Determination of field scale ammonia emissions for common slurry spreading practice with two independent methods

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques

Volumn 4, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 1821-1840

  Sintermann, J ^a   Ammann, C ^a   Kuhn, U ^a,d   Spirig, C ^a,e   Hirschberger, R ^b   Gartner A ^c   Neftel, A ^a  

^a AGROSCOPE RECKENHOLZ TÄNIKON RESEARCH STATION ART   (Switzerland)

^b RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^c Northrhine Westphalian Agency for Nature Environment and Consumer Protection   (Germany)

^d FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^e FEDERAL OFFICE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY METEOSWISS   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL LAND; AMMONIA; BIOGENIC EMISSION; EDDY COVARIANCE; FIELD SURVEY; FTIR SPECTROSCOPY; GRASSLAND; LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; SLURRY; SOLID WASTE; STOCHASTICITY; VOLATILIZATION;

EID: 84857748087     PISSN: 18671381     EISSN: 18678548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/amt-4-1821-2011     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Ammann, C., Brunner, A., Spirig, C., and Neftel, A.: Technical note: Water vapour concentration and flux measurements with PTR-MS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4643-4651, doi:10.5194/acp- 6-4643-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44600397)
2. Ammann, C., Spirig, C., Leifeld, J., and Neftel, A.: Assessment of the nitrogen and carbon budget of two managed temperate grassland fields, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 133, 150-162, 2009.
3. Aneja, V. P., Schlesinger, W. H., and Erisman, J. W.: Farming pollution, Nat. Geosci., 1, 409-411, 2008.
4. Berden, G., Peeters, R., and Meijer, G.: Cavity ring-down spectroscopy: Experimental schemes and applications, Int. Revs. in Phys. Chem., 19, 565-607, doi:10.1080/014423500750040627, 2000. (Pubitemid 32057800)
5. Bleeker, A., Sutton, M. A., Acherman, B., Alebic-Juretic, A., Aneja, V. P., Ellermann, T., Erisman, J. W., Fowler, D., Fagerli, H., Gauger, T., Harlen, K. S., Hole, L. R., Horvath, L., Mitosinkova, M., Smith, R. I., Tang, Y. S., and van Pul, A.: Linking Ammonia Emission Trends to Measured Concentrations and Deposition of Reduced Nitrogen at Different Scales, in: Atmospheric Ammonia - detecting emission changes and environmental impacts, edited by: Sutton, M. A., Reis, S., and Baker, S. M. H., 123-180, Springer, 2009.
6. Braschkat, J., Mannheim, T., and Marschner, H.: Estimation of ammonia losses after application of liquid cattle manure on grassland, Z. Pflanz. Bodenkunde, 160, 117-123, 1997. (Pubitemid 127705738)
7. Brodeur, J. J., Warland, J. S., Staebler, R. M., and Wagner- Riddle, C.: Technical note: Laboratory evaluation of a tunable diode laser system for eddy covariance measurements of ammonia flux, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 385-391, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.08.009, 2009. (Pubitemid 50288511)
8. Dabberdt,W. F., Lenschow, D. H., Horst, T.W., Zimmermann, P. R., Oncley, S. P., and Delany, A. C.: Atmosphere-surface exchange measurements, Science, 260, 1472-1481, 1993.
9. Denmead, O. T.: Approaches to measuring fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide between landscapes and the atmosphere, Plant. Soil, 309, 5-24, doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9599-z, 2008.
10. Denmead, O. T., Simpson, J. R., and Freney, J. R.: Direct field measurement of ammonia emission after injection of anhydrous ammonia, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 41, 1001-1004, 1977. (Pubitemid 8564111)
11. Denmead, O. T., Chen, D., Turner, D., Li, Y., and Edis, R.: Micrometeorological measurements of ammonia emissions during phases of the grazing rotation of irrigated dairy pastures, in: Proc. of Supersoil 2004: Program and Abstracts for the 3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conference, 5-9 December 2004, University of Sydney, Sidney, Australia, 2004.
12. EEA: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, European Environment Agency, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, http://www.eea.europa. eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory- guidebook-2009, 2009.
13. Erisman, J.W., Otjes, R., Hensen, A., Jongejan, P., van den Bulk, P., Khlystov, A., Mols, H., and Slanina, S.: Instrument development and application in studies and monitoring of ambient ammonia, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1913-1922, 2001.
