Refractory status epilepticus

Current Opinion in Critical Care

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 127-131

  Fernandez, Andres ^a   Claassen, Jan ^a  

^a Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

EEG; midazolam; nonconvulsive; pentobarbital; propofol; refractory status epilepticus

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ETIRACETAM; HARKOSERIDE; KETAMINE; MIDAZOLAM; PENTOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PREGABALIN; PROPOFOL; STEROID;

BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC STATE; HUMAN; HYPOTHERMIA; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INHALATION ANESTHESIA; INTENSIVE CARE; KETOGENIC DIET; REFRACTORY STATUS EPILEPTICUS; REVIEW; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VAGUS NERVE;

ANTICONVULSANTS; BARBITURATES; CRITICAL CARE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; KETOGENIC DIET; MALE; PROPOFOL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STATUS EPILEPTICUS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84858795479     PISSN: 10705295     EISSN: 15317072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32835132cc     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Penberthy LT, Towne A, Garnett LK, et al. Estimating the economic burden of status epilepticus to the healthcare system. Seizure 2005; 14:46-51. (Pubitemid 40103956)
2. Rosenow F, Hamer HM, Knake S. The epidemiology of convulsive and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2007; 48 (Suppl 8):82-84. (Pubitemid 350045535)
3. Neligan A, Shorvon SD. Frequency and prognosis of convulsive status epilepticus of different causes: a systematic review. Arch Neurol 2010; 67:931-940.
4. Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain 2011; 134 (Pt 10):2802-2818.
5. Bleck TP. Refractory status epilepticus. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11:117-120. (Pubitemid 40488609)
6. Novy J, Logroscino G, Rossetti AO. Refractory status epilepticus: a prospective observational study. Epilepsia 2010; 51:251-256.
7. Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans affairs status epilepticus cooperative study group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 792-798. (Pubitemid 28447452)
8. DeLorenzo RJ, Waterhouse EJ, Towne AR, et al. Persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the control of convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1998; 39:833-840. (Pubitemid 128721651)
9. Pandian JD, Cascino GD, So EL, et al. Digital video- electroencephalographic monitoring in the neurological-neurosurgical intensive care unit: clinical features and outcome. Arch Neurol 2004; 61:1090-1094. (Pubitemid 38915951)
10. Mayer SA, Claassen J, Lokin J, et al. Refractory status epilepticus: frequency, risk factors, and impact on outcome. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:205-210. (Pubitemid 34240935)
11. Rossetti AO, Lowenstein DH. Management of refractory status epilepticus in adults: still more questions than answers. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:922-930.
12. Treiman DM, Walton NY, Collins JF. Treatment of status epilepticus if first drug fails. Epilepsia 1999; 40:243.
13. Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, Mayer SA. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with pentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam: a systematic review. Epilepsia 2002; 43:146-153. (Pubitemid 34225994)
14. Rossetti AO, Milligan TA, Vulliemoz S, et al. A randomized trial for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2011; 14:4-10.
15. Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, et al. Continuous EEG monitoring and midazolam infusion for refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Neurology 2001; 57:1036-1042. (Pubitemid 32880200)
16. Shafer A, Doze VA, White PF. Pharmacokinetic variability of midazolam infusions in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:1039-1041. (Pubitemid 20312011)
17. Shafer A. Complications of sedation with midazolam in the intensive care unit and a comparison with other sedative regimens. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:947-956. (Pubitemid 28211408)
18. Kam PC, Cardone D. Propofol infusion syndrome. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:690-701. (Pubitemid 46929963)
19. Iyer VN, Hoel R, Rabinstein AA. Propofol infusion syndrome in patients with refractory status epilepticus: an 11-year clinical experience. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:3024-3030.
