Malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: A diagnostic challenge

Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery

Volumn 397, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 155-177

  Gimm, Oliver ^a,b   DeMicco, Catherine ^c   Perren, Aurel ^d   Giammarile, Francesco ^e   Walz, Martin K ^f   Brunaud, Laurent ^g  

^a Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine   (Sweden)

^b LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^f KLINIKEN ESSEN MITTE   (Germany)

^g CHU NANCY BRABOIS   (France)

Author keywords

Diagnosis; Malignancy; Paraganglioma; Pheochromocytoma; Therapy

Indexed keywords

(3 IODOBENZYL)GUANIDINE I 123; (3 IODOBENZYL)GUANIDINE I 131; 5 HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN C 11; 6 FLUORODOPA F 18; 6 FLUORODOPAMINE F 18; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DACARBAZINE; DOTA NOC GA 68; DOTA TOC GA 68; DOTATATE GA 68; FLUORODIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE C 11; FLUORODIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE F 18; HYDROXYEPHEDRINE C 11; METOMIDATE 11 C; PENTETATE INDIUM IN 111; PENTETREOTIDE IN 111; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SODIUM F 18; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE GA 68; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VINCRISTINE;

ADRENAL GLAND; ADRENAL TUMOR; BENIGN TUMOR; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER INVASION; CANCER SURGERY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISTANT METASTASIS; ENDOCRINOLOGIST; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MALIGNANT PARAGANGLIOMA; MALIGNANT PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ONCOLOGIST; PARAGANGLION; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE; PATHOLOGIST; PHYSICIAN; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIMARY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIOLOGIST; RARE DISEASE; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; SURGEON;

ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS; ADRENALECTOMY; ANIMALS; BIOPSY, NEEDLE; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; NEOPLASM STAGING; PARAGANGLIOMA; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; PROGNOSIS; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84858862411     PISSN: 14352443     EISSN: 14352451     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0880-x     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Zarnegar R, Kebebew E, Duh QY, Clark OH (2006) Malignant pheochromocytoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 15(3):555-571 (Pubitemid 44150593)
2. Klein RD, Lloyd RV, Young WF (2009) Hereditary paraganglioma- pheochromocytoma syndromes. In: Pagon RA, Dolan CR, Stephens K (eds) Gene reviews. University of Washington, Seattle
3. Thompson LD, Young WF, Kawashima A, Komminoth P, Tischler AS (2004) Malignant adrenal phaeochromocytoma. In: DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (eds) WHO classification of tumours: pathology and genetics-tumours of endocrine organs. IARC Press, pp 147-150
4. Adjalle R, Plouin PF, Pacak K, Lehnert H (2009) Treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma. Horm Metab Res 41(9):687-696
5. Eisenhofer G, Bornstein SR, Brouwers FM, Cheung NK, Dahia PL, de Krijger RR, Giordano TJ, Greene LA, Goldstein DS, Lehnert H, Manger WM, Maris JM, Neumann HP, Pacak K, Shulkin BL, Smith DI, Tischler AS, Young WF Jr (2004) alignant pheochromocytoma: current status and initiatives for future progress. Endocr Relat Cancer 11(3):423-436 (Pubitemid 39331275)
6. Lehnert H, Mundschenk J, Hahn K (2004) Malignant pheochromocytoma. Front Horm Res 31:155-162
7. Scott HW Jr, Halter SA (1984) Oncologic aspects of pheochromocytoma: the importance of follow-up. Surgery 96(6):1061-1066
8. Medeiros LJ, Wolf BC, Balogh K, Federman M (1985) Adrenal pheochromocytoma: a clinicopathologic review of 60 cases. Hum Pathol 16(6):580-589 (Pubitemid 15049632)
9. Elder EE, Xu D, Hoog A, Enberg U, Hou M, Pisa P, Gruber A, Larsson C, Backdahl M (2003) Ki-67 and hTERT expression can aid in the distinction between malignant and benign pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Mod Pathol 16(3):246-255 (Pubitemid 36337431)
10. Fassnacht M, Kreissl MC, Weismann D, Allolio B (2009) New targets and therapeutic approaches for endocrine malignancies. Pharmacol Ther 123(1):117-141
11. Harari A, Inabnet WB 3rd (2010) Malignant pheochromocytoma: a review. Am J Surg 201:700-708
12. Proye C, Vix M, Goropoulos A, Kerlo P, Lecomte-Houcke M (1992) High incidence of malignant pheochromocytoma in a surgical unit. 26 cases out of 100 patients operated from 1971 to 991. J Endocrinol Invest 15(9):651-663
13. Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Favier J, Rustin P, Rieubland C, Crespin M, Nau V, Khau Van Kien P, Corvol P, Plouin PF, Jeunemaitre X (2003) Mutations in the SDHB gene are associated with extra-adrenal and/or malignant phaeochromocytomas. Cancer Res 63 (17):5615-5621 (Pubitemid 37139886)
14. Walz MK, Alesina PF, Wenger FA, Koch JA, Neumann HP, Petersenn S, Schmid KW, Mann K (2006) Laparoscopic and retroperitoneoscopic treatment of pheochromocytomas and retroperitoneal paragangliomas: results of 161 tumors in 126 patients. World J Surg 30(5):899-908 (Pubitemid 43724124)
15. Suh I, Shibru D, Eisenhofer G, Pacak K, Duh QY, Clark OH, Kebebew E (2009) Candidate genes associated with malignant pheochromocytomas by genome-wide expression profiling. Ann Surg 250(6):983-990
16. O'Riordain DS, Young WF Jr, Grant CS, Carney JA, van Heerden JA (1996) Clinical spectrum and outcome of functional extra-adrenal paraganglioma. World J Surg 20(7):916-921, discussion 922
17. Mannelli M, Castellano M, Schiavi F, Filetti S, Giacche M, Mori L, Pignataro V, Bernini G, Giache V, Bacca A, Biondi B, Corona G, Di Trapani G, Grossrubatscher E, Reimondo G, Arnaldi G, Giacchetti G, Veglio F, Loli P, Colao A, Ambrosio MR, Terzolo M, Letizia C, Ercolino T, Opocher G (2009) Clinically guided genetic screening in a large cohort of Italian patients with pheochromocytomas and/or functional or nonfunctional paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(5):1541-1547
18. Goldstein RE, O'Neill JA Jr, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morgan WM 3rd, Neblett WW 3rd, Oates JA, Brown N, Nadeau J, Smith B, Page DL, Abumrad NN, Scott HW Jr (1999) Clinical experience over 48 years with pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg 229(6):755-764, discussion 764-756
19. Kopetschke R, Slisko M, Kilisli A, Tuschy U, Wallaschofski H, Fassnacht M, Ventz M, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Reisch N, Quinkler M (2009) Frequent incidental discovery of phaeochromocytoma: data from a German cohort of 201 phaeochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol 161(2):355-361
20. McNicol AM (2010) Update on tumours of the adrenal cortex, phaeochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma. Histopathology: (in press)
21. Ciftci AO, Tanyel FC, Senocak ME, Buyukpamukcu N (2001) heochromocytoma in children. J Pediatr Surg 36(3):447-452
22. Barontini M, Levin G, Sanso G (2006) Characteristics of pheochromocytoma in a 4- to 20-year-old population. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1073:30-37 (Pubitemid 44911995)
