Tight blood pressure control in diabetes: Evidence-based review of treatment targets in patients with diabetes

Current Cardiology Reports

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 89-96

  Reboldi, Gianpaolo ^a   Gentile, Giorgio ^a   Manfreda, Valeria Maria ^b   Angeli, Fabio ^c   Verdecchia, Paolo ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^b BOLOGNINI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c SANTA MARIA DELLA MISERICORDIA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^d Hospital of Assisi   (Italy)

Author keywords

Blood pressure control; Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes mellitus; Evidence based medicine; Evidence based practice; Hypertension; Myocardial infarction; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COST CONTROL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC HYPERTENSION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC PATIENT; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SOCIOECONOMICS; STROKE; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STROKE;

EID: 84857628762     PISSN: 15233782     EISSN: 15343170     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-011-0236-8     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. G Danaei MM Finucane Y Lu, et al. 2011 National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants Lancet 378 31 40 21705069 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60679-X 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXotlyltbo%3D
2. MC Thomas RC Atkins 2006 Blood pressure lowering for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease Drugs 66 2213 2234 17137404 10.2165/00003495-200666170-00005 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVCmurk%3D (Pubitemid 44878529)
3. DS Fong LP Aiello FL Ferris 3rd R Klein 2004 Diabetic retinopathy Diabetes Care 27 2540 2553 15451934 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2540 (Pubitemid 39281419)
4. S Tesfaye N Chaturvedi SE Eaton, et al. 2005 Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy N Engl J Med 352 341 350 15673800 10.1056/NEJMoa032782 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXnvVKntw%3D%3D
5. S MacMahon R Peto J Cutler, et al. 1990 Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias Lancet 335 765 774 1969518 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90878-9 1:STN:280: DyaK3c3gsFegug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20106689)
6. AV Chobanian GL Bakris HR Black, et al. 2003 Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure Hypertension 42 1206 1252 14656957 10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251. 49515.c2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpsVGisL4%3D (Pubitemid 37553153)
7. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) 2004 K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease Am J Kidney Dis 43 S1 S290
8. B Williams NR Poulter MJ Brown, et al. 2004 British Hypertension Society guidelines for hypertension management 2004 (BHS-IV): summary BMJ 328 634 640 15016698 10.1136/bmj.328.7440.634 (Pubitemid 38340037)
9. D Harris M Thomas D Johnson, et al. 2006 The CARI guidelines. Prevention of progression of kidney disease Nephrology 11 Suppl 1 S2 S197 16684077 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00505.x
10. NA Khan FA McAlister SW Rabkin, et al. 2006 The 2006 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part II-therapy Can J Cardiol 22 583 593 16755313 10.1016/S0828-282X(06)70280-X 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28zktVCnsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 44044214)
11. G Mancia G De Backer A Dominiczak, et al. 2007 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) J Hypertens 25 1105 1187 17563527 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3281fc975a 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtlWnsr0%3D (Pubitemid 46924065)
12. L Hansson A Zanchetti SG Carruthers, et al. 1998 Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group Lancet 351 1755 1762 9635947 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04311-6 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXksV2qtrY%3D (Pubitemid 28269185)
13. [No authors listed]. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ. 1998;317:703-13.
