Using a Pictorial-Modified Stroop Task to Explore the Sexual Interests of Sexual Offenders Against Children

Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 175-197

  Ciardha, Caoilte Ó ^a   Gormley, Michael ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

applied implicit cognition; indirect measures; Pictorial modified Stroop task; sexual abuse; sexual interests

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858775225     PISSN: 10790632     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1079063211407079     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Abel G. G.,Jordan A.,Rouleau J. L.,Emerick R.,Barboza-Whitehead S.,Osborn C.Use of visual reaction time to assess male adolescents who molest children.Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research & Treatment. 2004;16:255-265.
2. Banse R.,Schmidt A. F.,Clarbour J.Indirect measures of sexual interest in child sex offenders: A multimethod approach.Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2010;37:319-335.
3. Barbaree H. E.,Mewhort D. J. K.The effects of the z-score transformation on measures of relative erectile response strength-a reappraisal.Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1994;32:547-558.
4. Beech A. R.,Kalmus E.,Tipper S. P.,Baudouin J. Y.,Flak V.,Humphreys G. W.Children induce an enhanced attentional blink in child molesters.Psychological Assessment. 2008;20:397-402.
5. Blanchard R.,Klassen P.,Dickey R.,Kuban M. E.,Blak T.Sensitivity and specificity of the phallometric test for pedophilia in nonadmitting sex offenders.Psychological Assessment. 2001;13 (1): 118-126.
6. Blanchard R.,Kuban M. E.,Blak T.,Cantor J. M.,Klassen P.,Dickey R.Phallometric comparison of pedophilic interest in nonadmitting sexual offenders against stepdaughters, biological daughters, other biologically related girls, and unrelated girls.Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment. 2006;18 (1): 1-14.
7. Brown A. S.,Gray N. S.,Snowden R. J.Implicit measurement of sexual associations in child sex abusers: Role of victim type and denial.Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 2009;21:166-180.
8. Freund K.,Watson R.Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of a phallometric test: An update of "Phallometric diagnosis of pedophilia.".Psychological Assessment. 1991;3:254-260.
9. Geer J. H.,Bellard H. S.Sexual content induced delays in unprimed lexical decisions: Gender and context effects.Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1996;25:379-395.
10. Giotakos O.A combination of viewing reaction time and incidental learning task in child molesters, rapists, and control males and females.European Journal of Sexology; Sexologies. 2005;54:13-22.
11. Glasgow D. V.,Osborne A.,Croxen J.An assessment tool for investigating paedophile sexual interest using viewing time: An application of single case methodology.British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2003;31 (2): 96-102.
12. Gray N. S.,Brown A. S.,MacCulloch M. J.,Smith J.,Snowden R. J.An implicit test of the associations between children and sex in pedophiles.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2005;114:304-308.
13. Gress C. L. Z.Viewing time measures and sexual interest: another piece of the puzzle.Journal of Sexual Aggression. 2005;11 (2): 117-125.
14. GressC. L. Z. (2008). Delays in attentional processing when viewing sexual imagery: The development and comparison of two measures (Doctoral thesis). University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
15. Harris G. T.,Rice M. E.,Quinsey V. L.,Chaplin T. C.Viewing time as a measure of sexual interest among child molesters and normal heterosexual men.Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1996;34:389-394.
16. Imhoff R.,Schmidt A. F.,Nordsiek U.,Luzar C.,Young A. W.,Banse R.Viewing time effects revisited: Prolonged response latencies for sexually attractive targets under restricted task conditions.Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2010;39:1275-1288.
17. Kalmus E.,Beech A. R.Forensic assessment of sexual interest: A review.Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2005;10:193-217.
18. Laws D. R.,Gress C. L. Z.Seeing things differently: The viewing time alternative to penile plethysmography.Legal and Criminological Psychology. 2004;9:183-196.
19. MacLeod C. M.Half a century of research on the stroop effect: An integrative review.Psychological Bulletin. 1991;109:163-203.
20. Marshall W. L.,Fernandez Y. M.Sexual preferences: Are they useful in the assessment and treatment of sexual offenders?.Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2003;8 (2): 131-143.
21. McKenna F. P.,Sharma D.Reversing the emotional stroop effect reveals that it is not what it seems: The role of fast and slow components.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2004;30:382-392.
22. Mihailides S.,Devilly G. J.,Ward T.Implicit cognitive distortions and sexual offending.Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment. 2004;16:333-350.
23. Mokros A.,Butz M.,Dombert B.,Santtila P.,Bäuml K.-H.,Osterheider M.Judgment of age and attractiveness in a paired comparison task: Testing a picture set developed for diagnosing paedophilia.Legal and Criminological Psychology. 2011;:.
24. Mokros A.,Dombert B.,Osterheider M.,Zappalà A.,Santtila P.Assessment of pedophilic sexual interest with an attentional choice reaction time task.Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2010;39:1081-1090.
25. Murphy W. D.,Barbaree H. E.Assessments of sex offenders by measures of erectile response: Psychometric properties and decision making.Brandon, VT: Safer Society; 1994:.
26. Murphy W. D.,Haynes M. R.,Stalgaitis S. J.,Flanagan B.Differential sexual responding among four groups of sexual offenders against children.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 1986;8:339-353.
27. Nunes K. L.,Firestone P.,Baldwin M. W.Indirect assessment of cognitions of child sexual abusers with the Implicit Association Test.Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2007;34:454-475.
28. Ó CiardhaC. (2010). The use of implicit cognitive measures in the assessment of sexual offenders (Doctoral thesis). University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin Ireland.
29. Ó Ciardha C.,Gormley M.Comparing two implicit cognitive measures of sexual interest: A pictorial modified Stroop task and the Implicit Association Test.Cognitive approaches to the assessment of sexual interest in sexual offenders. Thornton D.Laws D. R., ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2009:177-201.
30. Ó CiardhaC.GormleyM. (2010). A comparison of blocked, clustered and random stimuli presentation in the pictorial modified Stroop task for sexually salient stimuli (Unpublished manuscript).
31. Price S. A.,Hanson R. K.A modified Stroop task with sexual offenders: Replication of a study.Journal of Sexual Aggression. 2007;13:203-216.
32. Sachsenmaier S. J.,Gress C. L. Z.The Abel Assessment for Sexual Interests-2™ (AASI-2): A critical review.Cognitive approaches to the assessment of sexual interest in sexual offenders. Thornton D.Laws D. R., ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley; 2009:.
33. Seto M. C.Pedophilia and sexual offending against children: Theory, assessment, and interventionWashington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2008:.
34. Seto M. C.,Lalumiere M. L.,Kuban M.The sexual preferences of incest offenders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999;108:267-272.
35. Smith G. A.,Brewer N.Age and individual differences in correct and error reaction times.British Journal of Psychology. 1985;76:199-203.
36. Smith P.,Waterman M.Processing bias for sexual material: The emotional stroop and sexual offenders.Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment. 2004;16:163-171.
37. Spiering M.,Everaerd W.,Laan E.Conscious processing of sexual information: Mechanisms of appraisal.Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2004;33:369-380.
38. Steffens M. C.,Yundina E.,Panning M.Automatic associations with "erotic" in child sexual offenders: Identifying those in danger of reoffence.Sexual Offender Treatment. 2008;3:1-9.
39. Strauss E.,Sherman E. M. S.,Spreen O.A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2006:.
40. TapeT. G. (1999). Interpreting diagnostic tests. Retrieved from http://gim.unmc.edu/dxtests/roc3.htm.
41. Thornton D.Laws D. R., ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley; 2009:.