23. Bissada NK, Safwat AS, Seyam RM, Al Sobhi S, Hanash KA, Jackson RJ, Sakati N, Bissada MA (2008) Pheochromocytoma in children and adolescents: a clinical spectrum. J Pediatr Surg 43 (3):540-543 (Pubitemid 351382065)
24. Neumann HP, Berger DP, Sigmund G, Blum U, Schmidt D, Parmer RJ, Volk B, Kirste G (1993) Pheochromocytomas, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. N Engl J Med 329(21):1531-1538 (Pubitemid 23332438)
25. Modigliani E, Vasen HM, Raue K, Dralle H, Frilling A, Gheri RG, Brandi ML, Limbert E, Niederle B, Forgas L et al (1995) heochromocytoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: European study. The Euromen Study Group. J Intern Med 238 (4):363-367
26. Bravo EL, Tagle R (2003) Pheochromocytoma: state-of-the-art and future prospects. Endocr Rev 24(4):539-553 (Pubitemid 37056243)
27. Sisson JC, Shulkin BL, Esfandiari NH (2006) Courses of malignant pheochromocytoma: implications for therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1073:505-511 (Pubitemid 44912044)
28. Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Ahlman H, Bornstein SR, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grossman AB, Kimura N, Mannelli M, McNicol AM, Tischler AS (2007) Pheochromocytoma: recommendations for clinical practice from the First International Symposium. October 2005. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3(2):92-102 (Pubitemid 46146962)
29. Tanaka S, Ito T, Tomoda J, Higashi T, Yamada G, Tsuji T (1993) Malignant pheochromocytoma with hepatic metastasis diagnosed 20 years after resection of the primary adrenal lesion. Intern Med 32(10):789-794
30. Edstrom Elder E, Hjelm Skog AL, Hoog A, Hamberger B (2003) The management of benign and malignant pheochromocytoma and abdominal paraganglioma. Eur J Surg Oncol 29(3):278-283 (Pubitemid 36395565)
31. Ahlman H (2006) Malignant pheochromocytoma: state of the field with future projections. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1073:449-464
32. Baysal BE, Ferrell RE, Willett-Brozick JE, Lawrence EC, Myssiorek D, Bosch A, van der Mey A, Taschner PE, Rubinstein WS, Myers EN, Richard CW 3rd, Cornelisse CJ, Devilee P, Devlin B (2000) Mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in hereditary paraganglioma. Science 287(5454):848-851 (Pubitemid 30084326)
33. Gimm O, Armanios M, Dziema H, Neumann HP, Eng C (2000) Somatic and occult germ-line mutations in SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene, in nonfamilial pheochromocytoma. Cancer Res 60(24):6822-6825 (Pubitemid 32059145)
34. Niemann S, Muller U (2000) Mutations in SDHC cause autosomal dominant paraganglioma, type 3. Nat Genet 26 (3):268-270
35. Astuti D, Latif F, Dallol A, Dahia PL, Douglas F, George E, Skoldberg F, Husebye ES, Eng C, Maher ER (2001) Gene mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunit SDHB cause susceptibility to familial pheochromocytoma and to familial paraganglioma. Am J Hum Genet 69(1):49-54 (Pubitemid 32614017)
36. Hao HX, Khalimonchuk O, Schraders M, Dephoure N, Bayley JP, Kunst H, Devilee P, Cremers CW, Schiffman JD, Bentz BG, Gygi SP, Winge DR, Kremer H, Rutter J (2009) SDH5, a gene required for flavination of succinate dehydrogenase, is mutated in paraganglioma. Science 325(5944):1139-1142
37. Burnichon N, Briere JJ, Libe R, Vescovo L, Riviere J, Tissier F, Jouanno E, Jeunemaitre X, Benit P, Tzagoloff A, Rustin P, Bertherat J, Favier J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP (2010) SDHA is a tumor suppressor gene causing paraganglioma. Hum Mol Genet 19(15):3011-3020
38. Benn DE, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Reilly JR, Bertherat J, Burgess J, Byth K, Croxson M, Dahia PL, Elston M, Gimm O, Henley D, Herman P, Murday V, Niccoli-Sire P, Pasieka JL, Rohmer V, Tucker K, Jeunemaitre X, Marsh DJ, Plouin PF, Robinson BG (2006) Clinical presentation and penetrance of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(3):827-836 (Pubitemid 43357746)
39. Schlisio S, Kenchappa RS, Vredeveld LC, George RE, Stewart R, Greulich H, Shahriari K, Nguyen NV, Pigny P, Dahia PL, Pomeroy SL, Maris JM, Look AT, Meyerson M, Peeper DS, Carter BD, Kaelin WG Jr (2008) The kinesin KIF1Bbeta acts downstream from EglN3 to induce apoptosis and is a potential 1p36 tumor suppressor. Genes Dev 22(7):884-893 (Pubitemid 351482842)
40. Qin Y, Yao L, King EE, Buddavarapu K, Lenci RE, Chocron ES, Lechleiter JD, Sass M, Aronin N, Schiavi F, Boaretto F, Opocher G, Toledo RA, Toledo SP, Stiles C, Aguiar RC, Dahia PL (2010) Germline mutations in TMEM127 confer susceptibility to pheochromocytoma. Nat Genet 42(3):229-233
41. Comino-Mendez I, Gracia-Aznarez FJ, Schiavi F, Landa I, Leandro-Garcia LJ, Leton R, Honrado E, Ramos-Medina R, Caronia D, Pita G, Gomez-Grana A, de Cubas AA, Inglada- Perez L, Maliszewska A, Taschin E, Bobisse S, Pica G, Loli P, Hernandez-Lavado R, Diaz JA, Gomez-Morales M, Gonzalez- Neira A, Roncador G, Rodriguez-Antona C, Benitez J, Mannelli M, Opocher G, Robledo M, Cascon A (2011) Exome sequencing identifies MAX mutations as a cause of hereditary pheochromocytoma. Nat Genet 43(7):663-667
42. Carney JA (1999) Gastric stromal sarcoma, pulmonary chondroma, and extra-adrenal paraganglioma (Carney triad): natural history, adrenocortical component, and possible familial occurrence. Mayo Clin Proc 74(6):543-552
43. Carney JA, Stratakis CA (2002) Familial paraganglioma and gastric stromal sarcoma: a new syndrome distinct from the Carney triad. Am J Med Genet 108(2):132-139
44. Amar L, Bertherat J, Baudin E, Ajzenberg C, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Chabre O, Chamontin B, Delemer B, Giraud S, Murat A, Niccoli-Sire P, Richard S, Rohmer V, Sadoul JL, Strompf L, Schlumberger M, Bertagna X, Plouin PF, Jeunemaitre X, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP (2005) Genetic testing in pheochromocytoma or functional paraganglioma. J Clin Oncol 23(34):8812-8818 (Pubitemid 46211527)
45. Amar L, Baudin E, Burnichon N, Peyrard S, Silvera S, Bertherat J, Bertagna X, Schlumberger M, Jeunemaitre X, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Plouin PF (2007) Succinate dehydrogenase B gene mutations predict survival in patients with malignant pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(10):3822-3828 (Pubitemid 47607629)
46. Yeh IT, Lenci RE, Qin Y, Buddavarapu K, Ligon AH, Leteurtre E, Do Cao C, Cardot-Bauters C, Pigny P, Dahia PL (2008) A germline mutation of the KIF1B beta gene on 1p36 in a family with neural and nonneural tumors. Hum Genet 124(3):279-285
47. Yao L, Schiavi F, Cascon A, Qin Y, Inglada-Perez L, King EE, Toledo RA, Ercolino T, Rapizzi E, Ricketts CJ, Mori L, Giacche M, Mendola A, Taschin E, Boaretto F, Loli P, Iacobone M, Rossi GP, Biondi B, Lima-Junior JV, Kater CE, Bex M, Vikkula M, Grossman AB, Gruber SB, Barontini M, Persu A, Castellano M, Toledo SP, Maher ER, Mannelli M, Opocher G, Robledo M, Dahia PL (2011) Spectrum and prevalence of FP/TMEM127 gene mutations in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. JAMA 304(23):2611-2619
48. Neumann HP, Sullivan M, Winter A, Malinoc A, Hoffmann MM, Boedeker CC, Bertz H, Walz MK, Moeller LC, Schmid KW, Eng C (2011) Germline mutations of the TMEM127 gene in patients with paraganglioma of head and neck and extraadrenal abdominal sites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(8): E1279-E1282