14. Erisman, J. W., Bleeker, A., Galloway, J., and Sutton, M. S.: Reduced nitrogen in ecology and the environment, Environ. Pollut., 150, 140-149, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.033, 2007. (Pubitemid 47592963)
15. Erisman, J. W., Bleeker, A., Hensen, A., and Vermeulen, A.: Agricultural air quality in Europe and the future perspectives, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3209-3217, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.004, 2008. (Pubitemid 351467702)
16. Erisman, J. W., Bleeker, A., Neftel, A., Aneja, V., Hutchings, N., Kinsella, L., Tang, Y. S., Webb, J., Sponar, M., Raes, C., Mitosinkova, M., Vidic, S., Andersen, H. V., Klimont, Z., Pinder, R., Baker, S., Reidy, B., Flechard, C., Horvath, L., Lewandowska, A., Gillespie, C., Wallasch, M., Gehrig, R., and Ellerman, T.: Detecting Change in Atmospheric Ammonia Following Emission Changes, in: Atmospheric Ammonia - detecting emission changes and environmental impacts, edited by: Sutton, M. A., Reis, S., and Baker, S. M. H., 383-390, Springer, 2009.
17. FAO, ISRIC, and ISSS: World reference base for soil resources, World soil resources reports, 84, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1998.
18. Flechard, C. R., Spirig, C., Neftel, A., and Ammann, C.: The annual ammonia budget of fertilised cut grassland - Part 2: Seasonal variations and compensation point modeling, Biogeosciences, 7, 537-556, doi:10.5194/bg-7-537- 2010, 2010.
19. Flechard, C. R., Nemitz, E., Smith, R. I., Fowler, D., Vermeulen, A. T., Bleeker, A., Erisman, J. W., Simpson, D., Zhang, L., Tang, Y. S., and Sutton, M. A.: Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen to European ecosystems: A comparison of inferential models across the NitroEurope network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2703-2728, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2703-2011, 2011.
20. Flesch, T. K.,Wilson, J. D., and Yee, E.: Backward-time lagrangian stochastic dispersion models and their application to estimate gaseous emissions, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 1320-1332, 1995. (Pubitemid 26440931)
21. Flesch, T. K., Wilson, J. D., Harper, L. A., Crenna, B. P., and Sharpe, R. R.: Deducing ground-to-air emissions from observed trace gas concentrations: A field trial, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 487-502, 2004. (Pubitemid 38463261)
22. Flesch, T. K., Wilson, J. D., Harper, L. A., and Crenna, B. P.: Estimating gas emissions from a farm with an inverse-dispersion technique, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4863-4874, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.032, 2005. (Pubitemid 41138239)
23. Flesch, T. K., Wilson, J. D., Harper, L. A., Todd, R. W., and Cole, N. A.: Determining ammonia emissions from a cattle feedlot with an inverse dispersion technique, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 144, 139-155, doi:10.1016/j. agrformet.2007.02.006, 2007. (Pubitemid 46527964)
24. Flesch, T. K., Harper, L. A., Powell, J. A., and Wilson, J. D.: Inverse-dispersion calculation of ammonia emissions from Wisconsin dairy farms, T. ASABE, 52, 253-265, 2009.
25. Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surfacebased flux measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83-105, 1996.
26. Fowler, D. and Duyzer, J.: Micrometeorological techniques for the measurement of trace gas-exchange, in: Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, edited by: Andreae, M. O. and Schimel, D. S., vol. 47 of Life Sciences Research Report, 189-207, John Wiley & Sons ltd, 1989.
27. Galloway, J. N., Aber, J. D., Erisman, J. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Howarth, R. W., Cowling, E. B., and Cosby, B. J.: The nitrogen cascade, BioScience, 53, 341-356, 2003. (Pubitemid 36453247)
28. Gao, Z., Desjardins, R. L., and Flesch, T. K.: Comparison of a simplified micrometeorological mass difference technique and an inverse dispersion technique for estimating methane emissions from small area sources, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 891-898, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.11.005, 2009a.
29. Gao, Z., Mauder, M., Desjardins, R. L., Flesch, T. K., and van Haarlem, R. P.: Assessment of the backward Lagrangian Stochastic dispersion technique for continuous measurements of CH4 emissions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1516-1523, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.04.004, 2009b.
30. Gao, Z., Desjardins, R. L., and Flesch, T. K.: Assessment of the uncertainty of using an inverse-dispersion technique to measure methane emissions from animals in a barn and in a small pen, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3128-3134, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.032, 2010.
