Behavioral and psychological symptoms in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: A palliative care approach emphasizing recognition of personhood and preservation of dignity

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-13

  Passmore, Michael J ^a   Ho, Anita ^a   Gallagher, Romayne ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aggression; antipsychotic agents; dementia; ethics; psychomotor agitation; psychotic disorders

Indexed keywords

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; MEMANTINE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BIOETHICS; DEMENTIA; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; HUMAN DIGNITY; MENTAL DISEASE; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PERSONHOOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW;

EID: 84858121346     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2012-111424     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, Hall K, Hasegawa K, Hendrie H, Huang Y, Jorm A, Mathers C, Menezes PR, Rimmer E, Scazufca M, Alzheimer's Disease International (2005) Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet 366, 2112-2117. (Pubitemid 41797645)
2. Lyketsos CG, Lopez O, Jones B, Fitzpatrick AL, Breitner J, DeKosky S (2002) Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the cardiovascular health study. JAMA 288, 1475-1483.
3. Matsumoto N, Ikeda M, Fukuhara R, Shinagawa S, Ishikawa T, Mori T, Toyota Y, Matsumoto T, Adachi H, Hirono N, Tanabe H (2007) Caregiver burden associated with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in elderly people in the local community. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 23, 219-224. (Pubitemid 46496807)
4. Wimo A, Jönsson L, Gustavsson A, McDaid D, Ersek K, Georges J, Gulácsi L, Karpati K, Kenigsberg P, Valtonen H (2011) The economic impact of dementia in Europe in 2008-cost estimates from the Eurocode project. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26, 825-832.
5. Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL, Sambrook R, Lesnikova N, Hébert R, McCracken P, Robillard A, Nguyen E (2006) The contribution of neuropsychiatric symptoms to the cost of dementia care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 21, 972-976. (Pubitemid 44596392)
6. Passmore MJ, Gardner DM, Polak Y, Rabheru K (2008) Alternatives to atypical antipsychotics for the management of dementia-related agitation. Drugs Aging 25, 381-398. (Pubitemid 351629665)
7. Ballard C, Corbett A (2010) Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia. CNS Drugs 24, 729-739.
8. Banerjee S (2009) The use of antipsychotic medication for people with dementia: Time for action. UK Department of Health. http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod- consum-dh/groups/dh-digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh-108302.pdf, Posted October 2009, Accessed June 2011.
9. NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence - UK) (2006) Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/10998/30318/30318.pdf, Posted November 2006, Amended March 2011, Accessed June 2011.
10. Huybrechts KF, Rothman KJ, Silliman RA, Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S (2010) Risk of death and hospital admission for major medical events after initiation of psychotropic medications in older adults admitted to nursing homes. CMAJ 183, E411-E419.
11. Wilcock GK, Ballard CG, Cooper JA, Loft H (2008) Memantine for agitation/aggression and psychosis in moderately severe to severe Alzheimer's disease: A pooled analysis of 3 studies. J Clin Psychiatry 69, 341-348. (Pubitemid 351549385)
12. Wang LY, Shofer JB, Rohde K, Hart KL, Hoff DJ, McFall YH, Raskind MA, Peskind ER (2009) Prazosin for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease with agitation and aggression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17, 744-751.
13. Schneider LS, Dagerman K, Insel PS (2006) Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: Meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14, 191-210.
14. Smith TGH (2011) Antipsychotics in dementia - mortality risks and strategies to reduce prescribing. Evid Based Mental Health 14, 35-36.
15. Conradi P (2008) Madness of modern medicine. BMJ 337, a1670.
