Cholera: Lessons from Haiti and beyond

Current Infectious Disease Reports

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-8

  Weil, Ana A ^a   Ivers, Louise C ^b,c   Harris, Jason B ^a,c  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Case fatality rate; Cholera; Cholera toxin; Endemic; Epidemic; Herd immunity; Oral rehydration solution; Vibrio cholerae

Indexed keywords

AZITHROMYCIN; CHOLERA VACCINE; DOXYCYCLINE; MACROLIDE; ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RETINOL; SHANCHOL; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZINC;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; CALORIC INTAKE; CHOLERA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ENDEMIC DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; EPIDEMIC; FECES CULTURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HAITI; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; MALNUTRITION; MORTALITY; ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; RETINOL DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; SECONDARY INFECTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; VIBRIO CHOLERAE; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 84857629093     PISSN: 15233847     EISSN: 15343146     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11908-011-0221-9     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Cholera - Peru, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1991;40(6):108-10.
2. JB Kaper JG Morris Jr MM Levine 1995 Cholera Clin Microbiol Rev. 8 1 48 86 7704895 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3hvFygsg%3D%3D
3. SM Faruque KM Ahmed AK Siddique, et al. 1997 Molecular analysis of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal strains isolated in Bangladesh between 1993 and 1996: evidence for emergence of a new clone of the Bengal vibrios J Clin Microbiol. 35 9 2299 2306 9276406 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlvVajt7Y%3D (Pubitemid 27349800)
4. • Mutreja A, Kim DW, Thomson NR, et al.: Evidence for several waves of global transmission in the seventh cholera pandemic. Nature. 2011;477(7365):462-5. Authors present evidence for the spread of global cholera in independent waves during the last six decades, and illustrate the influence of antibiotic resistance genes on the spread of the seventh pandemic.
5. Siddique AK, Nair GB, Alam M, et al.: El Tor cholera with severe disease: a new threat to Asia and beyond. Epidemiol Infect. 2009;138(3):347-52.
6. GB Nair F Qadri J Holmgren, et al. 2006 Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh J Clin Microbiol. 44 11 4211 4213 16957040 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlSnu7bK 10.1128/JCM.01304-06 (Pubitemid 44737274)
7. JN Zuckerman L Rombo A Fisch 2007 The true burden and risk of cholera: implications for prevention and control Lancet Infect Dis. 7 8 521 530 17584531 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70138-X (Pubitemid 47079151)
8. DA Sack RB Sack CL Chaignat 2006 Getting serious about cholera N Engl J Med. 355 7 649 651 16914700 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xot12mtr0%3D 10.1056/NEJMp068144
9. RI Glass S Becker MI Huq, et al. 1982 Endemic cholera in rural Bangladesh, 1966-1980 Am J Epidemiol. 116 6 959 970 7148820 1:STN:280: DyaL3s%2FntFOrsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 13209569)
10. D Bompangue P Giraudoux M Piarroux, et al. 2009 Cholera epidemics, war and disasters around Goma and Lake Kivu: an eight-year survey PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 3 5 e436 19436726 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000436
11. NH Gaffga RV Tauxe ED Mintz 2007 Cholera: a new homeland in Africa? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 77 4 705 713 17978075 (Pubitemid 351844296)
12. DC Griffith LA Kelly-Hope MA Miller 2006 Review of reported cholera outbreaks worldwide, 1995-2005 Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75 5 973 977 17123999 (Pubitemid 351627552)
13. N Floret JF Viel F Mauny, et al. 2006 Negligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disasters Emerg Infect Dis. 12 4 543 548 16704799
14. MM Levine JB Kaper D Herrington, et al. 1988 Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of recombinant live oral cholera vaccines, CVD 103 and CVD 103-HgR Lancet. 2 8609 467 470 2900401 1:STN:280:DyaL1czgtFKrtw%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90120-1
15. J Lindenbaum WB Greenough MR Islam 1967 Antibiotic therapy of cholera Bull World Health Organ. 36 6 871 883 4865453 1:STN:280:DyaF1c7itFSltA%3D%3D
16. DM Hartley JG Morris Jr 2006 Smith DL: Hyperinfectivity: a critical element in the ability of V. cholerae to cause epidemics? PLoS Med. 3 1 e7 16318414 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030007 (Pubitemid 43200633)
17. AA Weil AI Khan F Chowdhury, et al. 2009 Clinical outcomes in household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh Clin Infect Dis. 49 10 1473 1479 19842974 10.1086/644779
18. JB Harris RC Larocque F Chowdhury, et al. 2008 Susceptibility to Vibrio cholerae Infection in a cohort of household contacts of patients with cholera in Bangladesh PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2 4 e221 18398491 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000221 (Pubitemid 352002926)
19. DA Sack CO Tacket MB Cohen, et al. 1998 Validation of a volunteer model of cholera with frozen bacteria as the challenge Infect Immun. 66 5 1968 1972 9573077 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXivFKqsL0%3D (Pubitemid 28194090)
