Presence of viral nucleic acids in the middle ear: Acute otitis media pathogen or bystander?

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 325-330

  Chonmaitree, Tasnee ^a   Ruohola, Aino ^b   Hendley, J Owen ^c  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

^b TURKU UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

acute otitis media; middle ear fluid; viral PCR; viral upper respiratory tract infection

Indexed keywords

NUCLEIC ACID;

ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA; BACTERIUM CULTURE; ENCEPHALITIS; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; MENINGITIS; MIDDLE EAR; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS; NASOPHARYNX; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PICORNAVIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; VIRUS CULTURE; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS INFECTION;

CARRIER STATE; COINFECTION; EAR, MIDDLE; HUMANS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; OTITIS MEDIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; VIRUS DISEASES; VIRUSES;

EID: 84858800425     PISSN: 08913668     EISSN: 15320987     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318241afe4     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Chonmaitree T, Revai K, Grady JJ, et al. Viral upper respiratory tract infection and otitis media complication in young children. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:815-823. (Pubitemid 351417180)
2. Bakaletz LO, Daniels RL, Lim DJ. Modeling adenovirus type 1-induced otitis media in the chinchilla: effect on ciliary activity and fluid transport function of eustachian tube mucosal epithelium. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:865-872. (Pubitemid 23282557)
3. Chonmaitree T. Viral otitis media. In: Alper, Bluestone, Casselbrant, et al (eds). Advanced Therapy of Otitis Media. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker Inc; 2004:63-68.
4. Giebink GS, Berzins IK, Marker SC, et al. Experimental otitis media after nasal inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus in chinchillas. Infect Immun. 1980;30:445-450. (Pubitemid 10030004)
5. Suzuki K, Bakaletz LO. Synergistic effect of adenovirus type 1 and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in a chinchilla model of experimental otitis media. Infect Immun. 1994;62:1710-1718. (Pubitemid 24136968)
6. Chonmaitree T, Owen MJ, Howie VM. Respiratory viruses interfere with bacteriological response to antibiotic in patients with acute otitis media. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:546-549. (Pubitemid 20239979)
7. Chonmaitree T, Owen MJ, Patel JA, et al. Effect of viral respiratory tract infection on outcome of acute otitis media. J Pediatr. 1992;120:856-862.
8. Chonmaitree T, Patel JA, Lett-Brown MA, et al. Virus and bacteria enhance histamine production in middle ear fluids of children with acute otitis media. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:1265-1270. (Pubitemid 24164589)
9. Chonmaitree T, Patel JA, Garofalo R, et al. Role of leukotriene B4 and interleukin-8 in acute bacterial and viral otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1996;105:968-974. (Pubitemid 27009361)
10. Jossart GH, Canafax DM, Erdmann GR, et al. Effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae otitis media. Pharm Res. 1994;11:860-864.
11. Canafax DM, Yuan Z, Chonmaitree T, et al. Amoxicillin middle ear fluid penetration and pharmacokinetics in children with acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:149-156. (Pubitemid 28096015)
12. Chonmaitree T. Viral and bacterial interaction in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:S24-S30. (Pubitemid 30308019)
13. Bluestone CD, Klein JO. Microbiology. Otitis Media in Infants and Children. 4th ed. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker; 2007:101-126.
14. Chonmaitree T, Henrickson KJ. Detection of respiratory viruses in the middle ear fluids of children with acute otitis media by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:258-260. (Pubitemid 30167453)
15. Pitkaranta A, Virolainen A, Jero J, et al. Detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus infections in acute otitis media by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Pediatrics. 1998;102:291-295. (Pubitemid 28354991)
16. Williams JV, Tollefson SJ, Nair S, et al. Association of human metapneumovirus with acute otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006; 70:1189-1193. (Pubitemid 43766766)
17. Beder LB, Hotomi M, Ogami M, et al. Clinical and microbiological impact of human bocavirus on children with acute otitis media. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168:1365-1372.
18. Ruohola A, Meurman O, Nikkari S, et al. Microbiology of acute otitis media in children with tympanostomy tubes: prevalences of bacteria and viruses. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1417-1422. (Pubitemid 44845642)
19. Bulut Y, Güven M, Otlu B, et al. Acute otitis media and respiratory viruses. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166:223-228. (Pubitemid 46352513)