14. RO Estacio BW Jeffers N Gifford RW Schrier 2000 Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 23 Suppl 2 B54 B64 10860192
15. S Vijan RA Hayward 2003 Treatment of hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: blood pressure goals, choice of agents, and setting priorities in diabetes care Ann Intern Med 138 593 602 12667032
16. RM Cooper-DeHoff Y Gong EM Handberg, et al. 2010 Tight blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes among hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease JAMA 304 61 68 20606150 10.1001/jama.2010.884 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXovVSjurY%3D This post hoc observational study showed little difference between intensive BP control and usual BP control in terms of reduction of cardiovascular event rate. In addition, all-cause mortality rate showed a nonstatistically significant trend toward a higher risk in the tight-control group, compared with the usual-control group
17. WC Cushman GW Evans RP Byington, et al. 2010 Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med 362 1575 1585 20228401 10.1056/NEJMoa1001286 In this randomized controlled trial, the incidence of a composite end point of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, and the incidence of MI did not differ significantly between intensive and usual BP control, despite a significant difference in achieved BP values between the two groups
18. G Mancia S Laurent E Agabiti-Rosei, et al. 2009 Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document J Hypertens 27 2121 2158 19838131 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328333146d 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVCjs7bM
19. G Reboldi G Gentile F Angeli, et al. 2011 Effects of intensive blood pressure reduction on myocardial infarction and stroke in diabetes: a meta-analysis in 73,913 patients J Hypertens 29 1253 1269 21505352 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283469976 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXntF2itLk%3D This large meta-analysis demonstrated that intensive BP reduction is clearly appropriate for reducing the risk of stroke, does not increase the risk of coronary events, and may potentially produce coronary benefits
20. S Lewington R Clarke N Qizilbash, et al. 2002 Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies Lancet 360 1903 1913 12493255 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8 (Pubitemid 35472129)
21. AI Adler IM Stratton HA Neil, et al. 2000 Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study BMJ 321 412 419 10938049 10.1136/bmj.321.7258.412 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvisFWnsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30609443)
22. PC Van den Hoogen EJ Feskens NJ Nagelkerke, et al. 2000 The relation between blood pressure and mortality due to coronary heart disease among men in different parts of the world. Seven Countries Study Research Group N Engl J Med 342 1 8 10620642 10.1056/NEJM200001063420101 (Pubitemid 30020653)
23. J Stamler O Vaccaro JD Neaton D Wentworth 1993 Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial Diabetes Care 16 434 444 8432214 10.2337/diacare.16.2.434 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7mtFyrtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23046633)
24. LJ Vatten J Holmen O Kruger, et al. 1995 Low blood pressure and mortality in the elderly: a 6-year follow-up of 18,022 Norwegian men and women age 65 years and older Epidemiology 6 70 73 7888450 10.1097/00001648-199501000-00014 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7psV2kuw%3D%3D
25. J Redon G Mancia P Sleight, et al. 2011 Safety and efficacy of low blood pressure among patients with diabetes: sub-group analyses from the ONTARGET trial J Hypertens 29 e-Suppl A e113
26. F Turnbull B Neal C Algert, et al. 2005 Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials Arch Intern Med 165 1410 1419 15983291 10.1001/archinte.165. 12.1410 (Pubitemid 40973424)
27. G Reboldi G Gentile F Angeli P Verdecchia 2011 Optimal therapy in hypertensive subjects with diabetes mellitus Curr Atheroscler Rep 13 176 185 21234720 10.1007/s11883-011-0160-9
28. S Bjorck H Mulec SA Johnsen G Norden M Aurell 1992 Renal protective effect of enalapril in diabetic nephropathy BMJ 304 339 343 1540729 10.1136/bmj.304.6823.339 1:STN:280:DyaK387ntlOqtw%3D%3D
29. EJ Lewis LG Hunsicker RP Bain RD Rohde 1993 The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group N Engl J Med 329 1456 1462 8413456 10.1056/NEJM199311113292004 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FhvFKitQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23335891)
30. BM Brenner ME Cooper D de Zeeuw, et al. 2001 Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy N Engl J Med 345 861 869 11565518 10.1056/NEJMoa011161 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXntlelsLk%3D
31. EJ Lewis LG Hunsicker WR Clarke, et al. 2001 Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 345 851 860 11565517 10.1056/NEJMoa011303 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntlelsLg%3D
32. HH Parving H Lehnert J Brochner-Mortensen, et al. 2001 The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 345 870 878 11565519 10.1056/NEJMoa011489 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntlelsLY%3D
33. M Rahman S Pressel BR Davis, et al. 2005 Renal outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or a calcium channel blocker vs. a diuretic: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Arch Intern Med 165 936 946 15851647 10.1001/archinte.165.8.936 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXktlCjtLY%3D (Pubitemid 40563242)
34. JP Casas W Chua S Loukogeorgakis, et al. 2005 Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet 366 2026 2033 16338452 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67814-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht12ku7nJ (Pubitemid 41773378)
35. P Rossing HH Parving D de Zeeuw 2006 Renoprotection by blocking the RAAS in diabetic nephropathy-fact or fiction? Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 2354 2357 16928724 10.1093/ndt/gfl454 discussion 2357-58 (Pubitemid 44644501)
36. S Suissa T Hutchinson JM Brophy A Kezouh 2006 ACE-inhibitor use and the long-term risk of renal failure in diabetes Kidney Int 69 913 919 16518351 10.1038/sj.ki.5000159 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhs1Kitrg%3D
37. HN Ginsberg MB Elam LC Lovato, et al. 2010 Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus N Eng J Med 362 1563 1574 10.1056/NEJMoa1001282
