Expansion and re-examination of digit span effort indices on the WAIS-IV

Clinical Neuropsychologist

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 147-159

  Young, J Christopher ^a   Sawyer, R John ^a   Roper, Brad L ^a   Baughman, Brandon C ^b  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b SEMMES MURPHEY NEUROLOGIC AND SPINE INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Military veterans; Neuropsychological assessment; Psychometrics; Response bias

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MALINGERING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC HOSPITAL; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REPRODUCIBILITY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SHORT TERM MEMORY; STATISTICAL MODEL; WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE;

ADULT; AREA UNDER CURVE; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; HOSPITALS, VETERANS; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MALINGERING; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; ROC CURVE; WECHSLER SCALES;

EID: 84858204947     PISSN: 13854046     EISSN: 17444144     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2011.647083     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) (2007). Practice guidelines for neuropsychological assessment and consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 209-231.
2. Armistead-Jehle, P. (2010). Symptom validity test performance in U.S. veterans referred for evaluation of mild TBI. Applied Neuropsychology, 17, 52-59.
3. Axelrod, B. N., Fichtenberg, N. L., Millis, S. R., & Wertheimer, J. C. (2006). Detecting incomplete effort with digit span from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-third edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(3), 513-523. (Pubitemid 44221703)
4. Axelrod, B. N., & Schutte, C. (2010). Analysis of the dementia profile on the Medical Symptom Validity Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24(5), 873-881.
5. Babikian, T., & Boone, K. (2007). Intelligence tests as measures of effort. In K. B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective (pp. 103-127). New York: Guilford Press.
6. Babikian, T., Boone, K., Lu, P., &Arnold, G. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of various digit span scores in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 145-159. (Pubitemid 43062357)
7. Boone, K. (2009). The need for continuous and comprehensive sampling of effort/response bias during neuropsychological examinations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 729-741.
8. Boone, K. B. (2007). Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment. New York: Guilford Press.
9. Bush, S. S., Ruff, R. M., Troster, A. I., Barth, J. T., Koffler, S. P., Pliskin, N. H., et al. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 419-426.
10. Chafetz, M. D. (2008). Malingering on the Social Security disability consultative exam: Predictors and base rates. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 529-546. (Pubitemid 351892459)
11. Delis, D. C., & Wetter, S. R. (2007). Cogniform disorder and cogniform condition: Proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 589-604. (Pubitemid 46921422)
12. Etherton, J. L., Bianchini, K. J., Greve, K. W., & Heinly, M. T. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of of reliable digit span in malingered pain-related disability. Assessment, 12, 130-136.
13. Gervais, R. O., Rohling, M. L., Green, P., & Ford, W. (2004). A comparison of WMT, CARB, and TOMM failure rates in non-head injury disability claimants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 475-487. (Pubitemid 38649001)
14. Green, P. (2003). Green's Word Memory Test for Windows: User's manual. Edmonton, Canada: Green's Publishing.
15. Green, P., Iverson, G. L., & Allen, L. (1999). Detecting malingering in head injury litigation with the Word Memory Test. Brain Injury, 13(10), 813-819. (Pubitemid 29488208)
16. Green, P. P., Flaro, L. L., & Courtney, J. J. (2009). Examining false positives on the Word Memory Test in adults with mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 23(9), 741-750.
17. Greiffenstein, M. (2010). Noncredible neuropsychological presentation in service members and veterans. In C. H. Kennedy & J. L. Moore (Eds.), Military neuropsychology (pp. 81-100). New York: Springer Publishing Co.
18. Greiffenstein, M., Baker, W., & Gola, T. (1994). Validation of malingered amnesia measures with a large clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 6, 218-224. (Pubitemid 24309288)
19. Greiffenstein, M., Gola, T. M., & Baker, W. (1995). MMPI-2 validity scales versus domain specific measures in detection of factitious traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 230-240.
20. Heilbronner, R. L., Sweet, J. J., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Conference Participants (2009). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1093-1129.
21. Heinly, M. T., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, B., Love, J. M., & Brennan, A. (2005). WAIS Digit Span-based indicators of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Classification accuracy in traumatic brain Injury. Assessment, 12(4), 429-444. (Pubitemid 41703612)
22. Holdnack, J. A., & Drozdick, L. W. (2009). Advanced Clinical Solutions interpretive manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessment.