20. Power KN, Flaatten H, Gilhus NE, Engelsen BA. Propofol treatment in adult refractory status epilepticus. Mortality risk and outcome. Epilepsy Res 2011; 94 (1-2):53-60.
21. Rossetti AO, Reichhart MD, Schaller MD, et al. Propofol treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a study of 31 episodes. Epilepsia 2004; 45:757-763. (Pubitemid 38890973)
22. Yaffe K, Lowenstein DH. Prognostic factors of pentobarbital therapy for refractory generalized status epilepticus. Neurology 1993; 43:895-900. (Pubitemid 23150558)
23. Hsieh CY, Sung PS, Tsai JJ, Huang CW. Terminating prolonged refractory status epilepticus using ketamine. Clin Neuropharmacol 2010; 33:165-167.
24. Yeh PS, Shen HN, Chen TY. Oral ketamine controlled refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus in an elderly patient. Seizure 2011; 20:723-726.
25. Pruss H, Holtkamp M. Ketamine successfully terminates malignant status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2008; 82:219-222.
26. Albers JM, Moddel G, Dittrich R, et al. Intravenous lacosamide: an effective add-on treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Seizure 2011; 20:428-430.
27. Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Immisch I, et al. Intravenous lacosamide for treatment of status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 123:137-141.
28. Goodwin H, Hinson HE, Shermock KM, et al. The use of lacosamide in refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2011; 14:348-353.
29. Swisher CB, Doreswamy M, Gingrich KJ, et al. Phenytoin, levetiracetam, and pregabalin in the acute management of refractory status epilepticus in patients with brain tumors. Neurocrit Care 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
30. Moddel G, Bunten S, Dobis C, et al. Intravenous levetiracetam: a new treatment alternative for refractory status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80:689-692.
31. Kossoff E. The fat is in the fire: ketogenic diet for refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsy Curr 2011; 11:88-89.
32. Kofke WA, Young RS, Davis P, et al. Isoflurane for refractory status epilepticus: a clinical series. Anesthesiology 1989; 71:653-659. (Pubitemid 19275083)
33. Mirsattari SM, Sharpe MD, Young GB. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with inhalational anesthetic agents isoflurane and desflurane. Arch Neurol 2004; 61:1254-1259. (Pubitemid 39062680)
34. Fugate JE, Burns JD, Wijdicks EF, et al. Prolonged high-dose isoflurane for refractory status epilepticus: is it safe? Anesth Analg 2010; 111:1520-1524.
35. Corry JJ, Dhar R, Murphy T, Diringer MN. Hypothermia for refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2008; 9:189-197.
36. Kamel H, Cornes SB, Hegde M, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory status epilepticus: a case series. Neurocrit Care 2010; 12:204-210.
37. Lhatoo SD, Alexopoulos AV. The surgical treatment of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2007; 48 (Suppl 8):61-65. (Pubitemid 350045529)
38. O'Neill BR, Valeriano J, Synowiec A, et al. Refractory status epilepticus treated with vagal nerve stimulation: case report. Neurosurgery 2011; 69:E1172-E1175.
39. Patwardhan RV, Dellabadia J Jr, Rashidi M, et al. Control of refractory status epilepticus precipitated by anticonvulsant withdrawal using left vagal nerve stimulation: a case report. Surg Neurol 2005; 64:170-173. (Pubitemid 41051023)
40. Valentin A, Nguyen HQ, Skupenova AM, et al. Centromedian thalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation in refractory status epilepticus. Brain Stimul 2011. [Epub ahead of print]
41. Rossetti AO, Logroscino G, Bromfield EB. Refractory status epilepticus: effect of treatment aggressiveness on prognosis. Arch Neurol 2005; 62:1698-1702. (Pubitemid 41626665)
42. Krishnamurthy KB, Drislane FW. Depth of EEG suppression and outcome in barbiturate anesthetic treatment for refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1999; 40:759-762. (Pubitemid 29260716)
43. Drislane FW, Blum AS, Lopez MR, et al. Duration of refractory status epilepticus and outcome: loss of prognostic utility after several hours. Epilepsia 2009; 50:1566-1571.
44. Cooper AD, Britton JW, Rabinstein AA. Functional and cognitive outcome in prolonged refractory status epilepticus. Arch Neurol 2009; 66:1505-1509.
45. Bausell R, Svoronos A, Lennihan L, Hirsch LJ. Recovery after severe refractory status epilepticus and 4 months of coma. Neurology 2011; 77:1494-1495.
46. Crippen D, Burrows D, Stocchetti N, et al. Ethics roundtable: 'open-ended ICU care - can we afford it?'. Crit Care 2010; 14:222.