Internal scatter, the unavoidable major component of the peripheral dose in photon-beam radiotherapy

Physics in Medicine and Biology

Volumn 57, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1733-1743

  Chofor, Ndimofor ^a,b   Harder, Dietrich ^c   Willborn, Kay C ^b   Poppe, Björn ^a,b  

^a PIUS HOSPITAL   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OLDENBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEAM ENERGIES; DETECTOR RESPONSE; DOSE CONVERSION FACTOR; ELEMENTARY BEAMS; ENERGY DEPENDENT; ENERGY FLUENCES; EXPERIMENTAL VALUES; EXPONENTIALS; FIELD SIZE; FILTER SYSTEM; FLATTENING FILTERS; INTERNAL SCATTER; MONTE CARLO; MULTILEAF COLLIMATORS; OFF-AXIS; PERIPHERAL DOSE; PHOTON BEAMS; POINTS OF INTEREST; RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS; SIEMENS; SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION; TWO-COMPONENT;

PHOTONS; SHIELDING;

RADIATION DECONTAMINATION;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOPHYSICS; COMPUTER ASSISTED RADIOTHERAPY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; MONTE CARLO METHOD; PHOTON; RADIATION SCATTERING; STATISTICS;

BIOPHYSICAL PHENOMENA; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MONTE CARLO METHOD; PHANTOMS, IMAGING; PHOTONS; RADIOTHERAPY, CONFORMAL; SCATTERING, RADIATION;

