar, M.M. Regan, P.J. Neumann, B.S. Levine, K.L. Thornton, and M.M. Alper A randomized clinical trial to evaluate optimal treatment for unexplained infertility: the fast track and standard treatment (FASTT) trial Fertil Steril 94 2010 888 899
33. Library of Congress. THOMAS. Bill text, 102nd Congress (1991-1992), H.R.4773ENR. Fertility clinic success rate and certification act of 1992. Available at: http://thomas.loc.gov/. Accessed January 10, 2012.
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health. Assisted reproductive technology (ART). Annual ART success rate reports. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/art/ARTReports.htm. Accessed January 10, 2012.
35. E.Y. Adashi, and R. Wyden Public reporting of clinical outcomes of assisted reproductive technology programs. Implications for other medical and surgical procedures JAMA 306 2011 1135 1136
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Contribution of assisted reproduction technology and ovulation-inducing drugs to triplets and high-order multiple births - United States, 1980-1997 JAMA 274 2000 299 300
37. M.A. Reynolds, L.A. Schieve, J.A. Martin, G. Jeng, and M. Macaluso Trends in multiple births conceived using assisted reproductive technology, United States, 1997-2000 Pediatrics 111 5 Part 2 2003 1159 1162
38. R.P. Dickey The relative contribution of assisted reproductive technologies and ovulation induction to multiple births in the United States 5 years after the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine recommendation to limit the number of embryos transferred Fertil Steril 88 2007 1554 1561
39. L.A. Schieve, O. Devine, C.A. Boyle, J.R. Petrini, and L. Warner Estimation of the contribution of non-assisted reproductive technology ovulation stimulation fertility treatments to US singleton and multiple births Am J Epidemiol 170 2009 1396 1407
40. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Multiple gestation associated with infertility therapy: an American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2012;97:825-34.
41. A.R. Baerwald, G.P. Adams, and R.A. Pierson Ovarian antral folliculogenesis during the human menstrual cycle: a review Hum Reprod Update 18 2012 73 91
42. S. Melmed, K.S. Polonsky, P.R. Larsen, and H.M. Kronenberg The physiology and pathology of the female reproductive axis Williams textbook of endocrinology 12th ed. 2011 Elsevier-Health Sciences Division Philadelphia 541 615
43. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Guidelines on number of embryos transferred Fertil Steril 92 2009 1518 1519
44. S. Bhattacharya, and A. Templeton In treating infertility, are multiple pregnancies unavoidable? New Engl J Med 343 2000 58 59
45. H.W. Jones, and J.A. Schnorr Multiple pregnancies: a call for action Fertil Steril 75 2001 11 13
46. J. Grifo, D. Hoffman, and P.I. McNamee We are due for a correction. and we are working to achieve one Fertil Steril 75 2001 14
47. R.J. Paulson, S.J. Ory, L.C. Giudice, W.D. Schlaff, N.F. Santoro, and C.C. Coddington 3rd Multiple pregnancies: what action should we take? Fertil Steril 75 2001 14 15
48. M.R. Soules, R.J. Chang, L.I. Lipshultz, W.R. Keye Jr., and S. Carson Multiple pregnancies: action is taking place Fertil Steril 75 2001 15 16
49. H.W. Jones Multiple births: how are we doing? Fertil Steril 79 2003 17 21
50. R.P. Dickey A year of inaction on high-order multiple pregnancies due to ovulation induction Fertil Steril 79 2003 14 16
51. R.P. Dickey It has really been 15 years of inaction on high-order multiple pregnancies due to ovulation induction Fertil Steril 79 2003 28 29
52. S. Daya Inappropriate use of cohort studies to formulate treatment guidelines Fertil Steril 79 2003 27
53. M.A. Fritz, and S.J. Ory Practice guidelines cannot be justified in the absence of sufficient evidence: inaction is far more appropriate than indefensible action Fertil Steril 79 2003 14 16
54. Z. Rosenwaks, and P.H. Chung High-order multiple pregnancy: is it a matter of inaction or a consequence of practice patterns? Fertil Steril 79 2003 25 26