16. Pollock BG, Mulsant BH (2011) Between Scylla and Charybdis: Antipsychotic and other psychotropic medications in older nursing home residents. CMAJ 183, 778-779.
17. Gauthier S, ed. (2007) Clinical diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's Disease, 3rd Ed, Informa Healthcare, Andover.
18. Herrmann N, Gauthier S (2008) Diagnosis and treatment of dementia: 6. Management of severe Alzheimer disease. CMAJ 179, 1279-1287.
19. Ballard C, Hanney ML, Theodoulou M, Douglas S, McShane R, Kossakowski K, Gill R, Juszczak E, Yu LM, Jacoby R, DART-AD investigators (2009) The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): Long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 8, 151-157.
20. Ballard C, Lana MM, Theodoulou M, Douglas S, McShane R, Jacoby R, Kossakowski K, Yu LM, Juszczak E, Investigators DART AD (2008) A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in dementia patients continuing or stopping neuroleptics (the DART-AD trial). PLoS Med 5, e76.
21. Devanand DP, Pelton GH, Cunqueiro K, Sackeim HA, Marder K (2011) A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot discontinuation trial following response to haloperidol treatment of psychosis and agitation in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26, 937-943.
22. Wazana A (2000) Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: Is a gift ever just a gift? JAMA 283, 373-380.
23. Parsons C, Hughes CM, Passmore AP, Lapane KL (2010) Withholding, discontinuing and withdrawing medications in dementia patients at the end of life: A neglected problem in the disadvantaged dying? Drugs Aging 27, 435-449.
24. World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/ definition/en/, Last updated 2011, Accessed July 2011.
25. Murray SA, Sheikh A (2008) Palliative care beyond cancer: Care for all at the end of life. Br Med J 336, 958-959.
26. Feldman H, Gauthier S (1996) Alzheimer's disease: Symptomatic drugs under development. In Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Alzheimer's Disease, Gauthier S, ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp. 239-259.
27. Gill TM, Gahbauer EA, Han L, Allore HG (2010) Trajectories of disability in the last year of life. N Engl J Med 362, 1173-1180.
28. Mitchell SL, Teno JM, Kiely DK, Shaffer ML, Jones RN, Prigerson HG, Volicer L, Givens JL, Hamel MB (2009) The clinical course of advanced dementia. N Engl J Med 361, 1529-1538.
29. Gozalo P, Teno JM, Mitchell SL, Skinner J, Bynum J, Tyler D, Mor V (2011) End-of-life transitions among nursing home residents with cognitive issues.NEngl J Med 365, 1212-1221.
30. Volicer L (2007) Goals of care in advanced dementia: Quality of life, dignity and comfort. J Nutr Health Aging 11, 481.
31. Volicer L, Bloom-Charette L (1999) Enhancing the Quality of Life in Advanced Dementia, Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia.
32. Brodaty H, Burns K (2011) Nonpharmacological management of apathy in dementia: A systematic review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31822be242.
33. Ashcroft RE (2005) Making sense of dignity. J Med Ethics 31, 679-682.
34. Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2009) Dementia: Ethical issues, Cambridge Publishing Ltd, Cambridge. http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/ Nuffield%20Dementia%20report%20Oct%2009.pdf, Posted October 2009, Accessed July 2011.
35. Chochinov HM, Hack T, Hassard T, Kristjanson LJ, McClement S, Harlos M (2002) Dignity in the terminally ill: A cross-sectional, cohort study. Lancet 360, 2026-2030. (Pubitemid 36026581)
36. Chochinov HM (2004) Dignity and the eye of the beholder. J Clin Oncol 22, 1336-1340.
37. Chochinov HM, Hack T, Hassard T, Kristjanson LJ, McClement S, Harlos M (2005) Dignity therapy: A novel psychotherapeutic intervention for patients near the end of life. J Clin Oncol 23, 5520-5525.
38. Chochinov HM (2007) Dignity and the essence of medicine: The A, B, C, and D of dignity conserving care. BMJ 335, 184-187.
39. Hall S, Chochinov H, Harding R, Murray S, Richardson A, Higginson IJ (2009) A Phase II randomised controlled trial assessing the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of dignity therapy for older people in care homes: Study protocol. BMC Geriat 9, 9.
