Spatial and temporal precipitation variability in the Okavango-Kwando-Zambezi catchment, southern Africa

Journal of Arid Environments

Volumn 82, Issue , 2012, Pages 19-30

  Gaughan, A E ^a   Waylen, P R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Annual precipitation; Climate shift; ENSO; Southern Africa

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; CLIMATE VARIATION; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; RAINFALL; REGIONAL CLIMATE; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; STREAMFLOW; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

AFRICA; CUANDO BASIN; OKAVANGO BASIN; SOUTHERN AFRICA; ZAMBEZI BASIN;

EID: 84858712096     PISSN: 01401963     EISSN: 1095922X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.02.007     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Binet D., Gobert B., Maloueki L. El Nino-like warm events in the Eastern Atlantic (6 degrees N, 20 degrees S) and fish availability from Congo to Angola (1964-1999). Aquatic Living Resources 2001, 14(2):99-113.
2. Chang P., Yamagata T., Schopf P., Behera S.K., Carton J., Kessler W.S., Meyers G., Qu T., Schott F., Shetye S., Xie S.P. Climate fluctuations of tropical coupled systems - the role of ocean dynamics. Journal of Climate 2006, 19(20):5122-5174.
3. Chase M.J., Griffin C.R. Elephants caught in the middle: impacts of war, fences and people on elephant distribution and abundance in the Caprivi Strip, Namibia. African Journal of Ecology 2009, 47(2):223-233.
4. Craig C. The ELESMAP Project 1997, Namibia Nature Foundation, Namibia.
5. Fekete B.M., Vorosmarty C.J., Roads J.O., Willmott C.J. Uncertainties in precipitation and their impacts on runoff estimates. Journal of Climate 2004, 17(2):294-304.
6. Fisher R.A. Statistical Methods for Research Workers 1970, Oliver and Boyd.
7. Flohn H., Kapala A. Changes of tropical sea air interaction processes over a 30-Year period. Nature 1989, 338(6212):244-246.
8. Gasse F., Chalie F., Vincens A., Williams M.A.J., Williamson D. Climatic patterns in equatorial and southern Africa from 30,000 to 10,000 years ago reconstructed from terrestrial and near-shore proxy data. Quaternary Science Reviews 2008, 27(25-26):2316-2340.
9. Giannini A., Biasutti M., Held I.M., Sobel A.H. A global perspective on African climate. Climatic Change 2008, 90(4):359-383.
10. Goddard L., Graham N.E. Importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating rainfall anomalies over eastern and southern Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 1999, 104(D16):19099-19116.
11. Gordon C., Cooper C., Senior C.A., Banks H., Gregory J.M., Johns T.C., Mitchell J.F.B., Wood R.A. The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dynamics 2000, 16(2-3):147-168.
12. Graham N.E. Decadal-scale climate variability in the tropical and North Pacific during the 1970s and 1980s - observations and model results. Climate Dynamics 1994, 10(3):135-162.
13. Grimm A.M., Barros V.R., Doyle M.E. Climate variability in southern South America associated with El Nino and La Nina events. Journal of Climate 2000, 13(1):35-58.
14. Hirst A.C., Hastenrath S. Atmosphere ocean mechanisms of climate anomalies in the Angola Tropical Atlantic Sector. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1983, 13(7):1146-1157.
15. IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S.D., Qin, D., Manning, M., et al. Cambridge, UK: 996.
16. Jury M. Climate and weather factors modulating river flows in southern Angola. International Journal of Climatology 2010, 30(6):901-908.
17. Jury M.R., White W.B., Reason C.J.C. Modelling the dominant climate signals around southern Africa. Climate Dynamics 2004, 23(7-8):717-726.
18. Kotir J.H. Climate change and variability in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of current and future trends and impacts on agriculture and food security. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2011, 13:587-605.
19. Legates D.R., Willmott C.J. Mean seasonal and spatial variability in Gauge-corrected, global precipitation. International Journal of Climatology 1990, 10(2):111-127.
20. Lehner B., Verdin K., Jarvis A. HydroSHEDS Technical Documentation 2006, World Wildlife Fund, 27.
21. Levitus S., Antonov J.I., Boyer T.P., Stephens C. Warming of the world ocean. Science 2000, 287(5461):2225-2229.
22. Marchant R., Mumbi C., Behera S., Yamagata T. The Indian Ocean dipole - the unsung driver of climatic variability in East Africa. African Journal of Ecology 2007, 45(1):4-16.
23. Mason S.J. El Nino, climate change, and southern African climate. Environmetrics 2001, 12(4):327-345.
24. Mason S.J., Goddard L. Probabilistic precipitation anomalies associated with ENSO. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2001, 82(4):619-638.
25. Mason S.J., Jury M.R. Climatic variability and change over southern Africa: a reflection on underlying processes. Progress in Physical Geography 1997, 21(1):23-50.
26. Matsuura K., Willmott C.J. Terrestrial Precipitation: 1900-2006 Gridded Monthly Time Series 2007, Retrieved February 18, 2009, from. http://climate.geog.udel.edu/%7Eclimate/html_pages/Global_ts_2007/README.global.p_ts_2007.html.
27. Meadows M. Global change and southern Africa. Geographical Research 2006, 44(2):135-145.