31. Gärtner, A., Hirschberger, R., and Kotzian, F.: Estimation of diffuse ammonia emissions during and after slurry spreading, Gefahrst. Reinhalt. L., 68, 149-155, 2008. (Pubitemid 351966948)
32. Génermont, S., Cellier, P., Flura, D., Morvan, T., and Laville, P.: Measuring ammonia fluxes after slurry spreading under actual field conditions, Atmos. Environ., 32, 279-284, 1998. (Pubitemid 28142466)
33. Hansel, A., Jordan, A., Holzinger, R., Prazeller, P., Vogel, W., and Lindinger, W.: Proton-Transfer Reaction Mass-Spectrometry - Online trace gas-analysis at the ppb level, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 149, 609-619, 1995.
34. Heise, H. M., Müller, U., Gärtner, A. G., and Hölscher, N.: Improved chemometric strategies for quantitative FTIR spectral analysis and applications in atmospheric open-path monitoring, Field Anal. Chem. Tech., 5, 13-28, 2001.
35. Hensen, A., Nemitz, E., Flynn, M. J., Blatter, A., Jones, S. K., Srensen, L. L., Hensen, B., Pryor, S. C., Jensen, B., Otjes, R. P., Cobussen, J., Loubet, B., Erisman, J. W., Gallagher, M. W., Neftel, A., and Sutton, M. A.: Inter-comparison of ammonia fluxes obtained using the Relaxed Eddy Accumulation technique, Biogeosciences, 6, 2575-2588, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2575-2009, 2009.
36. Hirschberger, R.: Automotive emission analysis with spectroscopic techniques, in: Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, edited by: Meyers, R. A., 3, 1914-1936, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2000.
37. Huijsmans, J. F. M., Hol, J. M. G., and Hendriks, M. M. W.: Effect of application technique, manure characteristics, weather and field conditions on ammonia volatilization from manure applied to grassland, Neth. J. Agr. Sci., 49, 323-342, 2001. (Pubitemid 33811291)
38. Huijsmans, J. F. M., Hol, J. M. G., and Vermeulen, G. D.: Effect of application method, manure characteristics, weather and field conditions on ammonia volatilization from manure applied to arable land, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3669-3680, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00450-3, 2003. (Pubitemid 36809175)
39. Kljun, N., Kormann, R., Rotach, M. W., and Meixer, F. X.: Comparison of the Langrangian footprint model LPDM-B with an analytical footprint model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 106, 349-355, 2003. (Pubitemid 36199382)
40. Kormann, R. and Meixner, F. X.: An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 207-224, 2001. (Pubitemid 32386761)
41. Laubach, J.: Testing of a Lagrangian model of dispersion in the surface layer with cattle methane emissions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 150, 1428-1442, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.07.006, 2010.
42. Laubach, J. and Kelliher, F. M.: Measuring methane emission rates of a dairy cow herd (II): Results from a backward- Lagrangian stochastic model, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 129, 137-150, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.12.005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40483283)
43. Laubach, J., Kelliher, F. M., Knight, T. W., Clark, H., Molano, G., and Cavanagh, A.: Methane emissions from beef cattle - a comparison of paddock-and animal-scale measurements, Aust. J. Exp. Agr., 48, 132-137, doi:10.1071/EA07256, 2008.
44. Leuning, R., Freney, J. R., Denmead, O. T., and Simpson, J. R.: A sampler for measuring atmospheric ammonia flux, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1117-1124, 1985.
45. Lindinger, W., Hansel, A., and Jordan, A.: On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels by means of protontransfer- reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) - Medical applications, food control and environmental research, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 173, 191-241, 1998.
46. Loh, Z., Chen, D., Bai, M., Naylor, T., Griffith, D., Hill, J., Denmead, T., McGinn, S., and Edis, R.: Measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from Australian feedlot beef production using open-path spectroscopy and atmospheric dispersion modelling, Aust. J. Exp. Agr., 48, 244-247, doi:10.1071/EA07244, 2008.
47. Loubet, B., Milford, C., Hensen, A., Daemmgen, U., Erisman, J.- W., Cellier, P., and Sutton, M. A.: Advection of NH3 over a pasture field and its effect on gradient flux measurements, Biogeosciences, 6, 1295-1309, doi:10.5194/bg-6-1295-2009, 2009.