40. Holmerová I, Jurasková B, Kalvach Z, Rohanová E, Rokosová M, Vanková H (2007) Dignity and palliative care in dementia. J Nutr Health Aging 11, 489-494.
41. Hansen L, Archbold PG, Stewart B, Westfall UB, Ganzini L (2005) Family caregivers making life-sustaining treatment decisions: Factors associated with role strain and ease. J Gerontol Nur 31, 28.
42. Mitchell SL, Kiely DK, Hamel MB (2004) Dying with advanced dementia in the nursing home. Arch Intern Med 164, 321-326. (Pubitemid 38176474)
43. Kaufer DI, Cummings JL, Christine D, Bray T, Castellon S, Masterman D, MacMillan A, Ketchel P, DeKosky ST (1998) Assessing the impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Caregiver Distress Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 46, 210-215. (Pubitemid 28082663)
44. Lowery K, Mynt P, Aisbett J, Dixon T, O'Brien J, Ballard C (2000) Depression in the carers of dementia sufferers: A comparison of the carers of patients suffering from dementia with Lewy bodies and the carers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Affect Disord 59, 61-65. (Pubitemid 30256239)
45. Donaldson C, Tarrier N, Burns A (1998) Determinants of carer stress in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 13, 248-256. (Pubitemid 28192679)
46. Mourik JC, Rosso SM, Niermeijer MF, Duivenvoorden HJ, Van Swieten JC, Tibben A (2004) Frontotemporal dementia: Behavioral symptoms and caregiver distress. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 18, 299-306. (Pubitemid 39370305)
47. Wendler D, Rid A (2011) Systematic review: The effect on surrogates of making treatment decisions for others. Ann Int Med 154, 336-346.
48. Baldwin C, Capstick A, eds (2007) Tom Kitwood on Dementia: A reader and critical commentary, Open University Press, Maidenhead.
49. Kitwood T (1997) Dementia reconsidered: The person comes first, Open University Press, New York.
50. Buron B (2008) Levels of personhood: A model for dementia care. Geriatr Nurs 29, 324-332.
51. Sabat SR (2002) Selfhood and Alzheimer's disease. In The person with Alzheimer's disease: Pathways to understanding the experience, Harris PB, ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 88-111.
52. Sabat SR, Fath H, Moghaddam FM, Harré R (1999) The maintenance of selfesteem: Lessons from the culture of Alzheimer's sufferers. Culture Psychology 5, 5-31.
53. Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (2006) Demenssjukdomar. En systematisk litteraturöversikt. Rapport 172. http://www.sbu.se/upload/Publikationer/Content0/1/Demens-sammanfattning.pdf, Posted March 2006, Accessed June 2011.
54. Edvardsson D, Winblad B, Sandman PO (2008) Personcentred care of people with severe Alzheimer's disease: Current status and ways forward. Lancet Neurol 7, 362-367. (Pubitemid 351380537)
55. Murray LM, Boyd S (2009) Protecting personhood and achieving quality of life for older adults with dementia in the U.S. health care system. J Aging Health 21, 350-373.
56. Naarding P, van Grevenstein M, Beekman AT (2010) Benefit-risk analysis for the clinician: 'Primum non nocere'revisited-the case for antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral disturbances in dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 25, 437-440.
57. Jonsen AL, Sieglar M, Winslade W (2006) Clinical ethics: A practical approach to ethical decisions in clinical medicine 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
58. Beauchamp T, Childress J (2008) Principles of biomedical ethics 6th ed., Oxford University Press, New York.
59. Treloar A, Crugel M, Prasanna A, Solomons L, Fox C, Paton C, Katona C (2010) Ethical dilemmas: Should antipsychotics ever be prescribed for people with dementia? Br J Psychiatry 197, 88-90.
60. Luo H, Lin M, Castle N (2011) Physical restraint use and falls in nursing homes: A comparison between residents with and without dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 26, 44-50.
61. Scherder EJ, Bogen T, Eggermont LH, Hamers JP, Swaab DF (2010) The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 22, 1203-1208.
62. Wang WW, Moyle W (2005) Physical restraint use on people with dementia: A review of the literature. Aust J Adv Nurs 22, 46-52.