Experimental test of nest-site limitation in mature mixed forests of central British Columbia, Canada

Journal of Wildlife Management

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 557-565

  Aitken, Kathryn E H ^a,c   Martin, Kathy ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^c YUKON COLLEGE   (Canada)

Author keywords

British Columbia; cavity nesters; Glaucomys sabrinus; mature coniferous forest; mountain chickadee; nest site limitation; northern flying squirrel; Poecile gambeli; red squirrel; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

Indexed keywords

CONIFEROUS FOREST; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HABITAT LOSS; LANDSCAPE; LIMITING FACTOR; MIXED FOREST; NEST SITE; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION STRUCTURE; RODENT; SONGBIRD;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA;

AVES; CONIFEROPHYTA; GLAUCOMYS SABRINUS; MAMMALIA; PARUS GAMBELI; POECILE GAMBELI; SCIURIDAE; TAMIASCIURUS; TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONICUS;

EID: 84859019100     PISSN: 0022541X     EISSN: 19372817     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.286     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Aitken, K. E. H., 2002. Nest-site availability, selection and reuse in a cavity-nesting community in forests of interior British Columbia. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
2. Aitken, K. E. H., 2007. Resource availability and limitation for a cavity-nesting community in mature conifer forests and aspen groves in interior British Columbia. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
3. Aitken, K. E. H., and, K. Martin,. 2004. Nest cavity availability and selection in aspen-conifer groves in a grassland landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 2099-2109.
4. Aitken, K. E. H., and, K. Martin,. 2007. The importance of excavators in hole-nesting communities: availability and use of natural tree holes in old mixed forests of western Canada. Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl 2): S425-S434.
5. Aitken, K. E. H., and, K. Martin,. 2008. Resource selection plasticity and community responses to experimental reduction of a critical resource. Ecology 89: 971-980.
6. Aitken, K. E. H., K. L. Wiebe, and, K. Martin,. 2002. Nest-site reuse patterns for a cavity-nesting bird community in interior British Columbia. Auk 119: 391-402.
7. Bai, M.-L., F. Wichmann, and, M. Muehlenberg,. 2003. The abundance of tree holes and their utilization by hole-nesting birds in a primeval boreal forest of Mongolia. Acta Ornithologica 38: 95-102.
8. van Balen, J. H., C. J. H. Booy, J. A. Van Franeker, and, E. R. Osieck,. 1982. Studies on hole-nesting birds in natural nest sites: 1. Availability and occupation of natural nest sites. Ardea 70: 1-24.
9. Blanc, L. A., and, J. R. Walters,. 2008. Cavity excavation and enlargement as mechanisms for indirect interactions in an avian community. Ecology 89: 506-514.
10. Bock, C. E., and, D. C. Fleck,. 1995. Avian response to nest box addition in two forests of the Colorado Front Range. Journal of Field Ornithology 66: 352-362.
11. Bonar, R. L., 2000. Availability of pileated woodpecker cavities and use by other species. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 52-59.
12. Brady, M. J., T. S. Risch, and, F. S. Dobson,. 2000. Availability of nest sites does not limit population size of southern flying squirrels. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1144-1149.
13. Brawn, J. D., and, R. P. Balda,. 1988. Population biology of cavity nesters in northern Arizona: do nest sites limit breeding densities? Condor 90: 61-71.
14. Breslow, N. E., and, D. G. Clayton,. 1993. Approximate inference in generalized linear mixed models. Journal of the American Statistical Association 88: 9-25.
15. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 1995. Biodiversity guidebook. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Canada.
16. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Lands and Natural Resource Operations. 2010. Tree book: learning to recognize trees of British Columbia. Accessed 20 Jun 2011.
17. Bunnell, F. L., L. L. Kremsater, and, E. Wind,. 1999. Managing to sustain vertebrate richness in forests of the Pacific Northwest: relationships within stands. Environmental Review 7: 97-146.
18. Burger, G. V., 1969. Response of gray squirrels to nest boxes at Remington Farms, Maryland. Journal of Wildlife Management 33: 796-801.
