Muscle function, physical performance and body composition changes in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy

Asian Journal of Andrology

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 204-221

  Storer, Thomas W ^a   Miciek, Renee ^a   Travison, Thomas G ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

androgen deprivation therapy; androgen suppression; exercise prescription; exercise training; functional assessment; lean body mass; older men; prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

GONADORELIN AGONIST; OXANDROLONE; TESTOSTERONE;

ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FAT; BODY MASS; EXERCISE; GRIP STRENGTH; HUMAN; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; WALKING;

ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; BODY COMPOSITION; FATIGUE; HUMANS; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84858021383     PISSN: 1008682X     EISSN: 17457262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.104     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Stoch SA, Parker RA, Chen L, Bubley G, Ko YJ et al. Bone loss in men with prostate cancer treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 2787-91. (Pubitemid 32545740)
2. Smith MR. Therapy Insight: osteoporosis during hormone therapy for prostate cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2005; 2: 608-15; quiz 28. (Pubitemid 43135244)
3. Levine GN, D'Amico AV, Berger P, Clark PE, Eckel RH et al. Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Urological Association: endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology. Circulation 2010; 121: 833-40.
4. Nguyen PL, Je Y, Schutz FA, Hoffman KE, Hu JC et al. Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 2011; 306: 2359-66.
5. Mauras N, Hayes V, Welch S, Rini A, Helgeson K et al. Testosterone deficiency in young men: marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1886-92. (Pubitemid 28496311)
6. Roy TA, Blackman MR, Harman SM, Tobin JD, Schrager M et al. Interrelationships of serum testosterone and free testosterone index with FFM and strength in aging men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283: E284-94. (Pubitemid 34827443)
7. Szulc P, Claustrat B, Marchand F, Delmas PD. Increased risk of falls and increased bone resorption in elderly men with partial androgen deficiency: the MINOS study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5240-7. (Pubitemid 37452722)
8. van den Beld AW, de Jong FH, Grobbee DE, Pols HA, Lamberts SW. Measures of bioavailable serum testosterone and estradiol and their relationships with muscle strength, bone density, and body composition in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 3276-82.
9. Grinspoon S, Corcoran C, Lee K, Burrows B, Hubbard J et al. Loss of lean body and muscle mass correlates with androgen levels in hypogonadal men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and wasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4051-8. (Pubitemid 26380417)
10. O'Donnell AB, Travison TG, Harris SS, Tenover JL, McKinlay JB. Testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and physical performance in older men: results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 425-31. (Pubitemid 43236905)
11. Orwoll E, Lambert LC, Marshall LM, Blank J, Barrett-Connor E et al. Endogenous testosterone levels, physical performance, and fall risk in older men. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2124-31. (Pubitemid 44631401)
12. Schaap LA, Pluijm SM, Smit JH, van Schoor NM, VisserMet al. The association of sex hormone levels with poor mobility, low muscle strength and incidence of falls among older men and women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63: 152-60. (Pubitemid 41097983)
13. O'Connell MD, Roberts SA, Srinivas-Shankar U, Tajar A, Connolly MJ et al. Do the effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life persist six months after treatment in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 454-8.
14. Schroeder ET, Zheng L, Yarasheski KE, Qian D, Stewart Y et al. Treatment with oxandrolone and the durability of effects in older men. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 1055-62. (Pubitemid 38248683)
15. Williams MB, Hernandez J, Thompson I. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist effects on skeletal muscle: how hormonal therapy in prostate cancer affects muscular strength. J Urol 2005; 173: 1067-71. (Pubitemid 40380505)
16. Hicks GE, Shardell M, Alley DE, Miller RR, Bandinelli S et al. Absolute strength and loss of strength as predictors of mobility decline in older adults: the InCHIANTI Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67A: 66-73.