EID: 84858032936     PISSN: 00319155     EISSN: 13616560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/6/1733     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Bednarz B, Hancox C and Xu X G 2009 Calculated organ doses from selected prostate treatment plans using Monte Carlo simulations and an anatomically realistic computational phantom Phys. Med. Biol. 54 527186
2. Boice J D Jr et al 1985 Second cancers following radiation treatment for cervical cancer. An international collaboration among cancer registries J. Natl Cancer Inst. 74 95575
3. Cheney E L and Cullip T J 1994 A Monte Carlo study of accelerator head scatter Med. Phys. 21 138390 (Pubitemid 24307954)
4. Chofor N, Harder D, Rhmann A, Willborn K C, Wiezorek T and Poppe B 2010 Experimental study on photon-beam peripheral doses, their components and some possibilities for their reduction Phys. Med. Biol. 55 401127
5. Chofor N, Harder D, Willborn K, Rhmann A and Poppe B 2011a A direction-selective flattening filter for clinical photon beams. Monte Carlo evaluation of a new concept Phys. Med. Biol. 56 435576
6. Chofor N, Harder D, Willborn K, Rhmann A and Poppe B 2011b Low-energy photons in high-energy photon fieldsMonte Carlo generated spectra and a new descriptive parameter Z. Med. Phys. 21 18397
7. Diallo I et al 2009 Frequency distribution of second solid cancer locations in relation to the irradiated volume among 115 patients treated for childhood cancer Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 74 87683
8. Djouguela A, Griessbach I, Harder D, Kollhoff R, Chofor N, Rhmann A, Willborn K and Poppe B 2008 Dosimetric characteristics of an unshielded p-type Si diode: linearity, photon energy dependence and spatial resolution Z. Med. Phys. 18 3016
9. Dohm O S, Fippel M, Christ G and Nuesslin F 2005 Off-axis chamber response in the depth of photon dose maximum Phys. Med. Biol. 50 144957 (Pubitemid 40524536)
10. Drr W and Herrmann Th 2002 Cancer induction by radiotherapy: dose dependence and spatial relationship to irradiated volume J. Radiol. Prot. 22 A11721
11. Faggedon B, Egley B and Steinberg T 2004 Comparison of beam characteristics of a gold x-ray target and a tungsten replacement target Med. Phys. 31 917 (Pubitemid 38113870)
12. German Commission on Radiological Protection (SSK) 2005 Evaluation of the Relative Biological Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionising Radiation vol 53 (Amsterdam: Elsevier)
13. Goitein M 2009 How best to dispose of extra-tumoral dose: a cautionary note for intensity-modulated radiation therapy Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys 75 13
14. Huq M S, Das I J, Steinberg T and Galvin J M 2002 A dosimetric comparison of various multileaf collimators Phys. Med. Biol. 47 N15970
15. Joosten A, Bochud F, Baechler S, Levi F, Mirimanoff R O and Moeckli R 2011 Variability of a peripheral dose among various linac geometries for second cancer risk assessment Phys. Med. Biol. 56 513151
16. Kawrakow I and Rogers D W O 2003 The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport NRCC Report PIRS-701 (Ottawa, ON: NRCC)
17. Kawrakow I and Walters B R B 2006 Efficient photon beam dose calculations using DOSXYZnrc with BEAMnrc Med. Phys. 33 304656 (Pubitemid 44154576)
18. Kragl G, Baier F, Lutz S, Albrich D, Dalaryd M, Kroupa B, Wiezorek T, Kns T and Georg D 2011 Flattening filter free beams in SBRT and IMRT: Dosimetric assessment of peripheral doses Z. Med. Phys. 21 91101
19. Kry S F, Titt U, Followill D, Pnisch F, Vassiliev O N, White R A, Stovall M and Salehpour M 2007 A Monte Carlo model for out-of-field dose calculation from high-energy photon therapy Med. Phys. 34 348999 (Pubitemid 47339746)
20. Kry S F, Vassiliev O N and Mohan R 2010 Out-of-field photon dose following removal of the flattening filter from a medical accelerator Phys. Med. Biol. 55 215566
21. Muench P J, Meigooni A S and Nath R 1991 Photon energy dependence of the sensitivity of radiochromic film and comparison with silver halide film and LiF TLD's used for brachytherapy dosimetry Med. Phys. 18 76975
22. Purdy J A 2008 Dose to normal tissues outside the radiation therapy patient's treated volume: a review of different radiation therapy techniques Health Phys. 95 66676
23. Rogers D W O, Faddegon B A, Ding G X, Ma C M, We J and Mackie T R 1995 BEAM: a Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment units Med. Phys. 22 50324
24. Scarboro S B, Followill D S, Howell R M and Kry S F 2011 Variations in photon energy spectra of a 6 MV beam and their impact on TL response Med. Phys. 38 261928
25. 60Co -rays in a large absorber determined by dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 130 4426
26. Syme A, Kirkby C, Mirzayans R, MacKenzie M, Field C and Fallone B G 2009 Relative biological damage and electron fluence in and out of a 6 MV photon field Phys. Med. Biol. 54 662333
27. Takam R, Bezak E, Marcu L G and Yeoh E 2011 Out-of field neutron and leakage photon exposures and the associated risk of second cancers in high-energy photon radiotherapy Radiat. Res. 176 50820
28. Titt U, Vassiliev O N, Pnisch F, Don L and Mohan R 2006 A flattening filter free photon treatment concept evaluation with Monte Carlo Med. Phys. 33 1595602 (Pubitemid 43830248)
29. Wiezorek T, Georg D, Schwedas M, Salz H and Wendt T G 2009 Experimental determination of peripheral photon dose components for different IMRT techniques and linear accelerators Z. Med. Phys. 19 1208
30. Wiezorek T, Voigt A, Metzger N, Georg D, Schwedas M, Salz H and Wendt G 2008 Experimental determination of peripheral doses for different IMRT techniques delivered by a Siemens linear accelerator Strahlenther. Onkol. 184 739 (Pubitemid 351231654)
31. Xu G X, Bednarz B and Paganetti H 2008 A review of dosimetric studies on external-beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction Phys. Med. Biol. 53 R193241
32. Zankl M, Fill U, Petoussi-Henss N and Regulla D 2002 Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon irradiation of male and female voxel models Phys. Med. Biol. 47 236785 (Pubitemid 34823317)