49. Chrisoulidou A, Kaltsas G, Ilias I, Grossman AB (2007) The diagnosis and management of malignant phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Relat Cancer 14(3):569-585 (Pubitemid 350074048)
50. Glodny B, Winde G, Herwig R, Meier A, Kuhle C, Cromme S, Vetter H (2001) Clinical differences between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. Endocr J 48(2):151-159 (Pubitemid 32499747)
51. Birrenbach T, Stanga Z, Cottagnoud P, Stucki A (2008) Unexpected metastatic pheochromocytoma-an unusual presentation. Eur J Intern Med 19(1):60-62
52. Costa SR, Cabral NM, Abhrao AT, Costa RB, Silva LM, Lupinacci RA (2008) Giant cystic malignant pheochromocytoma invading right hepatic lobe: report on two cases. Sao Paulo Med J 126(4):229-231
53. Honda M, Uesugi K, Yamazaki H, Dezawa A, Mizuguchi K, Yamaji T, Ishibashi M (2000) Malignant pheochromocytoma lacking clinical features of catecholamine excess until the late stage. Intern Med 39(10):820-825
54. Rao F, Keiser HR, O'Connor DT (2000) Malignant pheochromocytoma. Chromaffin granule transmitters and response to treatment. Hypertension 36(6):1045-1052
55. Rao F, Keiser HR, O'Connor DT (2002) Malignant and benign pheochromocytoma: chromaffin granule transmitters and the response to medical and surgical treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 971:530-532 (Pubitemid 35305349)
56. Oishi S, Sato T (1988) Elevated serum neuron-specific enolase in patients with malignant pheochromocytoma. Cancer 61 (6):1167-1170 (Pubitemid 18078607)
57. Grossman A, Pacak K, Sawka A, Lenders JW, Harlander D, Peaston RT, Reznek R, Sisson J, Eisenhofer G (2006) Biochemical diagnosis and localization of pheochromocytoma: can we reach a consensus? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1073:332-347 (Pubitemid 44912029)
58. Young WF (2008) Endocrine hypertension. In: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR (eds) Texbook of endocrinology. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 505-537
59. Yeh CN, Jeng LB, Chen MF, Hung CF (2001) Nonfunctioning malignant pheochromocytoma associated with dermatomyositis: case report and literature review. World J Urol 19(2):148-150
60. Holwitt D, Neifeld J, Massey G, Lanning D (2007) Case report of an 11-year-old child with a nonfunctional malignant pheochromocytoma. J Pediatr Surg 42(11):E13-E15 (Pubitemid 350088866)
61. Lumachi F, Borsato S, Tregnaghi A, Marino F, Fassina A, Zucchetta P, Marzola MC, Cecchin D, Bui F, Iacobone M, Favia G (2007) High risk of malignancy in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal masses: accuracy of adrenal imaging and image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Tumori 93 (3):269-274 (Pubitemid 47080013)
62. van der Harst E, de Herder WW, de Krijger RR, Bruining HA, Bonjer HJ, Lamberts SW, van den Meiracker AH, Stijnen TH, Boomsma F (2002) The value of plasma markers for the clinical behaviour of phaeochromocytomas. Eur J Endocrinol 147(1):85-94 (Pubitemid 34814744)
63. Algeciras-Schimnich A, Preissner CM, Young WF Jr, Singh RJ, Grebe SK (2008) Plasma chromogranin A or urine fractionated metanephrines follow-up testing improves the diagnostic accuracy of plasma fractionated metanephrines for pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(1):91-95
64. Schlumberger M, Gicquel C, Lumbroso J, Tenenbaum F, Comoy E, Bosq J, Fonseca E, Ghillani PP, Aubert B, Travagli JP et al (1992) Malignant pheochromocytoma: clinical, biological, histologic and therapeutic data in a series of 20 patients with distant metastases. J Endocrinol Invest 15(9):631-642
65. Proye C, Fossati P, Fontaine P, Lefebvre J, Decoulx M, Wemeau JL, Dewailly D, Rwamasirabo E, Cecat P (1986) Dopamine-secreting pheochromocytoma: an unrecognized entity? Classification of pheochromocytomas according to their type of secretion. Surgery 100(6):1154-1162 (Pubitemid 17223236)
66. John H, Ziegler WH, Hauri D, Jaeger P (1999) Pheochromocytomas: can malignant potential be predicted? Urology 53(4):679-683 (Pubitemid 29163029)
67. Plouin PF, Chatellier G, Fofol I, Corvol P (1997) Tumor recurrence and hypertension persistence after successful pheochromocytoma operation. Hypertension 29(5):1133-1139 (Pubitemid 27198222)
68. Blake MA, Kalra MK, Maher MM, Sahani DV, Sweeney AT, Mueller PR, Hahn PF, Boland GW (2004) Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon. Radiographics 24(Suppl 1):S87-S99 (Pubitemid 39457245)
69. Plockinger U, Rindi G, Arnold R, Eriksson B, Krenning EP, de Herder WW, Goede A, Caplin M, Oberg K, Reubi JC, Nilsson O, Delle Fave G, Ruszniewski P, Ahlman H, Wiedenmann B (2004) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumours. A consensus statement on behalf of the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS). Neuroendocrinology 80(6):394-424 (Pubitemid 40874886)
70. Hillel PG, van Beek EJ, Taylor C, Lorenz E, Bax ND, Prakash V, Tindale WB (2006) The clinical impact of a combined gamma camera/CT imaging system on somatostatin receptor imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Radiol 61(7):579-587 (Pubitemid 43899344)
71. Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP, Lebtahi R, Komminoth P, Kos-Kudla B, de Herder WW, Plockinger U (2009) ENETS consensus guidelines for the standards of care in neuroendocrine tumors: peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. Neuroendocrinology 90(2):220-226
72. Lumachi F, Tregnaghi A, Zucchetta P, Cristina Marzola M, Cecchin D, Grassetto G, Bui F (2006) Sensitivity and positive predictive value of CT, MRI and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in localizing pheochromocytomas: a prospective study. Nucl Med Commun 27(7):583-587 (Pubitemid 44305314)
73. Ilias I, Pacak K (2004) Anatomical and functional imaging of metastatic pheochromocytoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1018:495-504 (Pubitemid 38951445)
74. van der Harst E, de Herder WW, Bruining HA, Bonjer HJ, de Krijger RR, Lamberts SW, van de Meiracker AH, Boomsma F, Stijnen T, Krenning EP, Bosman FT, Kwekkeboom DJ (2001) [(123)I]metaiodobenzylguanidine and [(111)In]octreotide uptake in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):685-693 (Pubitemid 32207482)
75. Blake MA, Cronin CG, Boland GW (2010) Adrenal imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194(6):1450-1460
76. Szolar DH, Korobkin M, Reittner P, Berghold A, Bauernhofer T, Trummer H, Schoellnast H, Preidler KW, Samonigg H (2005) Adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas: mass and enhancement loss evaluation at delayed contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 234(2):479-485 (Pubitemid 40139919)
77. Varghese JC, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N, Mayo-Smith WW, Gaa JA, Lee MJ (1997) MR differentiation of phaeochromocytoma from other adrenal lesions based on qualitative analysis of T2 relaxation times. Clin Radiol 52(8):603-606
78. Mayo-Smith WW, Boland GW, Noto RB, Lee MJ (2001) State-of-the-art adrenal imaging. Radiographics 21(4):995-1012
79. Takano A, Oriuchi N, Tsushima Y, Taketomi-Takahashi A, Nakajima T, Arisaka Y, Higuchi T, Amanuma M, Endo K (2008) Detection of metastatic lesions from malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with 18F-FDG positron emission tomography and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy. Ann Nucl Med 22(5):395-401 (Pubitemid 351938512)
80. Kann PH, Wirkus B, Behr T, Klose KJ, Meyer S (2004) Endosonographic imaging of benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(4):1694-1697 (Pubitemid 38507921)