17. Bohannon RW. Hand-grip dynamometry predicts future outcomes in aging adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2008; 31: 3-10. (Pubitemid 351578973)
18. Humphreys J, de la Maza P, Hirsch S, Barrera G, Gattas V et al. Muscle strength as a predictor of loss of functional status inhospitalizedpatients. Nutrition 2002; 18: 616-20. (Pubitemid 34687101)
19. Sayer AA, Syddall HE, Martin HJ, Dennison EM, Roberts HC et al. Is grip strength associated with health-related quality of life? Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Age Ageing 2006; 35: 409-15. (Pubitemid 43941811)
20. Al Snih S, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ, Raji MA. Hand grip strength and incident ADL disability in elderly Mexican Americans over a seven-year period. Aging Clin Exp Res 2004; 16: 481-6. (Pubitemid 40220483)
21. Rantanen T, Avlund K, Suominen H, Schroll M, Frandin K et al. Muscle strength as a predictor of onset of ADL dependence in people aged 75 years. Aging Clin Exp Res 2002; 14: 10-5.
22. Alibhai SM, Breunis H, Timilshina N, Johnston C, Tomlinson G et al. Impact of androgen-deprivation therapy on physical function and quality of life in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 5038-45.
23. Soyupek F, Soyupek S, Perk H, Ozorak A. Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: effects on hand function. Urol Oncol 2008; 26: 141-6. (Pubitemid 351288555)
24. Joly F, Alibhai SM, Galica J, Park A, Yi QL et al. Impact of androgen deprivation therapy on physical and cognitive function, as well as quality of life of patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Urol 2006; 176: 2443-7. (Pubitemid 44665959)
25. Stone P, Hardy J, Huddart R, A'Hern R, Richards M. Fatigue in patients with prostate cancer receiving hormone therapy. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36: 1134-41. (Pubitemid 30330912)
26. Basaria S, Lieb J 2nd, Tang AM, DeWeese T, Carducci M et al. Long-term effects of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 56: 779-86. (Pubitemid 34785910)
27. Bean JF, Kiely DK, Leveille SG, Herman S, Huynh C et al. The 6-minute walk test in mobility-limited elders: what is being measured? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57: M751-6. (Pubitemid 35340557)
28. Alibhai SM, Gogov S, Allibhai Z. Long-term side effects of androgen deprivation therapy in men with non-metastatic prostate cancer: a systematic literature review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 60: 201-15. (Pubitemid 44709617)
29. Tornvall G. Assessment of physical capabilities with special reference to the evaluation of maximal voluntary isometric muscle strength and maximal working capacity. Acta Physiol Scand 58: Suppl. 201.
30. Kuh D, Bassey EJ, Butterworth S, Hardy R, Wadsworth ME. Grip strength, postural control, and functional leg power in a representative cohort of British men and women: associations with physical activity, health status, and socioeconomic conditions. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005; 60: 224-31. (Pubitemid 40524864)
31. Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol 1994; 49: M85-94. (Pubitemid 24100267)
32. Bylow K, Dale W, Mustian K, Stadler WM, Rodin M et al. Falls and physical performance deficits in older patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Urology 2008; 72: 422-7.
33. Bylow K, Hemmerich J, Mohile SG, Stadler WM, Sajid S et al. Obese frailty, physical performance deficits, and falls in older men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy: a case-control study. Urology 2011; 77: 934-40.
34. Clay CA, Perera S, Wagner JM, Miller ME, Nelson JB et al. Physical function in men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy. Phys Ther 2007; 87: 1325-33.
35. Levy ME, Perera S, van Londen GJ, Nelson JB, Clay CA et al. Physical function changes in prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy: a 2-year prospective study. Urology 2008; 71: 735-9.
36. Culos-Reed SN, Robinson JW, Lau H, Stephenson L, KeatsMet al. Physical activity for men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: benefits from a 16-week intervention. Support Care Cancer 2010; 18: 591-9.
37. Galvao DA, Nosaka K, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Kristjanson LJ et al. Resistance training and reduction of treatment side effects in prostate cancer patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 2045-52. (Pubitemid 44884813)
38. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 111-7.
39. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed 'Up & Go': a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991; 39: 142-8.
40. Sayers SP, Guralnik JM, Newman AB, Brach JS, Fielding RA. Concordance and discordance between two measures of lower extremity function: 400 meter selfpaced walk and SPPB. Aging Clin Exp Res 2006; 18: 100-6. (Pubitemid 43833627)
41. Vasunilashorn S, Coppin AK, Patel KV, Lauretani F, Ferrucci L et al. Use of the Short Physical Performance Battery Score to predict loss of ability to walk 400 meters: analysis from the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64: 223-9.
