메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 340-352

Assessing metacognitive skills in waking and sleep: A psychometric analysis of the Metacognitive, Affective, Cognitive Experience (MACE) questionnaire

Author keywords

Assessment; Cross state cognition; Dreaming; High order cognition; Metacognition; Reflective awareness

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUTOREGULATION; AWARENESS; COGNITION; COMPREHENSION; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CONSCIOUSNESS; DREAMING; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; INTERNAL CONSISTENCY; MALE; MEMORY; METACOGNITION; METACOGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, COGNITIVE EXPERIENCE QUESTIONNAIRE; NEUROIMAGING; PSYCHOLOGIST; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF REPORT; SLEEP; TEST RETEST RELIABILITY; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VALIDITY; WAKEFULNESS;

EID: 84857506946     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: 10902376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.11.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 0036986634 scopus 로고
    • American Psychological Association. Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist
    • American Psychological Association (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57(12), 1060-1073.
    • (1992) , vol.57 , Issue.12 , pp. 1060-1073
  • 4
    • 52949117648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the evolutionary origins of executive functions
    • Ardila A. On the evolutionary origins of executive functions. Brain and Cognition 2008, 68(1):92-99.
    • (2008) Brain and Cognition , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 92-99
    • Ardila, A.1
  • 7
    • 16544368923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills
    • Baer R.A., Smith G.T., Allen K.B. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment 2004, 11(3):191-206.
    • (2004) Assessment , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 191-206
    • Baer, R.A.1    Smith, G.T.2    Allen, K.B.3
  • 8
    • 84973741576 scopus 로고
    • Learning to learn: On training students to learn from text
    • Brown A.L., Campione J.C., Day J.D. Learning to learn: On training students to learn from text. Educational Researcher 1981, 10:14-21.
    • (1981) Educational Researcher , vol.10 , pp. 14-21
    • Brown, A.L.1    Campione, J.C.2    Day, J.D.3
  • 10
    • 0000430968 scopus 로고
    • A modification of the Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss self-consciousness scales
    • Burnkrant R.F., Page T.J. A modification of the Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss self-consciousness scales. Journal of Personality Assessment 1984, 48:629-637.
    • (1984) Journal of Personality Assessment , vol.48 , pp. 629-637
    • Burnkrant, R.F.1    Page, T.J.2
  • 11
    • 33845945922 scopus 로고
    • Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests
    • Cronbach J.L. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951, 16:297-334.
    • (1951) Psychometrika , vol.16 , pp. 297-334
    • Cronbach, J.L.1
  • 17
    • 84857505108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Private and public self-consciousness. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior. New York, NY: Guildford Press.
    • Fenigstein, A. (2009). Private and public self-consciousness. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior. New York, NY: Guildford Press.
    • (2009)
    • Fenigstein, A.1
  • 19
    • 33744781376 scopus 로고
    • Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry
    • Flavell J.H. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist 1979, 34:906-911.
    • (1979) American Psychologist , vol.34 , pp. 906-911
    • Flavell, J.H.1
  • 20
    • 0032618173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive development: Children's knowledge about the mind
    • Flavell J.H. Cognitive development: Children's knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology 1999, 50:21-45.
    • (1999) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.50 , pp. 21-45
    • Flavell, J.H.1
  • 22
    • 34547676606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: Validation of a self-report measure of decentering
    • Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M., Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., Ma, H., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: Validation of a self-report measure of decentering. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 234-246.
    • (2007) Behavior Therapy , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 234-246
    • Fresco, D.M.1    Moore, M.T.2    van Dulmen, M.3    Segal, Z.V.4    Teasdale, J.D.5    Ma, H.6    Williams, J.M.G.7
  • 23
    • 34547490142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depressive disorder
    • Fresco D.M., Segal Z.V., Buis T., Kennedy S. Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depressive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007, 75(3):447-455.
    • (2007) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 447-455
    • Fresco, D.M.1    Segal, Z.V.2    Buis, T.3    Kennedy, S.4
  • 25
    • 84857504780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A deeper inquiry into the association between lucid dreams and video game play
    • In K. Bulkeley & R. Hurd (Eds.), Lucid dreaming cultures in preparation.