55. B.J. Cohlen Should we continue performing intrauterine inseminations in the year 2004? Gynecol Obstet Invest 59 2005 3 13
56. D.S. Guzick, S.A. Carson, C. Coutifaris, J.W. Overstreet, P. Factor-Litvak, and M.P. Steinkampf Efficacy of superovulation and intrauterine insemination in the treatment of infertility New Engl J Med 340 1999 177 183
57. N. Gleicher, D.M. Oleske, I. Tur-Kaspa, A. Vidali, and V. Karande Reducing the risk of high-order multiple pregnancy after ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins New Engl J Med 343 2000 2 7
58. M.P. Rosen, S. Shen, A.T. Dobson, P.F. Rinaudo, C.E. McCulloch, and M.I. Cedars A quantitative assessment of follicle size on oocyte developmental competence Fertil Steril 90 2008 684 690
59. J. Balasch, J.L. Ballesca, C. Pimentel, M. Creus, F. Fabregues, and J.A. Vanrell Late low-dose pure follicle stimulating hormone for ovarian stimulation in intra-uterine insemination cycles Hum Reprod 9 1994 1863 1866
60. A.J. Goverde, J. McDonnell, J.P. Vermeiden, R. Schats, F.F. Rutten, and J. Schoemaker Intrauterine insemination or in-vitro fertilisation in idiopathic subfertility and male subfertility: a randomised trial and cost-effectiveness analysis Lancet 355 2000 13 18
61. S. Gerli, M.L. Casini, V. Unfer, L. Costabile, V. Bini, and G.C. Di Renzo Recombinant versus urinary follicle-stimulating hormone in intrauterine insemination cycles: a prospective, randomized analysis of cost effectiveness Fertil Steril 82 2004 573 578
62. T. Dankert, J.A. Kremer, B.J. Cohlen, C.J. Hamilton, P.C. Pasker-de Jong, and H. Straatman A randomized clinical trial of clomiphene citrate versus low dose recombinant FSH for ovarian hyperstimulation in intrauterine insemination cycles for unexplained and male subfertility Hum Reprod 22 2007 792 797
63. F. Lorusso, M. Palmisano, G. Serrat, E. Bassi, G. Lamanna, and M. Vacca Intrauterine insemination with recombinant or urinary human chorionic gonadotropin: a prospective randomized trial Gynecol Endocrinol 24 2008 644 648
64. B. Berker, K. Kahraman, S. Taskin, Y.E. Sukur, M. Sonmezer, and C.S. Atabekoglu Recombinant FSH versus clomiphene citrate for ovarian stimulation in couples with unexplained infertility and male subfertility undergoing intrauterine insemination: a randomized trial Arch Gynecol Obstet 284 2011 1561 1566
65. G. Ragni, F. Alagna, C. Brigante, A. Riccaboni, M. Colombo, and E. Somigliana GnRH antagonists and mild ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination: a randomized study comparing different gonadotrophin dosages Hum Reprod 19 2004 54 58
66. G. Ragni, I. Caliari, A.E. Nicolosi, M. Arnoldi, E. Somigliana, and P.G. Crosignani Preventing high-order multiple pregnancies during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination: 3 years' experience using low-dose recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists Fertil Steril 85 2006 619 624
67. P. Fisch, R.F. Casper, S.E. Brown, W. Wrixon, J.A. Collins, and R.L. Reid Unexplained infertility: evaluation of treatment with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin Fertil Steril 51 1989 828 833
68. J.L. Deaton, M. Gibson, K.M. Blackmer, S.T. Nakajima, G.J. Badger, and J.R. Brumsted A randomized, controlled trial of clomiphene citrate and intrauterine insemination in couples with unexplained infertility or surgically corrected endometriosis Fertil Steril 54 1990 1083 1088
69. P.O. Karlström, T. Bergh, and O. Lundkvist A prospective randomized trial of artificial insemination versus intercourse in cycles stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropin or clomiphene citrate Fertil Steril 59 1993 554 559
70. H. Al-Fozan, M. Al-Khadouri, S.L. Tan, and T. Tulandi A randomized trial of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate in women undergoing superovulation Fertil Steril 82 2004 1561 1563
71. A. Badawy, A. Elnashar, and M. Totongy Clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors for superovulation in women with unexplained infertility undergoing intrauterine insemination: a prospective randomized trial Fertil Steril 92 2009 1355 1359