42. Ferrucci L, Penninx BW, Leveille SG, Corti MC, Pahor M et al. Characteristics of nondisabled older persons who perform poorly in objective tests of lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 1102-10.
43. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, Leveille SG, Markides KS et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55: M221-31. (Pubitemid 30257618)
44. Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, Salive ME, Wallace RB. Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 556-61.
45. Penninx BW, Ferrucci L, Leveille SG, Rantanen T, Pahor M et al. Lower extremity performance in nondisabled older persons as a predictor of subsequent hospitalization. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55: M691-7. (Pubitemid 32010316)
46. Perera S, Studenski S, Chandler JM, Guralnik JM. Magnitude and patterns of decline in health and function in 1 year affect subsequent 5-year survival. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005; 60: 894-900. (Pubitemid 41098636)
47. Volpato S, Cavalieri M, Sioulis F, Guerra G, Maraldi C et al. Predictive value of the Short Physical Performance Battery following hospitalization in older patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66: 89-96.
48. Cesari M, Onder G, Zamboni V, Manini T, Shorr RI et al. Physical function and selfrated health status as predictors of mortality: results from longitudinal analysis in the ilSIRENTE study. BMC Geriatr 2008; 8: 34.
49. Kwon S, Perera S, Pahor M, Katula JA, King AC et al. What is a meaningful change in physical performance? Findings from a clinical trial in older adults (the LIFE-P study). J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13: 538-44.
50. Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 743-9. (Pubitemid 44030194)
51. Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Andrieu S, Bauer J, BeauchetOet al. Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people: an International Academy on Nutrition and Aging (IANA) Task Force. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13: 881-9.
52. Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Penninx BW, Nicklas BJ, Simonsick EM et al. Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people-results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 1675-80. (Pubitemid 43109929)
53. Hall WJ. Update in geriatrics. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 538-43. (Pubitemid 46780955)
54. Manty M, Mendes de Leon CF, Rantanen T, Era P, Pedersen AN et al. Mobility-related fatigue, walking speed, and muscle strength in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; e-pub ahead of print 19 October doi: 10.1093/gerona/glr183.
55. Ostir GV, Kuo YF, Berges IM, Markides KS, Ottenbacher KJ. Measures of lower body function and risk of mortality over 7 years of follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166: 599-605. (Pubitemid 47283641)
56. Woo J, Ho SC, Yu AL. Walking speed and stride length predicts 36 months dependency, mortality, and institutionalization in Chinese aged 70 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 1257-60. (Pubitemid 29473301)
57. Hardy SE, Perera S, Roumani YF, Chandler JM, Studenski SA. Improvement in usual gait speed predicts better survival in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 1727-34. (Pubitemid 350043779)
58. Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, Rosano C, Faulkner K et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA 2011; 305: 50-8.
59. Studenski S, Perera S, Wallace D, Chandler JM, Duncan PW et al. Physical performance measures in the clinical setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 314-22. (Pubitemid 36348892)
60. Butland RJ, Pang J, Gross ER, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM. Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 284: 1607-8. (Pubitemid 12105148)
61. Enfield K, Gammon S, Floyd J, Falt C, Patrie J et al. Six-minute walk distance in patients with severe end-stage COPD: association with survival after inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2010; 30: 195-202.
62. Gayda M, Temfemo A, Choquet D, Ahmaidi S. Cardiorespiratory requirements and reproducibility of the six-minute walk test in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 1538-43. (Pubitemid 39221099)
63. Kervio G, Carre F, Ville NS. Reliability and intensity of the six-minute walk test in healthy elderly subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 169-74. (Pubitemid 36084156)
64. Olsson LG, Swedberg K, Clark AL, Witte KK, Cleland JG. Six minute corridor walk test as an outcome measure for the assessment of treatment in randomized, blinded intervention trials of chronic heart failure: a systematic review. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 778-93. (Pubitemid 40547080)
65. Troosters T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Six minute walking distance in healthy elderly subjects. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 270-4. (Pubitemid 29461288)
66. Galvao DA, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Turner D et al. Reduced muscle strength and functional performance in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen suppression: a comprehensive cross-sectional investigation. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2009; 12: 198-203.