    • Gackenbach, J. I. & Hunt, H. (2011). A deeper inquiry into the association between lucid dreams and video game play. In K. Bulkeley & R. Hurd (Eds.), Lucid dreaming cultures in preparation.
    • (2011)
    • Gackenbach, J.I.1    Hunt, H.2
  • 26
    • 0000342626 scopus 로고
    • Metacognition: Answered and unanswered questions
    • Garner R., Alexander P.A. Metacognition: Answered and unanswered questions. Educational Psychologist 1989, 24(2):143-158.
    • (1989) Educational Psychologist , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 143-158
    • Garner, R.1    Alexander, P.A.2
  • 27
    • 0000452590 scopus 로고
    • Personality and dreaming: The dreams of people with very thick and very thin boundaries
    • Hartmann E., Elkin R., Garg M. Personality and dreaming: The dreams of people with very thick and very thin boundaries. Dreaming 1991, 1:311-324.
    • (1991) Dreaming , vol.1 , pp. 311-324
    • Hartmann, E.1    Elkin, R.2    Garg, M.3
  • 30
    • 84857507751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dream science 2000: A response to commentaries on: Dreaming and the brain. In E. F. Pace-Schott, M. Solms, M. Blagrove, & S. Harnad (Eds.), Sleep and dreaming: Scientific advances and reconsiderations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Hobson, J. A., Pace-Schott, E. F., & Stickgold, R. (2003). Dream science 2000: A response to commentaries on: Dreaming and the brain. In E. F. Pace-Schott, M. Solms, M. Blagrove, & S. Harnad (Eds.), Sleep and dreaming: Scientific advances and reconsiderations (pp. 1-50). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2003) , pp. 1-50
    • Hobson, J.A.1    Pace-Schott, E.F.2    Stickgold, R.3
  • 31
    • 84919539643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory for thoughts and dreams. In G. Cohen & M. A. Conway (Eds.), Memory in the real world (2nd ed.). Psychology Press.
    • Horton, C. L., Conway, M. A., & Cohen, G. (2007). Memory for thoughts and dreams. In G. Cohen & M. A. Conway (Eds.), Memory in the real world (2nd ed.). Psychology Press.
    • (2007)
    • Horton, C.L.1    Conway, M.A.2    Cohen, G.3
  • 32
    • 79954455863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integral archaeology: Process methodologies for exploring prehistoric rock art on Ometepe Island, Nicaragua
    • Hurd R. Integral archaeology: Process methodologies for exploring prehistoric rock art on Ometepe Island, Nicaragua. Anthropology of Consciousness 2011, 22(1):72-94.
    • (2011) Anthropology of Consciousness , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 72-94
    • Hurd, R.1
  • 38
    • 0000911728 scopus 로고
    • Measuring dream self-reflectiveness: A comparison of two approaches
    • Kahan T.L. Measuring dream self-reflectiveness: A comparison of two approaches. Dreaming 1994, 4(3):329-344.
    • (1994) Dreaming , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 329-344
    • Kahan, T.L.1
  • 39
    • 85014213972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consciousness in dreaming: A metacognitive approach. In K. Bulkeley (Ed.), Dreams: A reader on the religious, cultural, and psychological dimensions of dreaming. New York: Palgrave.
    • Kahan, T. L. (2001). Consciousness in dreaming: A metacognitive approach. In K. Bulkeley (Ed.), Dreams: A reader on the religious, cultural, and psychological dimensions of dreaming (pp. 333-360). New York: Palgrave.
    • (2001) , pp. 333-360
    • Kahan, T.L.1
  • 40
    • 84857505106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensity of negative emotion predicts reflective awareness in dreaming, but not in waking in preparation.
    • Kahan, T. L., Bulkeley, K., & Kawadri, N. (2011). Intensity of negative emotion predicts reflective awareness in dreaming, but not in waking in preparation.
    • (2011)
    • Kahan, T.L.1    Bulkeley, K.2    Kawadri, N.3
  • 41
    • 84857502100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodological challenges in dream science. In D. Barrett & P. McNamara (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sleep and dreams. New York: ABC-CLIO in preparation.
    • Kahan, T. L., & Horton, C. L. (2011). Methodological challenges in dream science. In D. Barrett & P. McNamara (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sleep and dreams. New York: ABC-CLIO in preparation.