38. Bland JM. The tyranny of power: is there a better way to calculate sample size? BMJ. 2009;339.
39. CJ Murray AD Lopez 1997 Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet 349 1269 1276 9142060 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07493-4 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3os12lug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27192468)
40. RL Sacco EJ Benjamin JP Broderick, et al. 1997 American Heart Association Prevention Conference. IV. Prevention and rehabilitation of stroke. Risk factors Stroke 28 1507 1517 9227708 10.1161/01.STR.28.7.1507 1:STN:280:DyaK2szntFCrsQ%3D%3D
41. DS Bell 1994 Stroke in the diabetic patient Diabetes Care 17 213 219 8174450 10.2337/diacare.17.3.213 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ivV2isA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24065519)
42. D Sander K Sander H Poppert 2008 Review: stroke in type 2 diabetes Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 8 222 229 10.1177/1474651408096677
43. GJ Hankey K Jamrozik RJ Broadhurst, et al. 1998 Long-term risk of first recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study Stroke 29 2491 2500 9836757 10.1161/01.STR.29.12.2491 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FlsFKhsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28543996)
44. SE Megherbi C Milan D Minier, et al. 2003 Association between diabetes and stroke subtype on survival and functional outcome 3 months after stroke: data from the European BIOMED Stroke Project Stroke 34 688 694 12624292 10.1161/01.STR.0000057975.15221.40 (Pubitemid 36307394)
45. L Nannetti M Paci M Baccini, et al. 2009 Recovery from stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus J Diabetes Compl 23 249 254 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.02. 008
46. JA Luchsinger MX Tang Y Stern, et al. 2001 Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort Am J Epidemiol 154 635 641 11581097 10.1093/aje/154.7.635 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3MrjvVKnsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32888781)
47. T Olsson M Viitanen K Asplund, et al. 1990 Prognosis after stroke in diabetic patients. A controlled prospective study Diabetologia 33 244 249 2347437 10.1007/BF00404803 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3mvFGjuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20136242)
48. M Ekman 2004 Economic evidence in stroke: a review Eur J Health Econ 5 Suppl 1 S74 S83 15754078 10.1007/s10198-005-0292-3 (Pubitemid 39440401)
49. T Truelsen M Ekman G Boysen 2005 Cost of stroke in Europe Eur J Neurol 12 Suppl 1 78 84 15877785 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01199.x (Pubitemid 40755610)
50. DL Brown B Boden-Albala KM Langa, et al. 2006 Projected costs of ischemic stroke in the United States Neurology 67 1390 1395 16914694 10.1212/01.wnl.0000237024.16438.20 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28nislWmsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 44632062)
51. RJ Stevens RL Coleman AI Adler, et al. 2004 Risk factors for myocardial infarction case fatality and stroke case fatality in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 66 Diabetes Care 27 201 207 14693990 10.2337/diacare.27.1.201 (Pubitemid 38196733)
52. J Lau CH Schmid TC Chalmers 1995 Cumulative meta-analysis of clinical trials builds evidence for exemplary medical care J Clin Epidemiol 48 45 57 7853047 10.1016/0895-4356(94)00106-Z 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7ls1Whsg%3D%3D discussion 59-60
53. JM Pogue S Yusuf 1997 Cumulating evidence from randomized trials: utilizing sequential monitoring boundaries for cumulative meta-analysis Control Clin Trials 18 580 593 9408720 10.1016/S0197-2456(97)00051-2 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FntlSiug%3D%3D discussion 661-6 (Pubitemid 27520846)
54. IM Stewart 1979 Relation of reduction in pressure to first myocardial infarction in patients receiving treatment for severe hypertension Lancet 1 861 865 86103 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)91274-1 1:STN:280:DyaE1M7lsFOqsQ%3D%3D
55. RH Fagard JA Staessen L Thijs, et al. 2007 On-treatment diastolic blood pressure and prognosis in systolic hypertension Arch Intern Med 167 1884 1891 17893310 10.1001/archinte.167.17.1884 (Pubitemid 47481484)