67. Taaffe DR, Duret C, Wheeler S, Marcus R. Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 1208-14. (Pubitemid 29473293)
68. Camarri B, Eastwood PR, Cecins NM, Thompson PJ, Jenkins S. Six minute walk distance in healthy subjects aged 55-75 years. Respir Med 2006; 100: 658-65. (Pubitemid 43285753)
69. Lucas C, Stevenson LW, Johnson W, Hartley H, HamiltonMAet al. The 6-min walk and peak oxygen consumption in advanced heart failure: aerobic capacity and survival.Am Heart J 1999; 138: 618-24. (Pubitemid 29471034)
70. Ross RM, Murthy JN, Wollak ID, Jackson AS. The six minute walk test accurately estimates mean peak oxygen uptake. BMC Pulm Med 2010; 10: 31.
71. Simonsick EM, Newman AB, Nevitt MC, Kritchevsky SB, Ferrucci L et al. Measuring higher level physical function in well-functioning older adults: expanding familiar approaches in the Health ABC study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56: M644-9. (Pubitemid 32954233)
72. Spruit MA, Polkey MI, Celli B, Edwards LD, Watkins ML et al. Predicting outcomes from 6-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011; e-pub ahead of print 21 June doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2011. 06.009.
73. Swerts PM, Mostert R, Wouters EF. Comparison of corridor and treadmill walking in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Phys Ther 1990; 70: 439-42. (Pubitemid 20196058)
74. Enright PL, Sherrill DL. Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1384-7.
75. Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther 2002; 82: 128-37. (Pubitemid 34112999)
76. Teramoto S, Ohga E, Ishii T, Yamaguchi Y, Yamamoto H et al. Reference value of sixminute walking distance in healthy middle-aged and older subjects. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 1132-3. (Pubitemid 30399287)
77. Casaburi R. Factors determining constant work rate exercise tolerance in COPD and their role in dictating the minimal clinically important difference in response to interventions. COPD 2005; 2: 131-6. (Pubitemid 40776233)
78. du Bois RM, Weycker D, Albera C, Bradford WZ, Costabel U et al. Six-minute-walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: test validation and minimal clinically important difference. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 1231-7.
79. Laviolette L, Bourbeau J, Bernard S, Lacasse Y, Pepin V et al. Assessing the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on functional status in COPD. Thorax 2008; 63: 115-21. (Pubitemid 351236472)
80. Puhan MA, Mador MJ, Held U, Goldstein R, Guyatt GH et al. Interpretation of treatment changes in 6-minute walk distance in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 637-43.
81. Canuto FF, Rocco CC, de Andrade DV, Sampaio LM, Oliveira CS et al. Neurophysiological comparison between the Sit-to-Stand test with the 6-Minute Walk test in individuals with COPD. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 50: 47-53.
82. Simonsick EM, Montgomery PS, Newman AB, Bauer DC, Harris T. Measuring fitness in healthy older adults: the Health ABC Long Distance Corridor Walk. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 1544-8. (Pubitemid 33051409)
83. Pettee Gabriel KK, Rankin RL, Lee C, Charlton ME, Swan PD et al. Test-retest reliability and validity of the 400-meter walk test in healthy, middle-aged women. J Phys Act Health 2010; 7: 649-57.
84. Marsh AP, Miller ME, Saikin AM, Rejeski WJ, Hu N et al. Lower extremity strength and power are associated with 400-meter walk time in older adults: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61: 1186-93. (Pubitemid 46034471)
85. Simonsick EM, Newman AB, Visser M, Goodpaster B, Kritchevsky SB et al. Mobility limitation in self-described well-functioning older adults: importance of endurance walk testing. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63: 841-7.
86. Klepin HD, Geiger AM, Tooze JA, Newman AB, Colbert LH et al. Physical performance and subsequent disability and survival in older adults with malignancy: results from the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010; 58: 76-82.
87. Newman AB, Simonsick EM, Naydeck BL, Boudreau RM, Kritchevsky SB et al. Association of long-distance corridor walk performance with mortality, cardiovascular disease, mobility limitation, and disability. JAMA 2006; 295: 2018-26. (Pubitemid 44794004)
88. Singer RB. Mortality in active adults age 70-79 years in relation to performance in a long-distance corridor walk. J Insur Med 2009; 41: 45-8.