81. Hattner RS, Huberty JP, Engelstad BL, Gooding CA, Ablin AR (1984) Localization of m-iodo(131I)benzylguanidine in neuroblastoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 143(2):373-374
82. Nakajo M, Shapiro B, Copp J, Kalff V, Gross MD, Sisson JC, Beierwaltes WH (1983) The normal and abnormal distribution of the adrenomedullary imaging agent m-[I-131]iodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG) in man: evaluation by scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 24(8):672-682 (Pubitemid 13016087)
83. Shapiro B, Copp JE, Sisson JC, Eyre PL, Wallis J, Beierwaltes WH (1985) Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine for the locating of suspected pheochromocytoma: experience in 400 cases. J Nucl Med 26(6):576-585 (Pubitemid 16033416)
84. Wieland DM, Wu J, Brown LE, Mangner TJ, Swanson DP, Beierwaltes WH (1980) Radiolabeled adrenergic neuronblocking agents: adrenomedullary imaging with [131I]iodobenzylguanidine. J Nucl Med 21(4):349-353 (Pubitemid 10100562)
85. Khafagi FA, Shapiro B, Gross MD (1989) The adrenal gland. In: Maisey MN, Britton KE, Gilday DL (eds) Clinical nuclear medicine. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 271-291
86. Bombardieri E, Giammarile F, Aktolun C, Baum RP, Bischof Delaloye A, Maffioli L, Moncayo R, Mortelmans L, Pepe G, Reske SN, Castellani MR, Chiti A (2010) 131I/123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy: procedure guidelines for tumour imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37(12):2436-2446
87. Havekes B, Lai EW, Corssmit EP, Romijn JA, Timmers HJ, Pacak K (2008) Detection and treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: current standing of MIBG scintigraphy and future role of PET imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 52 (4):419-429
88. Lumbroso JD, Guermazi F, Hartmann O, Coornaert S, Rabarison Y, Leclere JG, Couanet D, Bayle C, Caillaud JM, Lemerle J et al (1988) Meta- iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scans in neuroblastoma: sensitivity and specificity, a review of 115 scans. Prog Clin Biol Res 271:689-705
89. Jacobson AF, Deng H, Lombard J, Lessig HJ, Black RR (2010) 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy for the detection of neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma: results of a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(6):2596-2606
90. Kaltsas G, Korbonits M, Heintz E, Mukherjee JJ, Jenkins PJ, Chew SL, Reznek R, Monson JP, Besser GM, Foley R, Britton KE, Grossman AB (2001) Comparison of somatostatin analog and meta-iodobenzylguanidine radionuclides in the diagnosis and localization of advanced neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):895-902 (Pubitemid 32207512)
91. Kaji P, Carrasquillo JA, Linehan WM, Chen CC, Eisenhofer G, Pinto PA, Lai EW, Pacak K (2007) The role of 6-[18F] fluorodopamine positron emission tomography in the localization of adrenal pheochromocytoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 156(4):483-487 (Pubitemid 46672650)
92. Sisson JC, Shulkin BL (1999) Nuclear medicine imaging of pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. Q J Nucl Med 43 (3):217-223 (Pubitemid 29500578)
93. Bhatia KS, Ismail MM, Sahdev A, Rockall AG, Hogarth K, Canizales A, Avril N, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Reznek RH (2008) 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy for the detection of adrenal and extra-adrenal phaeochromocytomas: CT and MRI correlation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69(2):181-188 (Pubitemid 352009037)
94. Wiseman GA, Pacak K, O'Dorisio MS, Neumann DR, Waxman AD, Mankoff DA, Heiba SI, Serafini AN, Tumeh SS, Khutoryansky N, Jacobson AF (2009) Usefulness of 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected primary or metastatic pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma: results from a prospective multicenter trial. J Nucl Med 50(9):1448-1454
95. Donckier JE, Michel L (2010) Phaeochromocytoma: state-of-the-art. Acta Chir Belg 110(2):140-148
96. Tsuchimochi S, Nakajo M, Nakabeppu Y, Tani A (1997) Metastatic pulmonary pheochromocytomas: positive I-123 MIBG SPECT with negative I-131 MIBG and equivocal I-123 MIBG planar imaging. Clin Nucl Med 22(10):687-690 (Pubitemid 28049449)
97. Fujita A, Hyodoh H, Kawamura Y, Kanegae K, Furuse M, Kanazawa K (2000) Use of fusion images of I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine, SPECT, and magnetic resonance studies to identify a malignant pheochromocytoma. Clin Nucl Med 25 (6):440-442 (Pubitemid 30327316)
98. Rozovsky K, Koplewitz BZ, Krausz Y, Revel-Vilk S, Weintraub M, Chisin R, Klein M (2008) Added value of SPECT/CT for correlation of MIBG scintigraphy and diagnostic CT in neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190 (4):1085-1090 (Pubitemid 351571524)
99. Rufini V, Shulkin B (2008) The evolution in the use of MIBG in more than 25 years of experimental and clinical applications. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 52(4):341-350
100. Meyer-Rochow GY, Schembri GP, Benn DE, Sywak MS, Delbridge LW, Robinson BG, Roach PJ, Sidhu SB (2010) The utility of metaiodobenzylguanidine single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (MIBG SPECT/CT) for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg Oncol 17 (2):392-400
101. Fukuoka M, Taki J, Mochizuki T, Kinuya S (2011) Comparison of diagnostic value of I-123 MIBG and high-dose I-131 MIBG scintigraphy including incremental value of SPECT/CT over planar image in patients with malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma and neuroblastoma. Clin Nucl Med 36(1):1-7
102. Buhl T, Mortensen J, Kjaer A (2002) I-123 MIBG imaging and intraoperative localization of metastatic pheochromocytoma: a case report. Clin Nucl Med 27(3):183-185 (Pubitemid 34195230)
103. Vaidyanathan G (2008) Meta-iodobenzylguanidine and analogues: chemistry and biology. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 52 (4):351-368
104. Krenning EP, Bakker WH, Breeman WA, Koper JW, Kooij PP, Ausema L, Lameris JS, Reubi JC, Lamberts SW (1989) Localisation of endocrine-related tumours with radioiodinated analogue of somatostatin. Lancet 1(8632):242-244
105. Tenenbaum F, Lumbroso J, Schlumberger M, Mure A, Plouin PF, Caillou B, Parmentier C (1995) Comparison of radiolabeled octreotide and meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy in malignant pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med 36(1):1-6
106. Kopf D, Bockisch A, Steinert H, Hahn K, Beyer J, Neumann HP, Hensen J, Lehnert H (1997) Octreotide scintigraphy and catecholamine response to an octreotide challenge in malignant phaeochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46(1):39-44 (Pubitemid 27072844)
107. Limouris GS, Giannakopoulos V, Stavraka A, Toubanakis N, Vlahos L (1997) Comparison of In-111 pentetreotide, Tc-99m (V)DMSA and I-123 mlBG scintimaging in neural crest tumors. Anticancer Res 17(3B):1589-1592 (Pubitemid 27263127)
108. de Herder WW, Kwekkeboom DJ, Valkema R, Feelders RA, van Aken MO, Lamberts SW, van der Lely AJ, Krenning EP (2005) Neuroendocrine tumors and somatostatin: imaging techniques. J Endocrinol Invest 28(11 Suppl International):132-136