56. AD Protogerou ME Safar P Iaria, et al. 2007 Diastolic blood pressure and mortality in the elderly with cardiovascular disease Hypertension 50 172 180 17515449 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089797 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtlKqsLw%3D (Pubitemid 46986039)
57. LW McCloskey BM Psaty TD Koepsell GN Aagaard 1992 Level of blood pressure and risk of myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive patients Arch Intern Med 152 513 520 1347678 10.1001/archinte.1992.00400150045008 1:STN:280:DyaK387ovFertQ%3D%3D
58. OG Samuelsson LW Wilhelmsen KM Pennert, et al. 1990 The J-shaped relationship between coronary heart disease and achieved blood pressure level in treated hypertension: further analyses of 12 years of follow-up of treated hypertensives in the Primary Prevention Trial in Gothenburg, Sweden J Hypertens 8 547 555 2165089 10.1097/00004872-199006000-00008 1:STN:280: DyaK3czisVGrsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20301431)
59. RB D'Agostino AJ Belanger WB Kannel JM Cruickshank 1991 Relation of low diastolic blood pressure to coronary heart disease death in presence of myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study BMJ 303 385 389 1912805 10.1136/bmj.303.6799.385
60. FH Messerli G Mancia CR Conti, et al. 2006 Dogma disputed: can aggressively lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease be dangerous? Ann Intern Med 144 884 893 16785477 (Pubitemid 46768128)
61. P Sleight J Redon P Verdecchia, et al. 2009 Prognostic value of blood pressure in patients with high vascular risk in the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial study J Hypertens 27 1360 1369 19506526 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832d7370 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsVyis7g%3D
62. JM Cruickshank JM Thorp FJ Zacharias 1987 Benefits and potential harm of lowering high blood pressure Lancet 1 581 584 2881129 10.1016/S0140-6736(87) 90231-5 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ktleqsg%3D%3D
63. R Pastor-Barriuso JR Banegas J Damian, et al. 2003 Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure: an evaluation of their joint effect on mortality Ann Intern Med 139 731 739 14597457
64. F Boutitie F Gueyffier S Pocock, et al. 2002 J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data Ann Intern Med 136 438 448 11900496 (Pubitemid 34234783)
65. GL Bakris E Gaxiola FH Messerli, et al. 2004 Clinical outcomes in the diabetes cohort of the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study Hypertension 44 637 642 15381674 10.1161/01.HYP.0000143851.23721.26 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovVCgsbc%3D (Pubitemid 39435232)
66. SJ Denardo FH Messerli E Gaxiola, et al. 2009 Characteristics and outcomes of revascularized patients with hypertension: an international verapamil SR-trandolapril substudy Hypertension 53 624 630 19237684 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.111542 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXivVemtro%3D
67. AA Bavry RD Anderson Y Gong, et al. 2010 Outcomes among hypertensive patients with concomitant peripheral and coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR/Trandolapril STudy Hypertension 55 48 53 19996066 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.142240 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFaqtL7I
68. H Haller S Ito JL Izzo Jr, et al. 2011 Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes N Engl J Med 364 907 917 21388309 10.1056/NEJMoa1007994 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjtFensLk%3D
69. SG Chrysant GS Chrysant 2010 Effectiveness of lowering blood pressure to prevent stroke versus to prevent coronary events Am J Cardiol 106 825 829 20816123 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.006
70. A Polese N De Cesare P Montorsi, et al. 1991 Upward shift of the lower range of coronary flow autoregulation in hypertensive patients with hypertrophy of the left ventricle Circulation 83 845 853 1825626 1:STN:280: DyaK3M7lt1yqsA%3D%3D
71. J Coope TS Warrender 1986 Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 293 1145 1151 10.1136/bmj.293.6555.1145 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FislChsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16008923)
72. L Wilhelmsen G Berglund D Elmfeldt, et al. 1987 Beta-blockers versus diuretics in hypertensive men: main results from the HAPPHY trial J Hypertens 5 561 572 2892881 10.1097/00004872-198710000-00009 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7hs1KnsA%3D%3D