48. Loubet, B., Génermont, S., Ferrara, R., Bedos, G., Decuq, G., Personne, E., Fanucci, O., Durand, B., Rana, G., and Cellier, P.: An inverse model to estimate ammonia emissions from fields, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 61, 793-805, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01268.x, 2010.
49. Mannheim, T., Braschkat, J., and Marschner, H.: Measurement of ammonia emission after liquid manure application: II. Comparison of the wind tunnel and the IHF method under field conditions, Z. Pflanz. Bodenkunde, 158, 215-219, 1995.
50. McBain, M. C. and Desjardins, R. L.: The evaluation of a backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) model to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources using a synthetic tracer source, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 135, 61-72, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.10.003, 2005. (Pubitemid 43265830)
51. McGinn, S. M., Flesch, T. K., Crenna, B. P., Beauchernin, K. A., and Coates, T.: Quantifying ammonia emissions from a cattle feedlot using a dispersion model, J. Environ. Qual., 36, 1585-1590, 2007. (Pubitemid 350133348)
52. Menzi, H., Katz, P. E., Fahrni, M., Neftel, A., and Frick, R.: A simple empirical model based on regression analysis to estimate ammonia emissions after manure application, Atmos. Environ., 32, 301-307, 1998. (Pubitemid 28142469)
53. Milford, C., Theobald, M. R., Nemitz, E., Hargreaves, K. J., Horvath, L., Raso, J., Dämmgen, U., Neftel, A., Jones, S. K., Hensen, A., Loubet, B., Cellier, P., and Sutton, M. A.: Ammonia fluxes in relation to cutting and fertilization of an intensively managed grassland derived from an inter-comparison of gradient measurements, Biogeosciences, 6, 819-834, doi:10.5194/bg-6- 819-2009, 2009.
54. Misselbrook, T. H., Smith, K. A., Johnson, R. A., and Pain, B. F.: Slurry application techniques to reduce ammonia emissions: Results of some UK field-scale experiments, Biosyst. Eng., 81, 313-321, doi:10.1006/bioe.2001.0017, 2002. (Pubitemid 34623350)
55. Misselbrook, T. H., Nicholson, F. A., and Chambers, B. J.: Predicting ammonia losses following the application of livestock manure to land, Bioresource Technol., 96, 159-168, doi:10.1016/j.biotech.2004.05.004, 2005a. (Pubitemid 39286103)
56. Misselbrook, T. H., Nicholson, F. A., Chambers, B. J., and Johnson, R. A.: Measuring ammonia emissions from land applied manure: An intercomparison of commonly used samplers and techniques, Environ. Pollut., 135, 389-397, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.11.012, 2005b. (Pubitemid 40327179)
57. Misselbrook, T. H., Scholefield, D., and Parkinson, R.: Using time domain reflectometry to characterize cattle and pig slurry infiltration into soil, Soil Use Manage., 21, 167-172, doi:10.1079/SUM2005316, 2005c. (Pubitemid 41169430)
58. Müller, U.: Entwicklung optimaler Mess- und Auswertestrategien für die FTIR-spektrometrische Atmosphärenanalytik, vol. 15/226 of Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, VDI Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2000.
59. Neftel, A., Spirig, C., and Ammann, C.: Application and test of a simple tool for operational footprint evaluations, Environ. Pollut., 152, 644-652, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.062, 2008. (Pubitemid 351442821)
60. Nemitz, E., Dorsey, J. R., Flynn, M. J., Gallagher, M. W., Hensen, A., Erisman, J.-W., Owen, S. M., Dämmgen, U., and Sutton, M. A.: Aerosol fluxes and particle growth above managed grassland, Biogeosciences, 6, 1627-1645, doi:10.5194/bg-6-1627- 2009, 2009.
61. Norman, M., Hansel, A., and Wisthaler, A.: O2+ as reagent ion in the PTR-MS instrument: Detection of gas-phase ammonia, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 265, 382-387, doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2007.06.010, 2007.