109. Duet M, Sauvaget E, Petelle B, Rizzo N, Guichard JP, Wassef M, Le Cloirec J, Herman P, Tran Ba Huy P (2003) Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of paragangliomas of the head and neck. J Nucl Med 44(11):1767-1774 (Pubitemid 39663308)
110. Goldsmith SJ (2009) Update on nuclear medicine imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Future Oncol 5(1):75-84
111. Hodolic M, Fettich J, Banti E, Chondrogiannis S, Al-Nahhas A, Rubello D (2010) Diagnostics of neuroendocrine tumours. In Vivo 24(5):771-774
112. Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC (2010) Molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Oncol 37(6):662-679
113. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB (2009) Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324(5930):1029-1033
114. Shanmugam M, McBrayer SK, Rosen ST (2009) Targeting the Warburg effect in hematological malignancies: from PET to therapy. Curr Opin Oncol 21(6):531-536
115. Shulkin BL, Koeppe RA, Francis IR, Deeb GM, Lloyd RV, Thompson NW (1993) Pheochromocytomas that do not accumulate metaiodobenzylguanidine: localization with PET and administration of FDG. Radiology 186(3):711-715 (Pubitemid 23073512)
116. Homma K, Hayashi K, Wakino S, Irie R, Mukai M, Kumagai H, Shibata H, Saruta T (2006) Primary malignant hepatic pheochromocytoma with negative adrenal scintigraphy. Hypertens Res 29(7):551-554 (Pubitemid 44363472)
117. Ezuddin S, Fragkaki C (2005) MIBG and FDG PET findings in a patient with malignant pheochromocytoma: a significant discrepancy. Clin Nucl Med 30(8):579-581 (Pubitemid 41026211)
118. Kikuchi F, Imachi H, Murao K, Ohyama T, Miyai Y, Kushida Y, Haba R, Kakehi Y, Ishida T (2010) Positron emission tomography with 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose is a useful tool for the diagnosis of pheochromocytomas without distant metastasis, where malignancy is suspected on the basis of histopathologic analysis. Am J Med Sci 340(2):160-163
119. Timmers HJ, Kozupa A, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA, Ling A, Eisenhofer G, Adams KT, Solis D, Lenders JW, Pacak K (2007) Superiority of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to other functional imaging techniques in the evaluation of metastatic SDHB-associated pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Oncol 25(16):2262-2269 (Pubitemid 46954653)
120. Iagaru A, Mittra E, Yaghoubi SS, Dick DW, Quon A, Goris ML, Gambhir SS (2009) Novel strategy for a cocktail 18F-fluoride and 18F-FDG PET/CT scan for evaluation of malignancy: results of the pilot-phase study. J Nucl Med 50(4):501-505
121. Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Li ST, Goldstein DS (2001) 6-[18F]fluorodopamine positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning for diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. Hypertension 38(1):6-8 (Pubitemid 34224762)
122. Timmers HJ, Carrasquillo JA, Whatley M, Eisenhofer G, Chen CC, Ling A, Linehan WM, Pinto PA, Adams KT, Pacak K (2007) Usefulness of standardized uptake values for distinguishing adrenal glands with pheochromocytoma from normal adrenal glands by use of 6-18F-fluorodopamine PET. J Nucl Med 48 (12):1940-1944 (Pubitemid 350232301)
123. Timmers HJ, Eisenhofer G, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Whatley M, Ling A, Adams KT, Pacak K (2009) Use of 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine positron emission tomography (PET) as firstline investigation for the diagnosis and localization of nonmetastatic and metastatic phaeochromocytoma (PHEO). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 71(1):11-17
124. Timmers HJ, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA, Whatley M, Ling A, Havekes B, Eisenhofer G, Martiniova L, Adams KT, Pacak K (2009) Comparison of 18F-fluoro-L-DOPA, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, and 18F-fluorodopamine PET and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in the localization of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(12):4757-4767
125. Ilias I, Yu J, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Eisenhofer G, Whatley M, McElroy B, Pacak K (2003) Superiority of 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine positron emission tomography versus [131I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in the localization of metastatic pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 (9):4083-4087 (Pubitemid 37153702)
126. Zelinka T, Timmers HJ, Kozupa A, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA, Reynolds JC, Ling A, Eisenhofer G, Lazurova I, Adams KT, Whatley MA, Widimsky J Jr, Pacak K (2008) Role of positron emission tomography and bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of bone involvement in metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: specific implications for succinate dehydrogenase enzyme subunit B gene mutations. Endocr Relat Cancer 15 (1):311-323 (Pubitemid 351449749)
127. Hoegerle S, Nitzsche E, Altehoefer C, Ghanem N, Manz T, Brink I, Reincke M, Moser E, Neumann HP (2002) Pheochromocytomas: detection with 18F DOPA whole body PET-initial results. Radiology 222(2):507-512 (Pubitemid 34106126)
128. Imani F, Agopian VG, Auerbach MS, Walter MA, Imani F, Benz MR, Dumont RA, Lai CK, Czernin JG, Yeh MW (2009) 18F-FDOPA PET and PET/CT accurately localize pheochromocytomas. J Nucl Med 50(4):513-519
129. Fiebrich HB, Brouwers AH, Kerstens MN, Pijl ME, Kema IP, de Jong JR, Jager PL, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RA, van der Wal JE, Sluiter WJ, de Vries EG, Links TP (2009) 6-[F-18]Fluoro-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography is superior to conventional imaging with (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy, computer tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in localizing tumors causing catecholamine excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(10):3922-3930
130. Fottner C, Helisch A, Anlauf M, Rossmann H, Musholt TJ, Kreft A, Schadmand-Fischer S, Bartenstein P, Lackner KJ, Kloppel G, Schreckenberger M, Weber MM (2010) 6-18F-fluoro-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography is superior to 123I-metaiodobenzyl-guanidine scintigraphy in the detection of extraadrenal and hereditary pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: correlation with vesicular monoamine transporter expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 (6):2800-2810
131. Timmers HJ, Hadi M, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Martiniova L, Whatley M, Ling A, Eisenhofer G, Adams KT, Pacak K (2007) The effects of carbidopa on uptake of 6-18F-fluoro-L-DOPA in PET of pheochromocytoma and extraadrenal abdominal paraganglioma. J Nucl Med 48(10):1599-1606 (Pubitemid 47572706)
132. Taieb D, Tessonnier L, Sebag F, Niccoli-Sire P, Morange I, Colavolpe C, De Micco C, Barlier A, Palazzo FF, Henry JF, Mundler O (2008) The role of 18F-FDOPA and 18F-FDG-PET in the management of malignant and multifocal phaeochromocytomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69(4):580-586
133. Zettinig G, Mitterhauser M, Wadsak W, Becherer A, Pirich C, Vierhapper H, Niederle B, Dudczak R, Kletter K (2004) Positron emission tomography imaging of adrenal masses: (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose and the 11beta-hydroxylase tracer (11)C-metomidate. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31 (9):1224-1230 (Pubitemid 39222485)
