Norovirus: Noxious in nursing facilities-almost unavoidable

Consultant Pharmacist

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 98-104

  Wick, Jeannette Y ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol based hand sanitizer; Antibiotic misuse; Cruise ship; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Infection control; Norovirus

Indexed keywords

INFUSION FLUID;

CLINICAL FEATURE; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; NONHUMAN; NOROVIRUS; NOROVIRUS INFECTION; NURSING UNIT; PROPHYLAXIS; REHYDRATION; REVIEW; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VOMITING;

CALICIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMANS; LONG-TERM CARE; NOROVIRUS; NURSING STAFF;

EID: 84857706566     PISSN: 08885109     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4140/TCP.n.2012.98     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Kaplan JE, Feldman R, Campbell DS et al. The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Am J Public Health 1982;72:1329-32.
2. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Gastroenteritis outbreaks on two Caribbean cruise ships. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1986;35:383-4.
3. Isakbaeva ET, Widdowson MA, Beard RS et al. Norovirus transmission on cruise ship. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:154-8.
4. Vivancos R, Keenan A, Sopwith W et al. Norovirus outbreak in a cruise ship sailing around the British Isles: investigation and multi-agency management of an international outbreak. J Infect 2010;60:478-85.
5. Carling PC, Bruno-Murtha LA, Griffiths JK. Cruise ship environmental hygiene and the risk of norovirus infection outbreaks: an objective assessment of 56 vessels over 3 years. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1312-7.
6. Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Dolin R et al. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol 1972;10:1075-81.
7. Kapikian AZ. The discovery of the 27-nm Norwalk virus: an historic perspective. J Infect Dis 2000;181:295-302.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. norovirus technical fact sheet. 2006. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/norovirus- factsheet.htm. Accessed September 3, 2011.
9. Aoki Y, Suto A, Mizuta K et al. Duration of norovirus excretion and the longitudinal course of viral load in norovirus-infected elderly patients. J Hosp Infect 2010;75:42-6.
10. Atmar RL, Estes MK. The epidemiologic and clinical importance of norovirus infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2006;35:275-90, viii. (Pubitemid 44118664)
11. Koopmans M, Vennema H, Heersma H et al. Early identification of common-source foodborne virus outbreaks in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1136-42. (Pubitemid 37071557)
12. Atmar RL, Opekun AR, Gilger MA et al. Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1553-7.
13. Atmar RL. Noroviruses-state of the art. Food Environ Virol 2010;2:117-26.
14. Siebenga JJ, Vennema H, Zheng DP et al. Norovirus illness is a global problem: emergence and spread of norovirus GII.4 variants, 2001-2007. J Infect Dis 2009;200:802-12.
15. Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Lobue AD et al. Viral shape-shifting: norovirus evasion of the human immune system. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010;8:231-41.
16. Johnson PC, Mathewson JJ, DuPont HL et al. Multiplechallenge study of host susceptibility to Norwalk gastroenteritis in US adults. J Infect Dis 1990;161:18-21. (Pubitemid 20021850)
17. Marionneau S, Ruvoën N, Le Moullac-Vaidye B et al. Norwalk virus binds to histo-blood group antigens present on gastroduodenal epithelial cells of secretor individuals. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1967-77.
18. Bon F, Ambert-Balay K, Giraudon H et al. Molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses detected in sporadic and outbreak cases of gastroenteritis in France from December 1998 to February 2004. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:4659-64. (Pubitemid 41298259)
19. Blanton LH, Adams SM, Beard RS et al. Molecular and epidemiologic trends of caliciviruses associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in the United States, 2000-2004. J Infect Dis 2006;193:413-21. (Pubitemid 43122341)
20. Siebenga JJ, Vennema H, Duizer E et al. Gastroenteritis caused by norovirus GGII.4, The Netherlands, 1994-2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:144-6. (Pubitemid 46057853)
21. Verhoef L, Vennema H, van Pelt W et al; Food-borne viruses in Europe network. Use of norovirus genotype profiles to differentiate origins of foodborne outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:617-24.
22. Le Guyader FS, Parnaudeau S, Schaeffer J et al. Detection and quantification of noroviruses in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009;75:618-24.
23. Le Guyader FS, Bon F, DeMedici D et al. Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3878-82. (Pubitemid 44737222)
24. van Asten L, Siebenga J, van den Wijngaard C et al. Unspecified gastroenteritis illness and deaths in the elderly associated with norovirus epidemics. Epidemiology 2011;22:336-43.
25. Glass RI, Parashar UD, Estes MK. Norovirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1776-85.
26. Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N et al. Novel surveillance network for norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1389-95.
27. Friesema IH, Vennema H, Heijne JC et al. Differences in clinical presentation between norovirus genotypes in nursing homes. J Clin Virol 2009;46:341-4.
28. Rosenthal NA, Lee LE, Vermeulen BA et al. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities, 2003-2006. Epidemiol Infect 2011;139:286-94.
29. Calderon-Margalit R, Sheffer R, Halperin T et al. A large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with norovirus in nursing homes. Epidemiol Infect 2005;133:35-40. (Pubitemid 40276971)
30. Blaney DD, Daly ER, Kirkland KB et al. Use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers as a risk factor for norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities in northern New England: December 2006 to March 2007. Am J Infect Control 2011;39:296-301.
31. Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HIPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51(RR-16):1-44.
32. Liu P, Yuen Y, Hsaio H et al. Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76:394-9.
33. Macinga DR, Sattur SA, Jaykus L et al. Improved inactivation of nonenveloped enteric viruses and their surrogates by a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Applied Env Microbiol 2008;74:5047-52.
34. Jabbar U, Leischner J, Kasper D et al. Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of Clostridium difficile spores from hands. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:565-70.
35. Oughton MT, Loo VG, Dendukuri N et al. Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:939-44.
36. El-Kamary SS, Pasetti MF, Mendelman PM et al. Adjuvanted intranasal Norwalk virus-like particle vaccine elicits antibodies and antibody-secreting cells that express homing receptors for mucosal and peripheral lymphoid tissues. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1649-58.
37. Harris JP, Lopman BA, O'Brien SJ. Infection control measures for norovirus: a systematic review of outbreaks in semi-enclosed settings. J Hosp Infect 2010;74:1-9.
38. Heijne JC, Teunis P, Morroy G et al. Enhanced hygiene measures and norovirus transmission during an outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis 2009;15:24-30.
39. Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority. Controlling the annual threat of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks. Available at http://www. patientsafetyauthority.org/ADVISORIES/AdvisoryLibrary/2010/dec7(4)/Pages/141. aspx. Accessed September 1, 2011.
40. Greig JD, Lee MB. Enteric outbreaks in long-term care facilities and recommendations for prevention: a review. Epidemiol Infect 2009;137:145-55.
41. High KP, Bradley SF, Gravenstein S et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of fever and infection in older adult residents of long-term care facilities: 2008 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009;57:375-94.