Injectable and oral contraceptive use and cancers of the breast, cervix, ovary, and endometrium in black south african women: Case-control study

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Urban, Margaret ^a,b   Banks, Emily ^c,d   Egger, Sam ^e   Canfell, Karen ^e,f   O'Connell, Dianne ^e,f,g,h   Beral, Valerie ⁱ   Sitas, Freddy ^e,f,g  

^a NATIONAL HEALTH LABORATORY SERVICE   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^c The Australian National University   (Australia)

^d SAX INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^e CANCER RESEARCH DIVISION   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^g UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^h UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; NORETHISTERONE ENANTATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG USE; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; FEMALE; HOSPITAL BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NEOPLASM; OVARY CANCER; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOUTH AFRICA; TREATMENT DURATION; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; ADOLESCENT; BREAST TUMOR; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; ENDOMETRIUM TUMOR; MIDDLE AGED; NEGRO; OVARY TUMOR; UTERINE CERVIX TUMOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; AGED; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL; ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; SOUTH AFRICA; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84858961255     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001182     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) World contraceptive use 2009. POP/DB/CP/Rev2009 New York United Nations.
2. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2010) World population prospects: the 2010 revision. Available: http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm. Accessed 6 January 2012.
3. Cogliano V, Grosse Y, Baan R, Straif K, Secretan B, et al. (2005) Carcinogencity of combined oestrogen-progestagen contraceptives and menopausal treatment. Lancet Oncol 6: 552-553.
4. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2007) Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 91: 1-528 Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer.
5. Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer (2008) Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 studies including 23 257 women with ovarian cancer and 87 303 controls. Lancet 371: 303-314.
6. International Agency for Research on Cancer (1999) Hormonal contraception and post-menopausal hormonal therapy Lyon (France) International Agency for Research on Cancer.
7. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1996) Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 347: 1713-1727.
8. Strom BL, Berlin JA, Weber AL, Norman SA, Bernstein L, et al. (2004) Absence of an effect of injectable and implantable progestin-only contraceptives on subsequent risk of breast cancer. Contraception 69: 353-360.
9. Sweeney C, Giuliano A, Baumgartner K, Byers T, Herrick J, et al. (2007) Oral, injected and implanted contraceptives and breast cancer risk among U.S. Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Int J Cancer 121: 2517-2523.
10. Shapiro S, Rosenberg L, Hoffman M, Truter H, Cooper D, et al. (2000) Risk of breast cancer in relation to the use of injectable progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen/progestogen contraceptives. Am J Epidemiol 151: 396-403.
11. International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer (2007) Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 16 573 women with cervical cancer and 35 509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet 370: 1609-1671.
12. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Hormones (1991) Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 49: 186-190.
13. Liang AP, Levenson AG, Layde PM, Shelton JD, Hatcher RA, et al. (1983) Risk of breast, uterine corpus, and ovarian cancer in women receiving medroxyprogesterone injections. JAMA 249: 2909-2912.
14. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Hormones (1991) Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 49: 191-195.
15. Bailie R, (1997) A case control study of breast cancer risk and exposure to injectable progestogen contraceptives. S Afr Med J 87: 302-305.
16. Sitas F, Carrara H, Beral V, Newton R, Reeves G, et al. (1999) Antibodies against human herpesvirus 8 in black South African patients with cancer. N Eng J Med 340: 1863-1871.
17. Pacella-Norman R, Urban M, Sitas F, Carrara H, Sur R, et al. (2002) Risk factors for oesophageal, lung, oral and laryngeal cancers in black South Africans. Br J Cancer 86: 1751-1756.
18. Stein L, Urban M, Weber M, Ruff P, Hale M, et al. (2008) Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans. Br J Cancer 98: 1586-1592.
19. Liu BQ, Peto R, Chen Z-M, Boreham J, Wu Y-P, et al. (1998) Emerging tobacco hazards in China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. BMJ 317: 1411-1422.
20. South Africa National Department of Health (2008) Standard treatment guidelines and essential drugs list for South Africa: primary care Pretoria National Department of Health.
21. Key TJ, Verkasalo PK, Banks E, (2001) The epidemiology of breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2: 133-140.
22. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1996) Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Contraception 54: 1S-106S.
23. Wernli K, Ray RM, Gao DL, De Roos A, Checkoway H, et al. (2006) Menstrual and reproductive factors in relation to risk of endometrial cancer in Chinese women. Cancer Causes Control 17: 949-955.
24. Linet MS, Brookmeyer R, (1987) Use of cancer controls in case-control cancer studies. Am J Epidemiol 125: 1-11.
25. Stein L, Urban M, O'Connell D, Yu X, Beral V, et al. (2008) The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cancers in a South African black population: results from a case-control study, 1995-2004. Int J Cancer 122: 2260-2265.
26. Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, et al. (2009) A review of human carcinogens-part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol 10: 321-322.
27. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I, (2004) Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 328: 1519-1528.
28. Statistics South Africa (2003) Census 2001: census in brief Pretoria Statistics South Africa Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/CInBrief/CIB2001.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2011.
29. Health Systems Trust (2011) Medical scheme coverage. Available: http://www.healthlink.org.za/healthstats/77/data/eth. Accessed: 9 September 2011.
30. South African National Cancer Registry (2011) Summary statistics of cancer diagnosed histologically in 2003 Johannesburg National Institute for Occupational Health Available: http://www.nioh.ac.za/assets/files/Cancer%20tables%202003.pdf. Accessed 8 September 2011.
31. Mishell DR Jr, (1997) Long-acting contraceptive steroids: postcoital contraceptives and antiprogestogens. In: Lobo RA, Mishell DR, Paulson RJ, Shoupe D, editors. Mishell's textbook of infertility, contraception and reproductive endocrinology, 4th edition Oxford Blackwell Science pp. 827-850.
32. Gbolade B, Ellis S, Murby B, Randall S, Kirkman R, (1998) Bone density in long term users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105: 790-794.
33. Million Women Study Collaborators (2003) Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 362: 419-427.
34. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (2007) UK public assessment report-hormone-replacement therapy: safety update London Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Available: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/pl-p/documents/websiteresources/con2032228.pdf. Accessed 1 January 2009.
35. Canfell K, Banks E, (2010) Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, and cancers of the female reproductive system. In: Robotin M, Olver I, Girgis A, editors. When cancer crosses disciplines London Imperial College Press.
36. International Agency for Research on Cancer (1979) Sex hormones Lyon International Agency for Research on Cancer.