20. Kalu SU, Loeffelholz M, Beck E, et al. Persistence of adenovirus nucleic acids in nasopharyngeal secretions: a diagnostic conundrum. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:746-750.
21. Martin ET, Fairchok MP, Kuypers J, et al. Frequent and prolonged shedding of bocavirus in young children attending daycare. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1625-1632.
22. Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Vuorinen T, et al. Persistence of rhinovirus and enterovirus RNA after acute respiratory illness in children. J Med Virol. 2004;72:695-699. (Pubitemid 38296085)
23. van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Heijnen ML, Bartelds AI, et al. A case-control study of acute respiratory tract infection in general practice patients in The Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:490-497. (Pubitemid 41099642)
24. van der Zalm MM, Uiterwaal CS, Wilbrink B, et al. Respiratory pathogens in respiratory tract illnesses during the first year of life: a birth cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:472-476.
25. Singleton RJ, Bulkow LR, Miernyk K, et al. Viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in Alaska. J Med Virol. 2010;82:1282-1290.
26. Moore HC, Jacoby P, Taylor A, et al. The interaction between respiratory viruses and pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:540-545.
27. Jansen RR, Wieringa J, Koekkoek SM, et al. Frequent detection of respiratory viruses without symptoms: toward defining clinically relevant cutoff values. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:2631-2636.
28. Post JC, Aul JJ, White GJ, et al. PCR-based detection of bacterial DNA after antimicrobial treatment is indicative of persistent, viable bacteria in the chinchilla model of otitis media. Am J Otolaryngol. 1996;17:106-111. (Pubitemid 26085112)
29. Rayner MG, Zhang Y, Gorry MC, et al. Evidence of bacterial metabolic activity in culture-negative otitis media with effusion. JAMA. 1998;279: 296-299. (Pubitemid 28071021)
30. Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ. Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:857-863.
31. Kupila L, Vuorinen T, Vainionpää R, et al. Etiology of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in an adult population. Neurology. 2006;66:75-80. (Pubitemid 43739596)
32. Vuorinen T, Vainionpää R, Hyypia T. Five years' experience of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in daily diagnosis of enterovirus and rhinovirus infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:452-455. (Pubitemid 36976506)
33. Winther B, Hayden FG, Hendley JO. Picornavirus infections in children diagnosed by RT-PCR during longitudinal surveillance with weekly sampling: Association with symptomatic illness and effect of season. J Med Virol. 2006;78:644-650.
34. Jartti T, Lee WM, Pappas T, et al. Serial viral infections in infants with recurrent respiratory illnesses. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:314-320.
35. Winther B, Alper CM, Mandel EM, et al. Temporal relationships between colds, upper respiratory viruses detected by polymerase chain reaction, and otitis media in young children followed through a typical cold season. Pediatrics. 2007;119:1069-1075. (Pubitemid 46871260)
36. Söderlund-Venermo M, Lahtinen A, Jartti T, et al. Clinical assessment and improved diagnosis of bocavirus-induced wheezing in children, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1423-1430.
37. Murray Pr, Witebsky FG. The clinician and the microbiology laboratory. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010:258-260.
38. Nokso-Koivisto J, Räty R, Blomqvist S, et al. Presence of specific viruses in the middle ear fluids and respiratory secretions of young children with acute otitis media. J Med Virol. 2004;72:241-248. (Pubitemid 38020551)
39. Winther B, Gwaltney J, Phillips CD, et al. Radiopaque contrast dye in nasopharynx reaches the middle ear during swallowing and/or yawning. Acta Otolaryngol. 2005;125:625-628. (Pubitemid 40874177)
40. Tully SB, Bar-Haim Y, Bradley RL. Abnormal tympanography after supine bottle feeding. J Pediatr. 1995;126:S105-S111.
41. Jartti T, Jartti L, Peltola V, et al. Identification of respiratory viruses in asymptomatic subjects: asymptomatic respiratory viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:1103-1107.
42. Allander T, Jartti T, Gupta S, et al. Human bocavirus and acute wheezing in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:904-910. (Pubitemid 46452052)
43. Campbell AP, Chien JW, Kuypers J, et al. Respiratory virus pneumonia after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT): associations between viral load in bronchoalveolar lavage samples, viral RNA detection in serum samples, and clinical outcomes of HCT. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1404-1413.
44. Franz A, Adams O, Willems R, et al. Correlation of viral load of respiratory pathogens and co-infections with disease severity in children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection. J Clin Virol. 2010;48:239-245.
45. Houben ML, Coenjaerts FE, Rossen JW, et al. Disease severity and viral load are correlated in infants with primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in the community. J Med Virol. 2010;82:1266-1271.