20. JB Harris AI Khan RC LaRocque, et al. 2005 Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with Vibrio cholerae in an area of endemicity Infect Immun. 73 11 7422 7427 16239542 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhsVGktL4%3D 10.1128/IAI.73.11.7422- 7427.2005 (Pubitemid 41587645)
21. RC Larocque P Sabeti P Duggal, et al. 2009 A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi population Genes Immun. 10 3 267 272 19212328 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXkvVSru74%3D 10.1038/gene.2009.2
22. L von Seidlein XY Wang A Macuamule, et al. 2008 Is HIV infection associated with an increased risk for cholera? Findings from a case-control study in Mozambique Trop Med Int Health. 13 5 683 688 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008. 02051.x (Pubitemid 351561613)
23. JL Rey JM Milleliri JL Soares, et al. 1995 HIV seropositivity and cholera in refugee children from Rwanda Aids. 9 10 1203 1204 8519464 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FpvVWntg%3D%3D 10.1097/00002030-199510000-00019
24. DM Gill R Meren 1978 ADP-ribosylation of membrane proteins catalyzed by cholera toxin: basis of the activation of adenylate cyclase Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75 7 3050 3054 210449 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXlsVamsbk%3D 10.1073/pnas.75.7.3050 (Pubitemid 8395116)
25. ET Ryan U Dhar WA Khan, et al. 2000 Mortality, morbidity, and microbiology of endemic cholera among hospitalized patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh Am J Trop Med Hyg. 63 1-2 12 20 11357989 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3mslGitg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32423089)
26. JR Harris EC Cavallaro AA de Nobrega, et al. 2009 Field evaluation of crystal VC rapid dipstick test for cholera during a cholera outbreak in Guinea-Bissau Trop Med Int Health. 14 9 1117 1121 19624473 10.1111/j.1365-3156. 2009.02335.x
27. Cholera outbreak. Assessing the outbreak response and improving preparedness. World Health Organization http://whqlibdocwhoint/hq/2004/WHO-CDS- CPE-ZFk-20044-engpdf. 2004.
28. Water with sugar and salt. Lancet. 1978;2(8084):300-1.
29. D Saha MM Karim WA Khan, et al. 2006 Single-dose azithromycin for the treatment of cholera in adults N Engl J Med. 354 23 2452 2462 16760445 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlsVaisbg%3D 10.1056/NEJMoa054493 (Pubitemid 43855048)
30. G Garriss MK Waldor V Burrus 2009 Mobile antibiotic resistance encoding elements promote their own diversity PLoS Genet. 5 12 e1000775 20019796 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000775
31. WA Khan D Saha A Rahman, et al. 2002 Comparison of single-dose azithromycin and 12-dose, 3-day erythromycin for childhood cholera: a randomised, double-blind trial Lancet. 360 9347 1722 1727 12480424 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xpt12msL4%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11680-1 (Pubitemid 35447901)
32. R Aggarwal J Sentz MA Miller 2007 Role of zinc administration in prevention of childhood diarrhea and respiratory illnesses: a meta-analysis Pediatrics. 119 6 1120 1130 17545379 10.1542/peds.2006-3481 (Pubitemid 46871267)
33. SK Roy MJ Hossain W Khatun, et al. 2008 Zinc supplementation in children with cholera in Bangladesh: randomised controlled trial BMJ 336 7638 266 268 18184631 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjtlyru7Y%3D 10.1136/bmj.39416.646250.AE (Pubitemid 351251628)
34. Francis DK: Vitamin a supplementation for preventing death and illness in children 6 months to 5 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(8):ED000016.
35. F Chowdhury AI Khan AS Faruque ET Ryan 2010 Severe, acute watery diarrhea in an adult PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 4 11 e898 21152053 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000898
36. Treatment of the patient with cholera. World Health Organization. 2011;Emerging and other Communicable Diseases, Surveillance and Control. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/cholera/whocddser9115rev1.pdf.
37. JD Clemens DA Sack JR Harris, et al. 1990 Field trial of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: results from three-year follow-up Lancet. 335 8684 270 273 1967730 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7jsFOjsg%3D%3D 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90080-O (Pubitemid 20047723)
38. • Ali M, Emch M, von Seidlein L, et al.: Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: a reanalysis. Lancet. 2005;366(9479):44-9. This re-analysis of a whole-cell killed cholera vaccine placebo-controlled trial in Bangladesh integrates estimates of herd protection into the vaccine efficacy results, demonstrating a significant increase in protection. (Pubitemid 40956529)
39. • Sur D, Lopez AL, Kanungo S, et al.: Efficacy and safety of a modified killed-whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in India: an interim analysis of a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1694-702. These encouraging preliminary results describe protection from cholera in adults and children using an inexpensive and safe WHO-approved oral vaccine candidate.
40. MK Waldor PJ Hotez JD Clemens 2011 A national cholera vaccine stockpile-a new humanitarian and diplomatic resource N Engl J Med. 363 24 2279 2282 10.1056/NEJMp1012300
41. Update: cholera outbreak-Haiti, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(45):1473-9.