72. H. Abu Hashim, M. El Rakhawy, and I. Abd Elaal Randomized comparison of superovulation with letrozole vs. clomiphene citrate in an IUI program for women with recently surgically treated minimal to mild endometriosis Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01346.x
73. U.M. Fouda, and A.M. Sayed Extended letrozole regimen versus clomiphene citrate for superovulation in patients with unexplained infertility undergoing intrauterine insemination: a randomized controlled trial Reprod Biol Endocrinol 9 2011 84
74. R. Al-Fadhli, C. Sylvestre, W. Buckett, S.L. Tan, and T. Tulandi A randomized trial of superovulation with two different doses of letrozole Fertil Steril 85 2006 161 165
75. M.F. Mitwally, and R.F. Casper Aromatase inhibition for ovarian stimulation: future avenues for infertility management Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 14 2002 255 263
76. M.F. Mitwally, and R.F. Casper Aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of infertility Expert Opin Investig Drugs 12 2003 353 371
77. M.F. Mitwally, and R.F. Casper Aromatase inhibitors in ovulation induction Semin Reprod Med 22 2004 61 78
78. M.F. Mitwally, R.F. Casper, and M.P. Diamond The role of aromatase inhibitors in ameliorating deleterious effects of ovarian stimulation on outcome of infertility treatment Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3 2005 54
79. M.F. Mitwally, and R.F. Casper Single-dose administration of an aromatase inhibitor for ovarian stimulation Fertil Steril 83 2005 229 231
80. M.F. Mitwally, M.M. Biljan, and R.F. Casper Pregnancy outcome after the use of an aromatase inhibitor for ovarian stimulation Am J Obstet Gynecol 192 2005 381 386
81. R.F. Casper, and M.F. Mitwally Review: aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2006 760 771
82. U. Bayar, H.A. Tanriverdi, F. Ayolu, O. Ozcan, and E. Kaya Letrozole vs. clomiphene citrate in patients with ovulatory infertility Fertil Steril 85 2006 1045 1048
83. N.P. Polyzos, S. Tzioras, A.M. Badawy, A. Valachis, C. Dritsas, and D. Mauri Aromatase inhibitors for female infertility: a systematic review of the literature Reprod Biomed Online 19 2009 456 471
84. E.A. Pritts, A.K. Yuen, S. Sharma, R. Genisot, and D.L. Olive The use of high dose letrozole in ovulation induction and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2011 2011 242864
85. M.A. Bedaiwy, M.A. Abdelaleem, M. Hussein, N. Mousa, L.N. Brunengraber, and R.F. Casper Hormonal, follicular and endometrial dynamics in letrozole-treated versus natural cycles in patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation Reprod Biol Endocrinol 9 83 2011 1 6
86. V.C.Y. Lee, and W. Ledger Aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction and ovarian stimulation Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 74 2011 537 546
87. M.F. Mitwally, and R.F. Casper Aromatase inhibition improves ovarian response to follicle-stimulating hormone in poor responders Fertil Steril 77 2002 776 780
88. M.F. Mitwally, and R.F. Casper Aromatase inhibition reduces gonadotrophin dose required for controlled ovarian stimulation in women with unexplained infertility Hum Reprod 18 2003 1588 1597
89. M.F. Mitwally, and R.F. Casper Aromatase inhibition reduces the dose of gonadotropin required for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation J Soc Gynecol Investig 11 2004 406 415
90. A. Badawy, A. Elnashar, and M. Totongy Clomiphene citrate or aromatase inhibitors combined with gonadotropins for superovulation in women undergoing intrauterine insemination: a prospective randomised trial J Obstet Gynaecol 30 2010 617 621
91. US Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. FDA oncology tools product label details for administration of letrozole. 2003. Available at: www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/onctools/administer.cfm?GN= letrozole. Accessed January 10, 2012.