62. Norman, M., Spirig, C.,Wolff, V., Trebs, I., Flechard, C.,Wisthaler, A., Schnitzhofer, R., Hansel, A., and Neftel, A.: Intercomparison of ammonia measurement techniques at an intensively managed grassland site (Oensingen, Switzerland), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2635-2645, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2635-2009, 2009
63. Pain, B. F., Phillips, V. R., Clarkson, C. R., and Klarenbeek, J. V.: Loss of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization during and following the application of pig or cattle slurry to grassland, J. Sci. Food Agr., 47, 1-12, 1989. (Pubitemid 19091564)
64. Parrish, D. D. and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Methods for gas-phase measurements of ozone, ozone precursors and aerosol precursors, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1921-1957, 2000. (Pubitemid 30151061)
65. Reidy, B., Dämmgen, U., Döhler, H., Eurich-Menden, B., van Evert, F. K., Hutchings, N. J., Luesink, H. H., Menzi, H., Misselbrook, T. H., Monteny, G. J., and Webb, J.: Comparison of models used for national agricultural ammonia emission inventories in Europe: Liquid manure systems, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3452-3464, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.009, 2008a. (Pubitemid 351467703)
66. Reidy, B., Rhim, B., and Menzi, H.: A new Swiss inventory of ammonia emissions from agriculture based on a survey on farm and manure management and farmspecific model calculations, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3266-3276, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.036, 2008b. (Pubitemid 351458404)
67. Reis, S., Pinder, R. W., Zhang, M., Lijie, G., and Sutton, M. A.: Reactive nitrogen in atmospheric emission inventories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7657-7677, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7657-2009, 2009.
68. Rochette, P., Guilmette, D., Chantigny, M. H., Angers, D. A., Mac- Donald, J. D., Bertrand, N., Parent, L. E., Cote, D., and Gasser, M. O.: Ammonia volatilization following application of pig slurry increases with slurry interception by grass foliage, Can. J. Soil Sci., 88, 585-593, 2008.
69. Sanz, A., Misselbrook, T., Sanz, M. J., and Vallejo, A.: Use of an inverse dispersion technique for estimating ammonia emission from surface-applied slurry, Atmos. Environ., 44, 999-1002, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2009.08.044, 2010.
70. Schmid, H. P.: Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: A review and perspective, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 159-183, 2002. (Pubitemid 35293759)
71. Sintermann, J., Spirig, C., Jordan, A., Kuhn, U., Ammann, C., and Neftel, A.: Eddy covariance flux measurements of ammonia by high temperature chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 599-616, doi:10.5194/amt-4-599-2011, 2011.
72. Søgaard, H. T., Sommer, S. G., Hutchings, N. J., Huijsmans, J. F. M., Bussink, D. W., and Nicholson, F.: Ammonia volatilization from field-applied animal slurry - the ALFAM model, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3309-3319, 2002. (Pubitemid 34742042)
73. Sommer, S. G. and Hutchings, N. J.: Ammonia emission from field applied manure and its reduction - invited paper, Eur. J. Agron., 15, 1-15, 2001. (Pubitemid 32792536)
74. Sommer, S. G. and Jacobsen, O. H.: Infiltration of slurry liquid and volatilization of ammonia from surface applied pig slurry as affected by soil water content, J. Agr. Sci., 132, 297-303, 1999. (Pubitemid 29311611)
75. Sommer, S. G. and Olesen, J. E.: Effects of dry-matter content and temperature on ammonia loss from surface-applied cattle slurry, J. Environ. Qual., 20, 679-683, 1991.
76. Sommer, S. G. and Sherlock, R. R.: PH and buffer component dynamics in the surface layers of animal slurries, J. Agr. Sci., 127, 109-116, 1996. (Pubitemid 26311789)
77. Sommer, S. G., Olesen, J. E., and Christensen, B. T.: Effects of temperature, wind speed and air humidity on ammonia volatilization from surface applied cattle slurry, J. Agr. Sci., 117, 91-100, 1991.
78. Sommer, S. G., Génermont, S., Cellier, P., Hutchings, N. J., Olesen, J. E., and Morvan, T.: Processes controlling ammonia emission from livestock slurry in the field, Eur. J. Agron., 19, 465-486, doi:10.1016/S1161- 0301(03)00037-6, 2003. (Pubitemid 36914307)
79. Sommer, S. G., McGinn, S. M., and Flesch, T. K.: Simple use of the backwards Lagrangian stochastic dispersion technique for measuring ammonia emission from small field-plots, Eur. J. Agron., 23, 1-7, doi:10.1016/j.eja. 2004.09.001, 2005. (Pubitemid 40902340)
80. Sommer, S. G., Jensen, L. S., Clausen, S. B., and Søgaard, H. T.: Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied livestock slurry as affected by slurry composition and slurry infiltration depth, J. Agr. Sci., 144, 229-235, doi:10.1017/S0021859606006022, 2006.