    • (2011)
    • Kahan, T.L.1    Horton, C.L.2
  • 42
    • 0001255310 scopus 로고
    • Lucid dreaming as metacognition: Implications for cognitive science
    • Kahan T.L., LaBerge S. Lucid dreaming as metacognition: Implications for cognitive science. Consciousness and Cognition 1994, 3:246-264.
    • (1994) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.3 , pp. 246-264
    • Kahan, T.L.1    LaBerge, S.2
  • 43
    • 21444446753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognition and metacognition in dreaming and waking: Comparisons of first and third-person ratings
    • Kahan T.L., LaBerge S. Cognition and metacognition in dreaming and waking: Comparisons of first and third-person ratings. Dreaming 1996, 6(4):235-247.
    • (1996) Dreaming , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 235-247
    • Kahan, T.L.1    LaBerge, S.2
  • 44
    • 80051672159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dreaming and waking: Similarities and differences revisited
    • Kahan T.L., LaBerge S. Dreaming and waking: Similarities and differences revisited. Consciousness and Cognition 2011, 20:494-514.
    • (2011) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.20 , pp. 494-514
    • Kahan, T.L.1    LaBerge, S.2
  • 45
    • 0031089811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities and differences between dreaming and waking cognition: An exploratory study
    • Kahan T.L., LaBerge S., Levitan L., Zimbardo P. Similarities and differences between dreaming and waking cognition: An exploratory study. Consciousness and Cognition 1997, 6:132-147.
    • (1997) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.6 , pp. 132-147
    • Kahan, T.L.1    LaBerge, S.2    Levitan, L.3    Zimbardo, P.4
  • 46
    • 84857504607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences as predictors of metacognition in dreaming and waking in preparation.
    • Kahan, T. L., Luther, E., & Thompson, M. (2011). Individual differences as predictors of metacognition in dreaming and waking in preparation.
    • (2011)
    • Kahan, T.L.1    Luther, E.2    Thompson, M.3
  • 47
    • 84857504608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing metacognitive skills in waking and sleep: A psychometric analysis of the metacognitive, affective, cognitive experience (MACE) questionnaire. Paper presented at the annual conference of the IASD, June, Sonoma State University.
    • Kahan, T. L., & Sullivan, K. (2007). Assessing metacognitive skills in waking and sleep: A psychometric analysis of the metacognitive, affective, cognitive experience (MACE) questionnaire. Paper presented at the annual conference of the IASD, June, Sonoma State University.
    • (2007)
    • Kahan, T.L.1    Sullivan, K.2
  • 48
    • 33750162752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-awareness in dreaming
    • Kozmová M., Wolman R.N. Self-awareness in dreaming. Dreaming 2006, 16:196-214.
    • (2006) Dreaming , vol.16 , pp. 196-214
    • Kozmová, M.1    Wolman, R.N.2
  • 49
    • 85064104359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeling-of-knowing accuracy and recollective experience. In J. Dunlosky, & R. A. Bjork (Ed.), Handbook of metamemory and memory. New York: Psychology Press.
    • Leonesio, R. J. (2008). Feeling-of-knowing accuracy and recollective experience. In J. Dunlosky, & R. A. Bjork (Ed.), Handbook of metamemory and memory (pp. 195-210). New York: Psychology Press.
    • (2008) , pp. 195-210
    • Leonesio, R.J.1
  • 50
    • 0030713059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating characteristics of false memories: Remember/know judgments and memory characteristics questionnaire compared
    • Mather M., Henkel L., Johnson M.K. Evaluating characteristics of false memories: Remember/know judgments and memory characteristics questionnaire compared. Memory & Cognition 1997, 25:826-837.
    • (1997) Memory & Cognition , vol.25 , pp. 826-837
    • Mather, M.1    Henkel, L.2    Johnson, M.K.3
  • 51
    • 84857504777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Eds.)., Metacognition and cognitive neuropsychology: Monitoring and control processes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence-Erlbaum Associates.
    • Mazzoni, G., & Nelson, T. O. (Eds.). (1998). Metacognition and cognitive neuropsychology: Monitoring and control processes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence-Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1998)
    • Mazzoni, G.1    Nelson, T.O.2
  • 52
    • 85064101395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of metacognition. In J. Dunlosky, & R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Handbook of metamemory and memory New York: Psychology Press.