73. BM Psaty CD Furberg LH Kuller, et al. 2001 Association between blood pressure level and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and total mortality: the cardiovascular health study Arch Intern Med 161 1183 1192 11343441 10.1001/archinte.161.9.1183 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ptFSlsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32691515)
74. RJ Glynn GJ L'Italien HD Sesso, et al. 2002 Development of predictive models for long-term cardiovascular risk associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure Hypertension 39 105 110 11799087 10.1161/hy1201.097199 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xps1Slsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34098097)
75. J Lubsen G Wagener BA Kirwan, et al. 2005 Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with symptomatic stable angina and hypertension: the ACTION trial J Hypertens 23 641 648 15716708 10.1097/01.hjh.0000160223.94220.29 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlOhsbw%3D (Pubitemid 40684724)
76. RD Langer MH Criqui EL Barrett-Connor, et al. 1993 Blood pressure change and survival after age 75 Hypertension 22 551 559 8406660 1:STN:280: DyaK2c%2FhtFWnsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23292162)
77. M Tervahauta J Pekkanen H Enlund A Nissinen 1994 Change in blood pressure and 5-year risk of coronary heart disease among elderly men: the Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study J Hypertens 12 1183 1189 7836735 10.1097/00004872-199410000-00009 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7jvVCqsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24313835)
78. SM Hakala RS Tilvis 1998 Determinants and significance of declining blood pressure in old age. A prospective birth cohort study Eur Heart J 19 1872 1878 9886731 10.1053/euhj.1998.1232 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7gtFyhsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28556658)
79. Arguedas JA, Perez MI, Wright JM. Treatment blood pressure targets for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;CD004349.
80. J Basile HR Black JM Flack JL Izzo Jr 2007 The role of therapeutic inertia and the use of fixed-dose combination therapy in the management of hypertension J Clin Hypertens 9 636 645 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.07180.x
81. G Bakris M Hill G Mancia, et al. 2008 Achieving blood pressure goals globally: five core actions for health-care professionals. A worldwide call to action J Hum Hypertens 22 63 70 17728797 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002284 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2sjjslyjug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 350269260)
82. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Available at http://clinicaltrialsgov/ct2/show/ NCT01206062.2011. Accessed on October 6, 2011.
83. J Lv V Perkovic 2011 Blood pressure management in diabetes: a path forward? J Hypertens 29 1283 1284 21659818 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283491537 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXntF2itb4%3D
84. S Bangalore S Kumar I Lobach FH Messerli 2011 Blood pressure targets in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus/impaired fasting glucose: observations from traditional and bayesian random-effects meta-analyses of randomized trials Circulation 123 2799 2810 21632497 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.016337 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnsleisLk%3D 9 p following 810
85. MK Rutter RW Nesto 2011 Blood pressure, lipids and glucose in type 2 diabetes: how low should we go? Re-discovering personalized care Eur Heart J 32 2247 2255 21705358 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr154 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1SitbnE
86. RC Turner H Millns HA Neil, et al. 1998 Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23) BMJ 316 823 828 9549452 10.1136/bmj.316.7134.823 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3htVKhsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28112428)
87. G Reboldi G Gentile F Angeli P Verdecchia 2009 Exploring the optimal combination therapy in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 7 1349 1361 19900018 10.1586/erc.09.133 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXhtl2ksrjN