23. Hoskins, L. L., Binder, L. M., Chaytor, N. S., Williamson, D. J., & Drane, D. L. (2010). Comparison of oral and computerized versions of the Word Memory Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(7), 591-600.
24. Inman, T., & Berry, D. (2002). Cross-validation of indicators of malingering: A comparison of nine neuropsychological tests, four tests of malingering, and behavioral observations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 1-23. (Pubitemid 34003071)
25. Iverson, G., & Franzen, M. (1994). The Recognition Memory Test, Digit Span, and Knox Cube Test as markers of malingered memory impairment. Assessment, 1, 323-334.
26. Iverson, G., & Franzen, M. (1996). Using multiple objective memory procedures to detect simulated malingering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 38-51. (Pubitemid 26068423)
27. Iverson, G., & Tulsky, D. (2003). Detecting malingering on the WAIS-III: Unusual Digit Span performance patterns in the normal population and in clinical groups. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 1-9. (Pubitemid 36120389)
28. Larrabee, G. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 410-425. (Pubitemid 37521919)
29. Larrabee, G. (2007). Assessment of malingering neuropsychological deficits. New York: Oxford University Press.
30. Larrabee, G. L. (2008). Aggregation across multiple indicators improves the detection of malingering: Relationship to likelihood ratios. TheClinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 666-679.
31. Matthias, C., Greve, K., Bianchini, K., Houston, R., & Crouch, J. (2002). Detecting malingered neurocognitive dysfunction using the Reliable Digit Span in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 9, 301-308.
32. Meyers, J., & Volbrecht, M. (1998). Validation of Reliable Digits for detection of malingering. Assessment, 5, 303-307. (Pubitemid 128457945)
33. Meyers, J. E.,&Volbrecht,M.E. (2003).Avalidation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 261-276. (Pubitemid 36369366)
34. Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094-1102. (Pubitemid 36605537)
35. Nelson, N. W., Hoelzle, J. B., McGuire, K. A., Ferrier-Auerbach, A. G., Chalesworth, M. J., & Sponheim, S. R. (2010). Evaluation context impacts neuropsychological performance of OEF/OIF veterans with reported combat-related concussion. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25, 713-723.
36. Reynolds, C. R. (1997). Forward and backward memory span should not be combined for clinical analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 29-40. (Pubitemid 27144391)
37. Sharland, M., & Gfeller, J. (2007). A survey of neuropsychologists' beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 213-223. (Pubitemid 46371364)
38. Slick, D., Sherman, E., & Iverson, G. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545-561. (Pubitemid 30311324)
39. Slick, D., Tan, J., Strauss, E., & Hultsch, D. (2004). Detecting malingering: A survey of experts' practices. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 465-473. (Pubitemid 38649000)
40. Spencer, R. J., Tree, H. A., Drag, L. L., Pangilinan, P., & Bieliauskas, L. A. (2010). Extending reliable digit span with the WAIS-IV sequencing task: Preliminary results. Poster presented at the 8th annual meeting for the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology Conference, Chicago, IL.
41. Strauss, E., Hultsch, D., Hunter, M., Slick, D., Patry, B., & Levy-Bencheton, J. (1999). Using intra-individual variability to detect malingering in cognitive performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 420-432. (Pubitemid 30311310)
42. Strauss, E., Sherman, E., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of memory malingering. Toronto, ON: MultiHealth Systems.
44. Trueblood, W., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Malingering and other validity considerations in the neuropsychological evaluation of mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 578-590. (Pubitemid 23269856)
45. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. (2009). Veterans compensation benefits rate tables. Retrieved April 19, 2011, from http://www.vba.va.gov/bln/21/Rates/comp01.htm
46. Victor, T., Boone, K., Serpa, J., Buehler, J., & Ziegler, E. (2009). Interpreting the meaning of multiple symptom validity test failure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 297-313.
47. Wechsler, D. (2008a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessment.
48. Wechsler, D. (2008b). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth edition: Technical and interpretive manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessment.
49. Whitney, K. A., Davis, J. J., Shepard, P. H., Bertram, D. M., & Adams, K. M. (2009). Digit Span age scaled score in middle-aged military veterans: Is it more closely associated with TOMM failure than Reliable Digit Span? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 263-272.
50. Whitney, K. A., Davis, J. J., Shepard, P. H., & Herman, S. M. (2008). Utility of the Response Bias Scale (RBS) and other MMPI-2 validity scales in predicting TOMM performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 777-786.
51. Young, J. C., Roper, B. L., & Sawyer, R. J. (2011). Symptom validity test use and estimated base rates of failure in the VA Healthcare System. Poster presented at the 9th annual meeting for the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Washington, DC.
52. Youngjohn, J. (1995). Confirmed attorney coaching prior to neuropsychological evaluation. Assessment, 2, 279-283.