19. Caine, L. A., and, W. R. Marion,. 1991. Artificial addition of snags and nest boxes to slash pine plantations. Journal of Field Ornithology 62: 97-106.
20. Carey, A. B., 1995. Sciurids in Pacific Northwest managed and old-growth forests. Ecological Applications 5: 648-661.
21. Carey, A. B., 2002. Response of northern flying squirrels to supplementary dens. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30: 547-556.
22. Cockle, K., K. Martin, and, K. Wiebe,. 2008. Availability of cavities for nesting birds in the Atlantic forest, Argentina. Ornitologia Neotropical 19 (Suppl): 269-278.
23. Cockle, K., M. C. Drever, and, K. Martin,. 2010. Supply of tree-holes limits nest density of cavity-nesting birds in primary and logged subtropical Atlantic forest. Biological Conservation 143: 2851-2857.
24. Cornelius, C., K. Cockle, N. Politi, I. Berkunsky, L. Sandoval, V. Ojeda, L. Rivera, M. Hunter, Jr., and, K. Martin,. 2008. Cavity-nesting birds in neotropical forests: cavities as a potentially limiting resource. Ornitologia Neotropical 19 (Suppl): 253-268.
25. Czeszczewik, D., W. Walankiewicz, and, M. Stanska,. 2008. Small mammals in nests of cavity-nesting birds: why should ornithologists study rodents? Canadian Journal of Zoology 86: 286-293.
26. Dahlsten, D. L., and, W. A. Copper,. 1979. The use of nesting boxes to study the biology of the mountain chickadee (Parus gambeli) and its impact on selected forest insects. Pages 217-260 in, J. G. Dickson, R. N. Conner, R. R., Fleet, J. C. Kroll, and, J. A. Jackson, editors. The role of insectivorous birds in forest ecosystems. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
27. Daigle, P., 1996. Fire in the dry interior forests of British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Extension Note No. 8, Victoria, Canada.
28. Eadie, J., P. Sherman, and, B. Semel,. 1998. Conspecific brood parasitism, population dynamics, and the conservation of cavity-nesting birds. Pages 306-340 in, T. Caro, editor. Behavioral ecology and conservation biology. Oxford University Press, London, United Kingdom.
29. Edington, J. M., and, M. A. Edington,. 1972. Spatial patterns and habitat partition in the breeding birds of an upland wood. Journal of Animal Ecology 41: 331-357.
30. Ghalambor, C. K., and, T. E. Martin,. 1999. Red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). Account 459 in, A. Poole, and, F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
31. Hayward, G. D., 1991. Using population biology to define old-growth forests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19: 111-116.
32. Holt, R. F., and, K. Martin,. 1997. Landscape modification and patch selection: the demography of two secondary cavity nesters colonizing clearcuts. Auk 114: 443-455.
33. Lohmus, A., and, J. Remm,. 2005. Nest quality limits the number of hole-nesting passerines in their natural cavity-rich habitat. Acta Oecologica 27: 125-128.
34. Lohr, S. M., S. A. Gauthreaux, and, J. C. Kilgo,. 2002. Importance of coarse woody debris to avian communities in loblolly pine forests. Conservation Biology 16: 767-777.
35. Marshall, M. R., and, R. J. Cooper,. 2004. Territory size of a migratory songbird in response to caterpillar density and foliage structure. Ecology 85: 432-445.
36. Martin, K., and, J. M. Eadie,. 1999. Nest webs: a community-wide approach to the management and conservation of cavity-nesting forest birds. Forest Ecology and Management 115: 243-257.
37. Martin, K., and, A. R. Norris,. 2007. Life in the small-bodied cavity-nester guild: demography of sympatric mountain and black-capped chickadees within nest web communities under changing habitat conditions. Pages 111-130 in, K. Otter, editor. The ecology and behaviour of chickadees and titmice: an integrated approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
38. Martin, K., K. E. H. Aitken, and, K. L. Wiebe,. 2004. Nest sites and nest webs for cavity-nesting communities in interior British Columbia, Canada: nest characteristics and niche partitioning. Condor 106: 5-19.
39. Martin, K., A. R. Norris, and, M. Drever,. 2006. Effects of bark beetle outbreaks on avian biodiversity in the British Columbia interior: implications for critical habitat management. BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management 7: 10-24.
40. Matthysen, E., D. Cimprich, and, T. C. Grubb, Jr., 1992. Is social organization in winter determined by short or long-term benefits? A case study on migrant red-breasted nuthatches Sitta canadensis. Ornis Scandinavica 23: 43-48.
