The gravitational pull of race on the warren court

Supreme Court Review

Volumn 2010, Issue , 2010, Pages 59-102

  Neuborne, Burt ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858980557     PISSN: 00819557     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1086/658390     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward: 2000-1887 (Riverside, 1926) (1887), online at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25439/25439-h/25439-h.htm. I cannot promise that my exercise in looking backward is more accurate than Bellamy's.
2. John H. McWhorter, contributing editor to the Manhattan Institute's City Journal, online at http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/mcwhorter.htm, with views aired at the Aspen Festival Ideas
3. Ta'Nehisi Coates et al, Post Racial America: Is Obama a Symbol of the New American Dilemma? online at http://www.aifestival.org/audio-video-library. phppmenu=3&title=603&action=full-info (panel discussion at the 2010 Aspen Ideas Festival)
4. Lloyd Grove, We're Not Post-Racial Yet, Daily Beast Quly 8, 2010), online at http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-07-08/america-not-yet- post-racial-the-verdict-from-the-aspen-ideas-festival/(summarizing panel discussion).
5. See US Census Bureau, S1902: Mean Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2009 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars), online at http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ STTableP-bmpyS-geo -id=01000US&-qr-name=ACS-2009-1YR-G00-S1902&-ds-name= ACS-2009-1YR-G00-&-lang=en&-redoLog=false&-CONTEXT=st. In 2009
6. See Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 (US Census Bureau, Sept 2010), online at http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p60- 238.pdf 35-36.
7. Unemployment rates for blacks are consistently nearly twice as high as for whites. Table A-2. Employment Status of the Civilian Population by Race, Sex, and Age (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Oct 8, 2010), online at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t02.htm.
8. Largely because of the nation's drug policies, approximately one-third of all black men in the United States were under the supervision of an aspect of the criminal justice system in 1995. See Marc Maurer and Tracy Huling, Young Black Americans andthe Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later (Sentencing Project, Oct 1995), online at http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/ rd-youngblack-5yrslater.pdf3.
9. T. J. Mathews and Marian F. MacDorman, Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2006 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set, 58 Natl Vital Statistics Rep 17 (Natl Vital Statistics System, Apr 30, 2010), online at http://www.cdc.gov/ nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58-17.pdf
10. The following description of representative pre-Brown state apartheid statutes is drawn from Jesse H. Choper, Consequences of Supreme Court Decisions Upholding Individual Constitutional Rights, 83 Mich L Rev 1, 25-26 (1984).
11. I drew heavily on the Choper article for my 2004speech to the New York State Judiciary on the fiftieth anniversary of Brown. Burt Neuborne, Brown at 50 (American Bar Association), online at http://www.abanet.org/publiced/lawday/ finch/2ndplacefinch04.pdf (speech given at the New York State Supreme
12. Paul Finkelman, Civil Rights in Historical Context: In Defense of Brown, 118 Harv L Rev 973, 986, 1006-29 (2005)
13. Michael J. Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (Oxford, 2004)
14. See generally Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, 2000).
15. Arnold Rampersad, Jackie Robinson: A Biography (Borzoi, 1997).
16. Morris J. Macgregor, Jr., Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 (Center of Military History, United States Army, 1985), online at http://www.history.army.mil/books/integration/iaf-fm.htm, fordoc-umentation of the reaction to integration.
17. Michal R. Belknap, The Legal Legacy of Lemuel Penn, 25 Howard L J 467, 467 (1982) (briefly describing murder victim Penn and his murder). For the factual background of the case, see generally id.
18. See, for example, Gary Apfel, Whose Constitution Is It Anyway? The Authority of the Judiciary's Interpretation of the Constitution, 46 Rutgers L Rev 771 (1994);
19. Steven G. Calabresi, Thayer's Clear Mistake, 88 Nw U L Rev 269, 272-76 (1993);
20. Frank H. East-erbrook, Presidential Review, 40 Case W Res L Rev 905 (1990);
21. Michael Stokes Paulsen, The Most Dangerous Branch: Executive Power to Say What the Law Is, 83 Georgetown L J 217 (1994);
22. Mark V. Tushnet, The Hardest Question in Constitutional Law, 81 Minn L Rev 1 (1996);
23. Larry D. Kramer, The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review (Oxford, 2004).
24. At a minimum, the President asserts an independent power to construe the Constitution in deciding whether to veto a bill, issue a signing statement, or decline to enforce an unconstitutional law. See Walter E. Dellinger III, Memorandum for Bernard Nussbaum, Counsel to the President, 48 Ark L Rev 333 (1995). More controversially, in areas involving exercise of the Commander-in-Chief power, some argue that there is an independent presidential power to construe relevant provisions of the Constitution.
25. The widespread administrative practice of "respectfully non-acquiescing" in binding circuit precedent is criticized in Joseph E. Weis, Agency Non-Acquiescence-Respectful Lawlessness or Legitimate Disagreement? 48 U Pitt L Rev 845 (1986-87).
26. Bruce Ackerman, The Living Constitution, 120 Harv L Rev 1737 (2007).
27. See Samuel Issacharoff and Richard Pildes, Between Unilateralism and the Rule of Law: An Institutional Process Approach to Rights During Wartime, 5 Theoret Inq in L 1 (2004);
28. Samuel Issacharoff and Richard Pildes, Emergency Contexts Without Emergency Powers,2 Intl J Const L 296 (2004).
29. See also Richard A. Posner, Not a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in Time of National Emergency (Oxford, 2006).
30. David A. Strauss, The Living Constitution (Oxford, 2010);
31. David A. Strauss, Common Law Constitutional Interpretation, 63 U Chi L Rev 877 (1996); (Pubitemid 126408724)
32. See also Larry D. Kramer, Popular Constitutionalism, Circa 2004, 92 Cal L Rev 959 (2004).
33. See generally Barry Friedman, The Will of the People: How Public Opinion Has Influenced the Supreme Court and Shaped the Meaning ofthe Constitution (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009).