28. Nicholson S.E. An analysis of the ENSO signal in the tropical Atlantic and western Indian Oceans. International Journal of Climatology 1997, 17(4):345-375.
29. Nicholson S.E. The nature of rainfall variability over Africa on time scales of decades to millenia. Global and Planetary Change 2000, 26(1-3):137-158.
30. Nicholson S.E., Entekhabi D. Rainfall variability in equatorial and southern-Africa - relationships with sea-surface temperatures along the southwestern coast of Africa. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 1987, 26(5):561-578.
31. Nicholson S.E., Kim E. The relationship of the El Nino southern oscillation to African rainfall. International Journal of Climatology 1997, 17(2):117-135.
32. Nicholson S.E., Kim J. The relationship of the El Niño-southern oscillation to African rainfall. International Journal of Climatology 1997, 17:123-144.
33. Nickl E., Willmott C.J., Matsuura K., Robeson S.M. Changes in annual land-surface precipitation over the twentieth and early twenty-first century. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2010, 100(4):729-739.
34. Nitta T., Yamada S. Recent warming of tropical sea-surface temperature and its relationship to the northern hemisphere circulation. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 1989, 67(3):375-383.
35. Nyenzi B., Lefale P.F. El Nino southern oscillation (ENSO) and global warming. Advances in Geosciences 2006, 6:95-101.
36. O'Connell-Rodwell C.E., Rodwell T., Rice M., Hart L.A. Living with the modern conservation paradigm: can agricultural communities co-exist with elephants? A five-year case study in East Caprivi, Namibia. Biological Conservation 2000, 93(3):381-391.
37. Phillips J.G., Cane M.A., Rosenzweig C. ENSO, seasonal rainfall patterns and simulated maize yield variability in Zimbabwe. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 1998, 90(1-2):39-50.
38. Power S., Casey T., Folland C., Colman A., Mehta V. Inter-decadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia. Climate Dynamics 1999, 15(5):319-324.
39. Reason C.J.C. Sensitivity of the southern African circulation to dipole sea-surface temperature patterns in the south Indian Ocean. International Journal of Climatology 2002, 22(4):377-393.
40. Reason C.J.C., Rouault M. ENSO-like decadal variability and South African rainfall. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29(13).
41. Richard Y., Fauchereau N., Poccard I., Rouault M., Trzaska S. 20th century droughts in southern Africa: spatial and temporal variability, teleconnections with oceanic and atmospheric conditions. International Journal of Climatology 2001, 21(7):873-885.
42. Richardson F.D., Hoffman M.T., Gillson L. Modelling the complex dynamics of vegetation, livestock and rainfall in a semiarid rangeland in south Africa. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 2011, 27(3):126-142.
43. Ringrose S., Vanderpost C., Matheson W., Wolski P., Huntsman-Mapila P., Murray-Hudson M., Jellema A. Indicators of desiccation-driven change in the distal Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments 2007, 68(1):88-112.
44. Ropelewski C.F., Halpert M.S. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El-Nino southern oscillation. Monthly Weather Review 1987, 115(8):1606-1626.
45. Rouault M., Florenchie P., Fauchereau N., Reason C.J.C. South east tropical Atlantic warm events and southern African rainfall. Geophysical Research Letters 2003, 30(5).
46. Scholes R.J., Archer S.R. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1997, 28:517-544.
47. Thomas D.S.G., O'Connor P.W., Bateman M.D., Shaw P.A., Stokes S., Nash D.J. Dune activity as a record of late Quaternary aridity in the northern Kalahari: new evidence from northern Namibia interpreted in the context of regional arid and humid chronologies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2000, 156(3-4):243-259.
48. Thornton P.K., Fawcett R.H., Galvin K.A., Boone R.B., Hudson J.W., Vogel C.H. Evaluating management options that use climate forecasts: modelling livestock production systems in the semi-arid zone of South Africa. Climate Research 2004, 26(1):33-42.
49. Tsonis A.A., Elsner J.B., Hunt A.G., Jagger T.H. Unfolding the relation between global temperature and ENSO. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32(9).
50. Tyson P.D., Preston-Whyte R.A. The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa 2000, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
51. van Aarde R.J., Jackson T.P. Megaparks for metapopulations: addressing the causes of locally high elephant numbers in southern Africa. Biological Conservation 2007, 134(3):289-297.
52. Vetter S. Drought, change and resilience in South Africa's arid and semi-arid rangelands. South African Journal of Science 2009, 105(1-2):29-33.
53. Vigaud N., Richard Y., Rouault M., Fauchereau N. Moisture transport between the South Atlantic Ocean and southern Africa: relationships with summer rainfall and associated dynamics. Climate Dynamics 2009, 32(1):113-123.
54. Wolmer W. Transboundary conservation: the politics of ecological integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Journal of Southern African Studies 2003, 29(1):261-278.
55. Wolski P. Mohembo Daily Hydrograph 2010, Retrieved 21, September 2010, from. http://www.orc.ub.bw/datacat/mohembo.php%3Fid%3D1%26datatype%3D.