134. Kroiss A, Putzer D, Uprimny C, Decristoforo C, Gabriel M, Santner W, Kranewitter C, Warwitz B, Waitz D, Kendler D, Virgolini IJ (2011) Functional imaging in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma with 68Ga-DOTA-Tyr 3-octreotide positron emission tomography and 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 38(5):865-873
135. Win Z, Al-Nahhas A, Towey D, Todd JF, Rubello D, Lewington V, Gishen P (2007) 68Ga-DOTATATE PET in neuroectodermal tumours: first experience. Nucl Med Commun 28(5):359-363 (Pubitemid 46569168)
136. Vanderveen KA, Thompson SM, Callstrom MR, Young WF Jr, Grant CS, Farley DR, Richards ML, Thompson GB (2009) Biopsy of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: potential for disaster. Surgery 146(6):1158-1166
137. Mamede M, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Del Corral P, Whatley M, Ilias I, Ayala A, Pacak K (2006) Discordant localization of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D- glucose in 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine- and [(123)I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine-negative metastatic pheochromocytoma sites. Nucl Med Commun 27(1):31-36 (Pubitemid 44391837)
138. Havekes B, King K, Lai EW, Romijn JA, Corssmit EP, Pacak K (2010) New imaging approaches to phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 72(2):137-145
139. Shen WT, Sturgeon C, Clark OH, Duh QY, Kebebew E (2004) Should pheochromocytoma size influence surgical approach? A comparison of 90 malignant and 60 benign pheochromocytomas. Surgery 136(6):1129-1137 (Pubitemid 39647525)
140. Neumann HP, Reincke M, Bender BU, Elsner R, Janetschek G (1999) Preserved adrenocortical function after laparoscopic bilateral adrenal sparing surgery for hereditary pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(8):2608-2610 (Pubitemid 30641980)
141. Walther MM, Herring J, Choyke PL, Linehan WM (2000) Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy in patients with hereditary forms of pheochromocytoma. J Urol 164(1):14-17 (Pubitemid 30434249)
142. Li ML, Fitzgerald PA, Price DC, Norton JA (2001) Iatrogenic pheochromocytomatosis: a previously unreported result of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Surgery 130(6):1072-1077 (Pubitemid 34014577)
143. Rabii R, Cicco A, Salomon L, Hoznek A, Chopin DK, Abbou CC (2001) Laparoscopic excision of para-aortic lymphatic metastasis of malignant pheochromocytoma. Ann Urol (Paris) 35(2):81-83 (Pubitemid 32304162)
144. Henry JF, Sebag F, Iacobone M, Mirallie E (2002) Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large and potentially malignant tumors. World J Surg 26(8):1043-1047 (Pubitemid 36920306)
145. Solorzano CC, Lew JI, Wilhelm SM, Sumner W, Huang W, Wu W, Montano R, Sleeman D, Prinz RA (2007) Outcomes of pheochromocytoma management in the laparoscopic era. Ann Surg Oncol 14(10):3004-3010 (Pubitemid 47460651)
146. Safford SD, Coleman RE, Gockerman JP, Moore J, Feldman JM, Leight GS Jr, Tyler DS, Olson JA Jr (2003) Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine is an effective treatment for malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Surgery 134(6):956-962, discussion 962-953
147. Coleman RE, Stubbs JB, Barrett JA, de la Guardia M, Lafrance N, Babich JW (2009) Radiation dosimetry, pharmacokinetics, and safety of ultratrace iobenguane I-131 in patients with malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma or metastatic carcinoid. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 24(4):469-475
148. Huang H, Abraham J, Hung E, Averbuch S, Merino M, Steinberg SM, Pacak K, Fojo T (2008) Treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine: recommendation from a 22-year follow-up of 18 patients. Cancer 113(8):2020-2028
149. Van Slycke S, Caiazzo R, Pigny P, Cardot-Bauters C, Arnalsteen L, D'Herbomez M, Leteurtre E, Rouaix-Emery N, Ernst O, Huglo D, Vantyghem MC, Wemeau JL, Carnaille B, Pattou F (2009) Local-regional recurrence of sporadic or syndromic abdominal extra-adrenal paraganglioma: incidence, characteristics, and outcome. Surgery 146(6):986-992
150. Adler JT, Meyer-Rochow GY, Chen H, Benn DE, Robinson BG, Sippel RS, Sidhu SB (2008) Pheochromocytoma: current approaches and future directions. Oncologist 13(7):779-793
151. Salmenkivi K, Heikkila P, Haglund C, Arola J (2004) Malignancy in pheochromocytomas. APMIS 112(9):551-559 (Pubitemid 40040182)
152. Belkin A, Macqueen DG, Duffin JD (1954) Malignant pheochromocytoma of adrenal. Can Med Assoc J 71(1):59-60
153. Mahoney EM, Harrison JH (1977) Malignant pheochromocytoma: clinical course and treatment. J Urol 118(2):225-229 (Pubitemid 8184334)
154. Favier J, Plouin PF, Corvol P, Gasc JM (2002) Angiogenesis and vascular architecture in pheochromocytomas: distinctive traits in malignant tumors. Am J Pathol 161(4):1235-1246
155. Wangberg B, Muth A, Khorram-Manesh A, Jansson S, Nilsson O, Forssell-Aronsson E, Tisell L, Ahlman H (2006) Malignant pheochromocytoma in a population-based study: survival and clinical results. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1073:512-516 (Pubitemid 44912045)
156. Huang KH, Chung SD, Chen SC, Chueh SC, Pu YS, Lai MK, Lin WC (2007) Clinical and pathological data of 10 malignant pheochromocytomas: long-term follow up in a single institute. Int J Urol 14(3):181-185
157. Tischler AS (2008) Pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma: updates. Arch Pathol Lab Med 132(8):1272-1284
158. Linnoila RI, Keiser HR, Steinberg SM, Lack EE (1990) Histopathology of benign versus malignant sympathoadrenal paragangliomas: clinicopathologic study of 120 cases including unusual histologic features. Hum Pathol 21(11):1168-1180 (Pubitemid 20382001)
159. van der Harst E, Bruining HA, Jaap Bonjer H, van der Ham F, Dinjens WN, Lamberts SW, de Herder WW, Koper JW, Stijnen T, Proye C, Lecomte-Houcke M, Bosman FT, de Krijger RR (2000) Proliferative index in phaeochromocytomas: does it predict the occurrence of metastases? J Pathol 191(2):175-180 (Pubitemid 30394896)
160. Lam KY, Lo CY, Wat NM, Luk JM, Lam KS (2001) The clinicopathological features and importance of p53, Rb, and mdm2 expression in phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J Clin Pathol 54(6):443-448 (Pubitemid 32531093)
161. Khorram-Manesh A, Ahlman H, Nilsson O, Friberg P, Oden A, Stenstrom G, Hansson G, Stenquist O, Wangberg B, Tisell LE, Jansson S (2005) Long-term outcome of a large series of patients surgically treated for pheochromocytoma. J Intern Med 258 (1):55-66 (Pubitemid 40904933)
162. Strong VE, Kennedy T, Al-Ahmadie H, Tang L, Coleman J, Fong Y, Brennan M, Ghossein RA (2008) Prognostic indicators of malignancy in adrenal pheochromocytomas: clinical, histopathologic, and cell cycle/apoptosis gene expression analysis. Surgery 143(6):759-768
163. Wu D, Tischler AS, Lloyd RV, DeLellis RA, de Krijger R, van Nederveen F, Nose V (2009) Observer variation in the application of the pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland scaled score. Am J Surg Pathol 33(4):599-608
164. Hayry V, Salmenkivi K, Arola J, Heikkila P, Haglund C, Sariola H (2009) High frequency of SNAIL-expressing cells confirms and predicts metastatic potential of phaeochromocytoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 16(4):1211-1218