81. Spirig, C., Flechard, C. R., Ammann, C., and Neftel, A.: The annual ammonia budget of fertilised cut grassland - Part 1: Micrometeorological flux measurements and emissions after slurry application, Biogeosciences, 7, 521-536, doi:10.5194/bg-7-521-2010, 2010.
82. Sutton, M. A., Fowler, D., and Moncrieff, J. B.: The exchange of atmospheric ammonia with vegetated surfaces, 1., Unfertilized vegetation, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 119, 1023-1045, 1993. (Pubitemid 24398945)
83. Sutton, M. A., Nemitz, E., Milford, C., Fowler, D., Moreno, J., Jose, R. S., Wyers, G. P., Otjes, R. P., Harrison, R., Husted, S., and Schjoerring, J. K.: Micrometeorological measurements of net ammonia fluxes over oilseed rape during two vegetation periods, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 105, 351-369, 2000.
84. Sutton, M. A., Nemitz, E., Milford, C., Campbell, C., Erisman, J. W., Hensen, A., Cellier, P., David, M., Loubet, B., Personne, E., Schjoerring, J. K., Mattsson, M., Dorsey, J. R., Gallagher, M.W., Horvath, L., Weidinger, T., Meszaros, R., Dämmgen, U., Neftel, A., Herrmann, B., Lehman, B. E., Flechard, C., and Burkhardt, J.: Dynamics of ammonia exchange with cut grassland: Synthesis of results and conclusions of the GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment, Biogeosciences, 6, 2907-2934, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2907- 2009, 2009.
85. Thorman, R. E., Hansen, M. N., Misselbrook, T. H., and Sommer, S. G.: Algorithm for estimating the crop height effect on ammonia emission from slurry applied to cereal fields and grassland, Agron. Sustain. Dev., 28, 373-378, doi:10.1051/agro:2008013, 2008. (Pubitemid 351950302)
86. Tuzson, B., Hiller, R. V., Zeyer, K., Eugster, W., Neftel, A., Ammann, C., and Emmenegger, L.: Field intercomparison of two optical analyzers for CH4 eddy covariance flux measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1519-1531, doi:10.5194/amt-3-1519- 2010, 2010.
87. Uusi-Kämppä, J. and Mattila, P. K.: Nitrogen losses from grass ley after slurry application - surface broadcasting vs. injection, Agr. Food Sci., 19, 327-340, 2010.
88. van Haarlem, R. P., Desjardins, R. L., Gao, Z., Crenna, T. K., and Li, X.: Methane and ammonia emissions from a beef feedlot in western Canada for a twelve-day period in the fall, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 88, 641-649, 2008.
89. Vandre, R. and Clemens, J.: Studies on the relationship between slurry pH, volatilization processes and the influence of acidifying additives, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 47, 157-165, 1997.
90. Vandre, R., Clemens, J., Goldbach, H., and Kaupenjohann, M.: NH3 and N2O emissions after landspreading of slurry as influenced by application technique and dry matter-reduction, 1., NH3 emissions, Z. Pflanz. Bodenkunde, 160, 303-307, 1997. (Pubitemid 127705762)
91. von Bobrutzki, K., Braban, C. F., Famulari, D., Jones, S. K., Blackall, T., Smith, T. E. L., Blom, M., Coe, H., Gallagher, M., Ghalaieny, M., McGillen, M. R., Percival, C. J., Whitehead, J. D., Ellis, R., Murphy, J., Mohacsi, A., Pogany, A., Junninen, H., Rantanen, S., Sutton, M. A., and Nemitz, E.: Field inter-comparison of eleven atmospheric ammonia measurement techniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 91-112, doi:10.5194/amt-3-91-2010, 2010.
92. Whitehead, J. D., Twigg, M., Famulari, D., Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., Gallagher, M. W., and Fowler, D.: Evaluation of laser absorption spectroscopic techniques for eddy covariance flux measurements of ammonia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 2041-2046, doi:10.1021/es071596u, 2008. (Pubitemid 351497699)
93. Wolff, V., Trebs, I., Ammann, C., and Meixner, F. X.: Aerodynamic gradient measurements of the NH3-HNO3-NH4NO3 triad using a wet chemical instrument: An analysis of precision requirements and flux errors, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 187-208, doi:10.5194/amt-3-187-2010, 2010.
94. Zhang, Y., Wu, S., Krishnan, S., Wang, K., Queen, A., Aneja, V. P., and Arya, S. P.: Modeling agricultural air quality: Current status, major challenges, and outlook, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3218-3237, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2007.01.063, 2008. (Pubitemid 351467701)