42. Informations sur le cholera. Rapport du 10 juillet mai 2011. Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Population. 2011; http://www.mspp.gouv.ht/site/ index.php?option=com-content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=1.
43. Progress on sanitation and drinking water. World Health Organization and UNICEF. Geneva, Switzerland. 2010; http://www.who.int/water-sanitation-health/ publications/9789241563956/en/index.html.(Accessed June 1, 2011).
44. • Ivers LC, Farmer P, Almazor CP, Leandre F: Five complementary interventions to slow cholera: Haiti. Lancet. 2010;376(9758):2048-51. Discussion of the most important interventions for Haiti's epidemic, including improved treatment of cholera patients, acquisition of cholera vaccines, clean water provision, strengthening of Haiti's health care system, and an integrated, united approach to cholera care and prevention programs.
45. P Farmer CP Almazor ET Bahnsen, et al. 2011 Meeting cholera's challenge to Haiti and the world: a joint statement on cholera prevention and care PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 5 5 e1145 21655350 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001145
46. RS Hendriksen LB Price JM Schupp, et al. 2011 Population genetics of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal in 2010: evidence on the origin of the Haitian outbreak MBio. 2 4 e00157 11 21862630 10.1128/mBio.00157-11
47. • Chin CS, Sorenson J, Harris JB, et al.: The origin of the Haitian cholera outbreak strain. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(1):33-42. Using third generation DNA sequencing techniques, authors determine that the V. cholerae strain found in Haiti is most closely related to South Asian strains.
48. World Health Organization. Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target. The urban and rural challenge of the decade. http://wwwwhoint/water- sanitation-health/monitoring/jmpfinalpdf Accessed October 9th, 2011.
49. K Chambers 2009 Zimbabwe's battle against cholera Lancet. 373 9668 993 994 19330941 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M3kt1Grug%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60591-2
50. AK Siddique A Salam MS Islam, et al. 1995 Why treatment centres failed to prevent cholera deaths among Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaire Lancet. 345 8946 359 361 7646639 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7kslGqsw%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90344-5
51. World Health Organization Global Task Force on Cholera Control Prevention and Control of cholera outbreaks; WHO policy and recommendations. http://wwwwhoint/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/index2html Accessed Oct 9, 2011.
52. SPG Gupta BK Sircar S Mondal, et al. 1978 Effect of doxycycline on transmission of Vibrio cholerae infection among family contacts of cholera patients in Calcutta Bull World Health Organ. 56 2 323 326 307459 1:STN:280:DyaE1c3htlaltw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8360409)
53. BC Deb PG Sen Gupta SP De, et al. 1976 Effect of sulfadoxine on transmission of Vibrio cholerae infection among family contacts of cholera patients in Calcutta Bull World Health Organ. 54 2 171 175 1088098 1:STN:280:DyaE2s7js1Ohtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8027001)
54. WM McCormack AM Chowdhury N Jahangir, et al. 1968 Tetracycline prophylaxis in families of cholera patients Bull World Health Organ. 38 5 787 792 4880663 1:STN:280:DyaF1M%2FjslentA%3D%3D
55. CP Larson UR Saha R Islam N Roy 2006 Childhood diarrhoea management practices in Bangladesh: private sector dominance and continued inequities in care Int J Epidemiol. 35 6 1430 1439 16997849 10.1093/ije/dyl167 (Pubitemid 46178917)
56. AK Chowdhury MA Matin MA Islam OF Khan 1993 Prescribing pattern in acute diarrhoea in three districts in Bangladesh Trop Doct. 23 4 165 166 8273159 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FpvVKgtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23324200)
57. • Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85(13):117-28. In response to accumulating results of cholera vaccine trials showing safety and efficacy of oral cholera vaccines, the WHO recommends consideration of vaccines in addition to other control measures during epidemics and potential epidemics.
58. • Thiem VD, Deen JL, von Seidlein L, et al.: Long-term effectiveness against cholera of oral killed whole-cell vaccine produced in Vietnam. Vaccine. 2006;24(20):4297-303. Authors describe a case-control analysis of WC vaccine efficacy during a cholera outbreak that occurred several years after initial vaccination of individuals in Hue, Vietnam.
59. • Reyburn R, Deen JL, Grais RF, et al.: The case for reactive mass oral cholera vaccinations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(1):e952. Authors describe several models for treatment of past cholera outbreaks and predict the disease averted by use of existing vaccine.
60. • Andrews JR, Basu S: Transmission dynamics and control of cholera in Haiti: an epidemic model. Lancet. 2011. This study describes a model of the epidemic in Haiti and the subsequent decrease in cases that may occur with the use of vaccination, enhanced antibiotic distribution, and provision of clean water.
61. • Jeuland M, Cook J, Poulos C, et al.: Cost-effectiveness of new-generation oral cholera vaccines: a multisite analysis. Value Health. 2009;12(6):899-908. Authors re-estimate cost-effectiveness analyses for oral cholera vaccine including the indirect effects of herd immunity, and find that these vaccines cross the threshold used for cost-effectiveness acceptance in typical vaccine programs.