165. Nativ O, Grant CS, Sheps SG, O'Fallon JR, Farrow GM, van Heerden JA, Lieber MM (1992) Prognostic profile for patients with pheochromocytoma derived from clinical and pathological factors and DNA ploidy pattern. J Surg Oncol 50(4):258-262
166. Thompson LD (2002) Pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland scaled score (PASS) to separate benign from malignant neoplasms: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 100 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 26(5):551-566
167. Kimura N, Watanabe T, Noshiro T, Shizawa S, Miura Y (2005) Histological grading of adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas and relationship to prognosis: a clinicopathological analysis of 116 adrenal pheochromocytomas and 30 extraadrenal sympathetic paragangliomas including 38 malignant tumors. Endocr Pathol 16(1):23-32 (Pubitemid 41278311)
168. Gao B, Meng F, Bian W, Chen J, Zhao H, Ma G, Shi B, Zhang J, Liu Y, Xu Z (2006) Development and validation of pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland scaled score for predicting malignant pheochromocytomas. Urology 68(2):282-286 (Pubitemid 44175483)
169. Gupta D, Shidham V, Holden J, Layfield L (2000) Prognostic value of immunohistochemical expression of topoisomerase alpha II, MIB-1, p53, E-cadherin, retinoblastoma gene protein product, and HER-2/neu in adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 8(4):267-274
170. Wilhelm SM, Prinz RA, Barbu AM, Onders RP, Solorzano CC (2006) Analysis of large versus small pheochromocytomas: operative approaches and patient outcomes. Surgery 140 (4):553-559, discussion 559-560
171. Agarwal A, Mehrotra PK, Jain M, Gupta SK, Mishra A, Chand G, Agarwal G, Verma AK, Mishra SK, Singh U (2010) Size of the tumor and pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland scaled score (PASS): can they predict malignancy? World J Surg 34 (12):3022-3028
172. Carlsen E, Abdullah Z, Kazmi SM, Kousparos G (2009) Pheochromocytomas, PASS, and immunohistochemistry. Horm Metab Res 41(9):715-719
173. Boltze C, Mundschenk J, Unger N, Schneider-Stock R, Peters B, Mawrin C, Hoang-Vu C, Roessner A, Lehnert H (2003) Expression profile of the telomeric complex discriminates between benign and malignant pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(9):4280-4286 (Pubitemid 37153732)
174. August C, August K, Schroeder S, Bahn H, Hinze R, Baba HA, Kersting C, Buerger H (2004) CGH and CD 44/MIB-1 immunohistochemistry are helpful to distinguish metastasized from nonmetastasized sporadic pheochromocytomas. Mod Pathol 17(9):1119-1128 (Pubitemid 39128238)
175. Lloyd RV, Blaivas M, Wilson BS (1985) Distribution of chromogranin and S100 protein in normal and abnormal adrenal medullary tissues. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109(7):633-635 (Pubitemid 15233240)
176. Unger P, Hoffman K, Pertsemlidis D, Thung S, Wolfe D, Kaneko M (1991) S100 protein-positive sustentacular cells in malignant and locally aggressive adrenal pheochromocytomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115(5):484-487
177. Achilles E, Padberg BC, Holl K, Kloppel G, Schroder S (1991) Immunocytochemistry of paragangliomas-value of staining for S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acid protein in diagnosis and prognosis. Histopathology 18(5):453-458
178. Brown HM, Komorowski RA, Wilson SD, Demeure MJ, Zhu YR (1999) Predicting metastasis of pheochromocytomas using DNA flow cytometry and immunohistochemical markers of cell proliferation: a positive correlation between MIB-1 staining and malignant tumor behavior. Cancer 86(8):1583-1589 (Pubitemid 29489795)
179. Clarke MR, Weyant RJ, Watson CG, Carty SE (1998) Prognostic markers in pheochromocytoma. Hum Pathol 29(5):522-526 (Pubitemid 28213474)
180. Edstrom E, Mahlamaki E, Nord B, Kjellman M, Karhu R, Hoog A, Goncharov N, Teh BT, Backdahl M, Larsson C (2000) Comparative genomic hybridization reveals frequent losses of chromosomes 1p and 3q in pheochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas, suggesting a common genetic etiology. Am J Pathol 156(2):651-659 (Pubitemid 30643820)
181. Dannenberg H, Speel EJ, Zhao J, Saremaslani P, van Der Harst E, Roth J, Heitz PU, Bonjer HJ, Dinjens WN, Mooi WJ, Komminoth P, de Krijger RR (2000) Losses of chromosomes 1p and 3q are early genetic events in the development of sporadic pheochromocytomas. Am J Pathol 157(2):353-359 (Pubitemid 30626902)
182. Lui WO, Chen J, Glasker S, Bender BU, Madura C, Khoo SK, Kort E, Larsson C, Neumann HP, Teh BT (2002) Selective loss of chromosome 11 in pheochromocytomas associated with the VHL syndrome. Oncogene 21(7):1117-1122 (Pubitemid 34174524)
183. Dannenberg H, de Krijger RR, Zhao J, Speel EJ, Saremaslani P, Dinjens WN, Mooi WJ, Roth J, Heitz PU, Komminoth P (2001) Differential loss of chromosome 11q in familial and sporadic parasympathetic paragangliomas detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Am J Pathol 158(6):1937-1942 (Pubitemid 32545176)
184. Sandgren J, Diaz de Stahl T, Andersson R, Menzel U, Piotrowski A, Nord H, Backdahl M, Kiss NB, Brauckhoff M, Komorowski J, Dralle H, Hessman O, Larsson C, Akerstrom G, Bruder C, Dumanski JP, Westin G (2010) Recurrent genomic alterations in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas revealed by whole-genome array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer 17(3):561-579
185. Korpershoek E, Stobbe CK, van Nederveen FH, de Krijger RR, Dinjens WN (2010) Intra-tumoral molecular heterogeneity in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas and extra-adrenal sympathetic paragangliomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 17(3):653-662
186. Waldmann J, Fendrich V, Holler J, Buchholz M, Heinmoller E, Langer P, Ramaswamy A, Samans B, Walz MK, Rothmund M, Bartsch DK, Slater EP (2010) Microarray analysis reveals differential expression of benign and malignant pheochromocytoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 17(3):743-756
187. Thouennon E, Elkahloun AG, Guillemot J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Bertherat J, Pierre A, Ghzili H, Grumolato L, Muresan M, Klein M, Lefebvre H, Ouafik L, Vaudry H, Plouin PF, Yon L, Anouar Y (2007) Identification of potential gene markers and insights into the pathophysiology of pheochromocytoma malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(12):4865-4872 (Pubitemid 350223470)
188. Petri BJ, Speel EJ, Korpershoek E, Claessen SM, van Nederveen FH, Giesen V, Dannenberg H, van der Harst E, Dinjens WN, de Krijger RR (2008) Frequent loss of 17p, but no p53 mutations or protein overexpression in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. Mod Pathol 21(4):407-413 (Pubitemid 351441028)
189. Castilla-Guerra L, Moreno AM, Fernandez-Moreno MC, Utrilla JC, Fernandez E, Galera-Davison H (1997) Expression and prognostic value of c-erbB-2 oncogene product in human phaeochromocytomas. Histopathology 31(2):144-149 (Pubitemid 27357349)
190. Kubota Y, Nakada T, Sasagawa I, Yanai H, Itoh K (1998) Elevated levels of telomerase activity in malignant pheochromocytoma. Cancer 82(1):176-179 (Pubitemid 28070495)
191. Isobe K, Yashiro T, Omura S, Kaneko M, Kaneko S, Kamma H, Tatsuno I, Takekoshi K, Kawakami Y, Nakai T (2004) Expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase in pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma tissues. Endocr J 51 (1):47-52 (Pubitemid 38405144)