89. Vestergaard S, Patel KV, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM. Characteristics of 400- meter walk test performance and subsequent mortality in older adults. Rejuvenation Res 2009; 12: 177-84.
90. Bohannon RW. Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive metaanalysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2006; 29: 64-8. (Pubitemid 44495987)
91. Storer TW, Woodhouse L, Magliano L, Singh AB, Dzekov C et al. Changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and power but not physical function are related to testosterone dose in healthy older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 1991-9.
92. Galvao DA, Taaffe DR, Spry N, Joseph D, Newton RU. Combined resistance and aerobic exercise program reverses muscle loss in men undergoing androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer without bone metastases: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 340-7.
93. Travison TG, Basaria S, Storer TW, Jette AM, MiciekRet al. Clinical meaningfulness of the changes in muscle performance and physical function associated with testosterone administration in older men with mobility limitation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66: 1090-9.
94. LeBrasseur NK, Bhasin S, Miciek R, Storer TW. Tests of muscle strength and physical function: reliability and discrimination of performance in younger and older men and older men with mobility limitations. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 2118-23.
95. Galvao DA, Spry NA, Taaffe DR, Newton RU, Stanley J et al. Changes in muscle, fat and bone mass after 36 weeks of maximal androgen blockade for prostate cancer. BJU Int 2008; 102: 44-7. (Pubitemid 351799442)
96. Boxer RS, Kenny AM, Dowsett R, Taxel P. The effect of 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy on muscle and fat mass in older men with localized prostate cancer. Aging Male 2005; 8: 207-12. (Pubitemid 43068314)
97. Beehler GP, Wade M, Kim B, Steinbrenner L, Wray LO. Longitudinal assessment of BMI in relation to ADT use among early stage prostate cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv 2009; 3: 233-40.
98. Kim HS, Moreira DM, Smith MR, Presti JC Jr, Aronson WJ et al. A natural history of weight change in men with prostate cancer on androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT): results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. BJU Int 2011; 107: 924-8.
99. Lee H, McGovern K, Finkelstein JS, Smith MR. Changes in bone mineral density and body composition during initial and long-term gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2005; 104: 1633-7. (Pubitemid 41437426)
100. Smith MR, Lee H, McGovern F, Fallon MA, Goode M et al. Metabolic changes during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for prostate cancer: differences from the classic metabolic syndrome. Cancer 2008; 112: 2188-94. (Pubitemid 351628628)
101. Chen Z, Maricic M, Nguyen P, Ahmann FR, Bruhn R et al. Low bone density and high percentage of body fat amongmen who were treated with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95: 2136-44. (Pubitemid 35253375)
102. Haseen F, Murray LJ, Cardwell CR, O'Sullivan JM, Cantwell MM. The effect of androgen deprivation therapy on body composition in men with prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Surviv 2010; 4: 128-39.
103. Smith MR. Changes in fat and lean body mass during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Urology 2004; 63: 742-5. (Pubitemid 38479421)
104. Smith MR, Finkelstein JS, McGovern FJ, Zietman AL, FallonMAet al. Changes in body composition during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 599-603. (Pubitemid 34158224)
105. van Londen GJ, Levy ME, Perera S, Nelson JB, Greenspan SL. Body composition changes during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a 2-year prospective study. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 68: 172-7.
106. Berruti A, Dogliotti L, Terrone C, Cerutti S, Isaia G et al. Changes in bone mineral density, lean body mass and fat content as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in patients with prostate cancer without apparent bone metastases given androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 2002; 167: 2361-7; discussion 7. (Pubitemid 34533125)
107. Smith MR, Lee H, Nathan DM. Insulin sensitivity during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 1305-8.
108. Alberga AS, Segal RJ, Reid RD, Scott CG, Sigal RJ et al. Age and androgen-deprivation therapy on exercise outcomes in men with prostate cancer. Support Care Cancer 2011; e-pub ahead of print 3 May doi: 10.1007/s00520-011- 1169-x.
109. Dacal K, Sereika SM, Greenspan SL. Quality of life in prostate cancer patients taking androgen deprivation therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 85-90.