41. Miller, K. E., 2010. Nest-site limitation of secondary cavity-nesting birds in even-age southern pine forests. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122: 126-134.
42. Nelson, K. P., and, B. G. Leroux,. 2006. Statistical models for autocorrelated count data. Statistics in Medicine 25: 1413-1430.
43. Newton, I., 1994. The role of nest sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: a review. Biological Conservation 70: 265-276.
44. Newton, I., 1998. Population limitation in birds. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
45. Norris, A. R., and, K. Martin,. 2008. Mountain pine beetle presence affects nest patch choice of red-breasted nuthatches. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 733-737.
46. Norris, A. R., and, K. Martin,. 2010. The perils of plasticity: dual resource pulses increase facilitation but destabilize populations of small-bodied cavity-nesters. Oikos 119: 1126-1135.
47. Ostfeld, R. S., and, F. Keesing,. 2000. Pulsed resources and community dynamics of consumers in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 232-237.
48. Power, H. W., and, M. P. Lombardo,. 1996. Mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides). Account 222 in, A. Poole, and, F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C., USA.
49. Pöysä, H., and, S. Pöysä, 2002. Nest-site limitation and density dependence of reproductive output in the common goldeneye Bucephala clangula: implications for the management of cavity-nesting birds. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 502-510.
50. Ransome, D. B., and, T. P. Sullivan,. 2004. Effects of food and den-site supplementation on populations of Glaucomys sabrinus and Tamiasciurus douglasii. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 206-215.
51. Raphael, M. G., and, M. White,. 1984. Use of snags by cavity-nesting birds in the Sierra Nevada (California, USA). Wildlife Monographs, Number 86. The Wildlife Society Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
52. Remm, J., A. Lohmus, and, R. Rosenvald,. 2008. Density and diversity of hole-nesting passerines: dependence on the characteristics of cavities. Acta Ornithologica 43: 83-91.
53. Robb, J. R., M. S. Cramer, A. R. Parker, and, R. P. Urbanek,. 1996. Use of tree cavities by fox squirrels and raccoons in Indiana. Journal of Mammalogy 77: 1017-1027.
54. Robertson, R. J., B. J. Stutchbury, and, R. R. Cohen,. 1992. Tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor). Account 11 in, A. Poole, and, F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C., USA.
55. Underwood, A. J., 1992. Beyond BACI: the detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but variable, world. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 161: 145-178.
56. Underwood, A. J., 1994. On beyond BACI: sampling designs that might reliably detect environmental disturbances. Ecological Applications 4: 3-15.
57. Village, A., 1983. The role of nest site availability and territorial behaviour in limiting the breeding density of kestrels Falco tinnunculus. Journal of Animal Ecology 52: 635-646.
58. Walankiewicz, W., 1991. Do secondary cavity-nesting birds suffer more from competition for cavities or from predation in a primeval deciduous forest? Natural Areas Journal 11: 203-212.
59. Wells, R. W., K. P. Lertzman, and, S. C. Saunders,. 1998. Old-growth definitions for the forests of British Columbia, Canada. Natural Areas Journal 18: 279-292.
60. Wesołowski, T., 2007. Lessons from long-term hole-nester studies in a primeval temperate forest. Journal of Ornithology 148 (Suppl 2): S395-S405.
61. Westfall, J., 2006. Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia Pest Management Report No. 15, Forest Practices Branch. British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Victoria, Canada.
62. Wiebe, K. L., 2011. Nest sites as limiting resources for cavity-nesting birds in mature forest ecosystems: a review of the evidence. Journal of Field Ornithology 82: 239-248.
63. Young, P. J., V. L. Greer, and, S. K. Six,. 2002. Characteristics of bolus nests of red squirrels in the Pinaleno and White Mountains of Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 47: 267-275.
64. Zarnowitz, J. E., and, D. A. Manuwal,. 1985. The effects of forest management on cavity-nesting birds in northwestern Washington, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management 49: 255-263.