92. T. Tulandi, J. Martin, R. Al-Fadhli, N. Kabli, R. Forman, and J. Hitkari Congenital malformations among 911 newborns conceived after infertility treatment with letrozole or clomiphene citrate Fertil Steril 85 2006 1761 1765
93. R. Forman, S. Gill, M. Moretti, T. Tulandi, G. Koren, and R. Casper Fetal safety of letrozole and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction J Obstet Gynaecol Can 29 2007 668 671
94. S.K. Gill, M. Moretti, and G. Koren Is the use of letrozole to induce ovulation teratogenic? Can Fam Physician 54 2008 353 354
95. C. Albano, P. Platteau, D. Nogueira, R. Cortvrindt, J. Smitz, and P. Devroey Avoidance of multiple pregnancies after ovulation induction by supernumerary preovulatory follicular reduction Fertil Steril 76 2001 820 822
96. C. De Geyter, M. De Geyter, E. Castro, M. Bals-Pratsch, E. Nieschlag, and H.P. Schneider Experience with transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of supernumerary follicles for the prevention of multiple pregnancies after ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination Fertil Steril 65 1996 1163 1168
97. C. De Geyter, M. De Geyter, and E. Nieschlag Low multiple pregnancy rates and reduced frequency of cancellation after ovulation induction with gonadotropins, if eventual supernumerary follicles are aspirated to prevent polyovulation J Assist Reprod Genet 15 1998 111 116
98. R. Tur, P.N. Barri, B. Coroleu, R. Buxaderas, F. Martínez, and J. Balasch Risk factors for high-order multiple implantation after ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins: evidence from a large series of 1,878 consecutive pregnancies in a single centre Hum Reprod 16 2001 2124 2129
99. R.P. Dickey, S.N. Taylor, P.Y. Lu, B.M. Sartor, P.H. Rye, and R. Pyrzak Relationship of follicle numbers and estradiol levels to multiple implantation in 3,608 intrauterine insemination cycles Fertil Steril 75 2001 69 78
100. A.M. Antman, J.A. Politch, and E.S. Ginsburg Conversion of high-response gonadotropin intrauterine insemination cycles to in vitro fertilization results in excellent ongoing pregnancy rates Fertil Steril 77 2002 715 720
101. J. Nisker, I. Tummon, S. Daniel, B. Kaplan, and A. Yuzpe Conversion of cycles involving ovarian hyperstimulation with intra-uterine insemination to in-vitro fertilization Hum Reprod 9 1994 406 408
102. P. Kumar, S.F. Sait, A. Sharma, and M. Kumar Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome J Hum Reprod Sci 4 2011 70 75
103. M.P. Diamond, M. Mitwally, R. Casper, J. Ager, R.S. Legro, and R. Brzyski Estimating rates of multiple gestation pregnancies: sample size calculation from the Assessment of Multiple Intrauterine Gestations from Ovarian Stimulation (AMIGOS) trial Contemp Clin Trials 32 2011 902 908
104. M.P. Diamond, and M. Singh Use of gonadotropins for initiation of singleton gestations in non-assisted reproductive technology cycles Fertil Steril 97 2012 810 812
105. N. Athaullah, M. Proctor, and N.P. Johnson Oral versus injectable ovulation induction agents for unexplained subfertility Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2002 CD003052
106. E. Hughes, J. Brown, J.J. Collins, and P. Vanderkerchove Clomiphene citrate for unexplained subfertility in women Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 2010 CD000057
107. J. De Mouzon, V. Goossens, S. Bhattacharya, J.A. Castilla, A.P. Ferraretti, and V. Korsak Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2006: results generated from European registers by ESHRE Hum Reprod 25 2010 1851 1862
108. S. Larsson, P. Lawyer, G. Garellick, B. Lindahl, and M. Lundström Use of 13 disease registries In 5 countries demonstrates the potential to use outcome data to improve health care's value Health Aff (Millwood) 31 2012 220 227
109. T.K. Aleyamma, M.S. Kamath, K. Muthukumar, A.M. Mangalaraj, and K. George Affordable ART: a different perspective Hum Reprod 26 2011 3312 3318