110. Maturo G, Vespasiani G, Mohamed EI, Maiolo C, Finazzi Agro E et al. Evaluating body composition of Italian prostate cancer patients without metastases. Acta Diabetol 02003; Suppl 1, S168-70. (Pubitemid 37322745)
111. Sieber PR, Keiller DL, Kahnoski RJ, Gallo J, McFadden S. Bicalutamide 150 mg maintains bone mineral density during monotherapy for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 2004; 171: 2272-6, quiz 2435. (Pubitemid 38625450)
112. Smith MR, Goode M, Zietman AL, McGovern FJ, Lee H et al. Bicalutamide monotherapy versus leuprolide monotherapy for prostate cancer: effects on bone mineral density and body composition. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2546-53. (Pubitemid 41103742)
113. Hughes VA, Frontera WR, Roubenoff R, Evans WJ, Singh MA. Longitudinal changes in body composition in older men and women: role of body weight change and physical activity. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 473-81. (Pubitemid 34804075)
114. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 889-96. (Pubitemid 34496687)
115. Saylor PJ, Smith MR. Metabolic complications of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol 2006; 181: 1998-2006; discussion 2007-8.
116. Thorsen L, Courneya KS, Stevinson C, Fossa SD. A systematic review of physical activity in prostate cancer survivors: outcomes, prevalence, and determinants. Support Care Cancer 2008; 16: 987-97.
117. Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Malone SC, ParliamentMBet al. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1653-9. (Pubitemid 46638574)
118. Culos-Reed SN, Robinson JL, Lau H, O'Connor K, Keats MR. Benefits of a physical activity intervention for men with prostate cancer. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2007; 29: 118-27.
119. Carmack Taylor CL, Demoor C, Smith MA, Dunn AL, Basen-Engquist K et al. Active for Life After Cancer: a randomized trial examining a lifestyle physical activity program for prostate cancer patients. Psychooncology 2006; 15: 847-62. (Pubitemid 44612884)
120. Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP et al. Randomized controlled trial of resistance or aerobic exercise in men receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 344-51.
121. Dunn AL, Garcia ME, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, Kohl HW et al. Six-month physical activity and fitness changes in Project Active, a randomized trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 1076-83. (Pubitemid 28317703)
122. Dalleck LC, Schmidt LK, Lueker R. Cardiac rehabilitation outcomes in a conventional versus telemedicine-based programme. J Telemed Telecare 2011; 17: 217-21.
123. Sparrow D, Gottlieb DJ, Demolles D, Fielding RA. Increases in muscle strength and balance using a resistance training program administered via a telecommunications system in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66: 1251-7.
124. Schmitz KH, Courneya KS, Matthews C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Galvao DA et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 1409-26.
125. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults-The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998; Suppl 2, 51S-209S.
126. Keogh JW, Macleod RD. Body composition, physical fitness, functional performance, quality of life, and fatigue benefits of exercise for prostate cancer patients: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 43: 96-110.
127. Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
128. Thompson WR. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Philadelphia, , PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
129. Smith MR. Osteoporosis and obesity in men receiving hormone therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol 2004; 172: S52-6; discussion S6-7.
130. Denti L, Pasolini G, Cortellini P, Ferretti S, Sanfelici L et al. Effects of androgen suppression by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and flutamide on lipid metabolism in men with prostate cancer: focus on lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem 1996; 42: 1176-81. (Pubitemid 26260334)
131. Tayek JA, Heber D, Byerley LO, Steiner B, Rajfer J et al. Nutritional and metabolic effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for prostate cancer. Metabolism 1990; 39: 1314-9.
132. Nowicki M, Bryc W, Kokot F. Hormonal regulation of appetite and body mass in patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with combined androgen blockade. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24: 31-6. (Pubitemid 32166326)
133. Ryan CW, Huo D, Stallings JW, Davis RL, Beer TM et al. Lifestyle factors and duration of androgen deprivation affect bone mineral density of patients with prostate cancer during first year of therapy. Urology 2007; 70: 122-6. (Pubitemid 47081101)
134. Hansen PA,Dechet CB, Porucznik CA, LaStayo PC. Comparing eccentric resistance exercise in prostate cancer survivors on and off hormone therapy: a pilot study. PMR 2009; 1: 1019-24.