192. Kinoshita H, Ogawa O, Mishina M, Oka H, Okumura K, Yamabe H, Terachi T, Yoshida O (1998) Telomerase activity in adrenal cortical tumors and pheochromocytomas with reference to clinicopathologic features. Urol Res 26(1):29-32 (Pubitemid 28218179)
193. Bamberger CM, Else T, Bamberger AM, Frilling A, Beil FU, Allolio B, Schulte HM (1999) Telomerase activity in benign and malignant adrenal tumors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 107 (4):272-275 (Pubitemid 29322141)
194. Portel-Gomes GM, Grimelius L, Johansson H, Wilander E, Stridsberg M (2001) Chromogranin A in human neuroendocrine tumors: an immunohistochemical study with region-specific antibodies. Am J Surg Pathol 25(10):1261-1267 (Pubitemid 32917119)
195. Blank A, Schmitt AM, Korpershoek E, van Nederveen F, Rudolph T, Weber N, Strebel RT, de Krijger R, Komminoth P, Perren A (2010) SDHB loss predicts malignancy in pheochromocytomas/sympathethic paragangliomas, but not through hypoxia signalling. Endocr Relat Cancer 17(4):919-928
196. Meyer-Rochow GY, Jackson NE, Conaglen JV, Whittle DE, Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H, Westin G, Sandgren J, Stalberg P, Khanafshar E, Shibru D, Duh QY, Clark OH, Kebebew E, Gill AJ, Clifton-Bligh R, Robinson BG, Benn DE, Sidhu SB (2010) MicroRNA profiling of benign and malignant pheochromocytomas identifies novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Endocr Relat Cancer 17(3):835-846
197. Sandgren J, Andersson R, Rada-Iglesias A, Enroth S, Akerstrom G, Dumanski JP, Komorowski J, Westin G, Wadelius C (2010) Integrative epigenomic and genomic analysis of malignant pheochromocytoma. Exp Mol Med 42(7):484-502
198. Korpershoek E, Loonen AJ, Corvers S, van Nederveen FH, Jonkers J, Ma X, Ziel-van der Made A, Korsten H, Trapman J, Dinjens WN, de Krijger RR (2009) Conditional Pten knock-out mice: a model for metastatic phaeochromocytoma. J Pathol 217 (4):597-604
199. Molatore S, Liyanarachchi S, Irmler M, Perren A, Mannelli M, Ercolino T, Beuschlein F, Jarzab B, Wloch J, Ziaja J, Zoubaa S, Neff F, Beckers J, Hofler H, Atkinson MJ, Pellegata NS (2010) Pheochromocytoma in rats with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MENX) shares gene expression patterns with human pheochromocytoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(43):18493-18498
200. Martiniova L, Lai EW, Elkahloun AG, Abu-Asab M, Wickremasinghe A, Solis DC, Perera SM, Huynh TT, Lubensky IA, Tischler AS, Kvetnansky R, Alesci S, Morris JC, Pacak K (2009) Characterization of an animal model of aggressive metastaticpheochromocytoma linked to a specific gene signature. Clin Exp Metastasis 26(3):239-250
201. Tischler AS (2008) Pheochromocytoma: time to stamp out "malignancy"? Endocr Pathol 19(4):207-208
202. Andersen KF, Altaf R, Krarup-Hansen A, Kromann-Andersen B, Horn T, Christensen NJ, Hendel HW (2011) Malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas-the importance of a multidisciplinary approach. Cancer Treat Rev 37(2):111-119
203. Van Der Horst-Schrivers AN, Jager PL, Boezen HM, Schouten JP, Kema IP, Links TP (2006) Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in localising phaeochromocytomas-experience and meta-analysis. Anticancer Res 26(2B):1599-1604
204. Shulkin BL, Thompson NW, Shapiro B, Francis IR, Sisson JC (1999) Pheochromocytomas: imaging with 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET. Radiology 212(1):35-41 (Pubitemid 29302508)
205. Taieb D, Sebag F, Hubbard JG, Mundler O, Henry JF, Conte-Devolx B (2004) Does iodine-131 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy have an impact on the management of sporadic and familial phaeochromocytoma? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61(1):102-108 (Pubitemid 38951652)
206. Maurea S, Cuocolo A, Reynolds JC, Neumann RD, Salvatore M (1996) Diagnostic imaging in patients with paragangliomas. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance and MIBG scintigraphy comparison. Q J Nucl Med 40(4):365-371 (Pubitemid 27089116)
207. Tavangar SM, Shojaee A, Moradi Tabriz H, Haghpanah V, Larijani B, Heshmat R, Lashkari A, Azimi S (2010) Immunohistochemical expression of Ki67, c-erbB-2, and c-kit antigens in benign and malignant pheochromocytoma. Pathol Res Pract 206 (5):305-309
208. Waldmann J, Slater EP, Langer P, Buchholz M, Ramaswamy A, Walz MK, Schmid KW, Feldmann G, Bartsch DK, Fendrich V (2009) Expression of the transcription factor SNAIL and its target gene twist are associated with malignancy in pheochromocytomas. Ann Surg Oncol 16(7):1997-2005
209. Yuan W, Wang W, Cui B, Su T, Ge Y, Jiang L, Zhou W, Ning G (2008) Overexpression of ERBB-2 was more frequently detected in malignant than benign pheochromocytomas by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and immunohistochemistry. Endocr Relat Cancer 15(1):343-350 (Pubitemid 351449752)
210. Gimm O, Krause U, Brauckhoff M, Hoang-Vu C, Dralle H (2006) Distinct expression of galectin-3 in pheochromocytomas. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1073:571-577 (Pubitemid 44912051)
211. Guillemot J, Barbier L, Thouennon E, Vallet-Erdtmann V, Montero-Hadjadje M, Lefebvre H, Klein M, Muresan M, Plouin PF, Seidah N, Vaudry H, Anouar Y, Yon L (2006) Expression and processing of the neuroendocrine protein secretogranin II in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1073:527-532 (Pubitemid 44912047)
212. Portela-Gomes GM, Stridsberg M, Grimelius L, Falkmer UG, Falkmer S (2004) Expression of chromogranins A, B, and C (secretogranin II) in human adrenal medulla and in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas: an immunohistochemical study with region-specific antibodies. APMIS 112(10):663-673 (Pubitemid 40101152)
213. Salmenkivi K, Heikkila P, Liu J, Haglund C, Arola J (2003) VEGF in 105 pheochromocytomas: enhanced expression correlates with malignant outcome. APMIS 111(4):458-464 (Pubitemid 36735003)
214. Khorram-Manesh A, Ahlman H, Jansson S, Nilsson O (2002) Ncadherin expression in adrenal tumors: upregulation in malignant pheochromocytoma and downregulation in adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 13(2):99-110 (Pubitemid 34828130)
215. Salmenkivi K, Haglund C, Ristimaki A, Arola J, Heikkila P (2001) Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in malignant pheochromocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(11):5615-5619 (Pubitemid 33070296)
216. Salmenkivi K, Haglund C, Arola J, Heikkila P (2001) Increased expression of tenascin in pheochromocytomas correlates with malignancy. Am J Surg Pathol 25(11):1419-1423 (Pubitemid 33022058)
217. Ohji H, Sasagawa I, Iciyanagi O, Suzuki Y, Nakada T (2001) Tumour angiogenesis and Ki-67 expression in phaeochromocytoma. BJU Int 87(4):381-385 (Pubitemid 32240854)
218. de Krijger RR, van der Harst E, van der Ham F, Stijnen T, Dinjens WN, Koper JW, Bruining HA, Lamberts SW, Bosman FT (1999) Prognostic value of p53, bcl-2, and c-erbB-2 protein expression in phaeochromocytomas. J Pathol 188(1):51-55 (Pubitemid 29197314)
219. Moreno AM, Castilla-Guerra L, Martinez-Torres MC, Torres-Olivera F, Fernandez E, Galera-Davidson H (1999) Expression of neuropeptides and other neuroendocrine markers in human phaeochromocytomas. Neuropeptides 33 (2):159-163 (Pubitemid 29254079)
220. Liu J, Voutilainen R, Kahri AI, Heikkila P (1997) Expression patterns of the c-myc gene in adrenocortical tumors and pheochromocytomas. J Endocrinol 152(2):175-181 (Pubitemid 27115766)