    • Metcalfe, J. (2008). Evolution of metacognition. In J. Dunlosky, & R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Handbook of metamemory and memory (pp. 29-46). New York: Psychology Press.
    • (2008) , pp. 29-46
    • Metcalfe, J.1
  • 54
    • 0000101834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consciousness and metacognition
    • Nelson T.O. Consciousness and metacognition. American Psychologist 1996, 51:102-116.
    • (1996) American Psychologist , vol.51 , pp. 102-116
    • Nelson, T.O.1
  • 55
    • 0034199328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consciousness, self-consciousness, and metacognition
    • Nelson T.O. Consciousness, self-consciousness, and metacognition. Consciousness and Cognition 2000, 9:220-223.
    • (2000) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.9 , pp. 220-223
    • Nelson, T.O.1
  • 56
    • 77957775546 scopus 로고
    • Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings
    • Academic Press, New York
    • Nelson T.O., Narens L. Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings. The psychology of learning and motivation 1990, Vol. 26:125-173. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1990) The psychology of learning and motivation , vol.26 , pp. 125-173
    • Nelson, T.O.1    Narens, L.2
  • 57
    • 0002447827 scopus 로고
    • Why investigate metacognition?
    • Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA, J. Metcalfe, A.P. Shimamura (Eds.)
    • Nelson T.O., Narens L. Why investigate metacognition?. Metacognition: Knowing about knowing 1994, 1-11. Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA. J. Metcalfe, A.P. Shimamura (Eds.).
    • (1994) Metacognition: Knowing about knowing , pp. 1-11
    • Nelson, T.O.1    Narens, L.2
  • 58
    • 27644445611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are the memory sources of dreaming?
    • Nielson T.A., Stenstrom P. What are the memory sources of dreaming?. Nature 2005, 437(27):1286-1289.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , Issue.27 , pp. 1286-1289
    • Nielson, T.A.1    Stenstrom, P.2
  • 60
    • 1442295776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression
    • Papageorgiou C., Wells A. An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2003, 27(3):261-273.
    • (2003) Cognitive Therapy and Research , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 261-273
    • Papageorgiou, C.1    Wells, A.2
  • 61
    • 33646527598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of a two-week reflection-intention training program on lucid dream recall
    • Paulsson T., Parker A. The effects of a two-week reflection-intention training program on lucid dream recall. Dreaming 2006, 16(1):22-35.
    • (2006) Dreaming , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-35
    • Paulsson, T.1    Parker, A.2
  • 62
    • 84857502101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Eds.). . Applied metacognition. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
    • Perfect, T. J., & Schwartz, B. L. (Eds.). (2002). Applied metacognition. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
    • (2002)
    • Perfect, T.J.1    Schwartz, B.L.2
  • 64
    • 0003306320 scopus 로고
    • Waking, dreaming, and self-regulation. In A. Moffitt, M. Kramer, R. Hoffmann (Eds.), The functions of dreaming Albany: State University of New York Press.
    • Purcell, S., Moffitt, A., & Hoffmann, R. (1993). Waking, dreaming, and self-regulation. In A. Moffitt, M. Kramer, R. Hoffmann (Eds.), The functions of dreaming (pp. 197-260). Albany: State University of New York Press.
    • (1993) , pp. 197-260
    • Purcell, S.1    Moffitt, A.2    Hoffmann, R.3
  • 66
    • 84857504778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (1972/1986). Dreams and the growth of personality. New York: Pergamon.
    • Rossi, E. L. (1972/1986). Dreams and the growth of personality. New York: Pergamon.
    • Rossi, E.L.1
  • 67
    • 14044271571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective effects of emotion on the phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories
    • Schaefer A., Philippot P. Selective effects of emotion on the phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories. Memory 2005, 13(2):148-160.
    • (2005) Memory , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-160
    • Schaefer, A.1    Philippot, P.2
  • 70
    • 43549124318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in dream recall: A meta-analysis
    • Schredl M., Reinhard I. Gender differences in dream recall: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sleep Research 2008, 17:125-131.
    • (2008) Journal of Sleep Research , vol.17 , pp. 125-131
    • Schredl, M.1    Reinhard, I.2
  • 71
    • 85064099696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procedural metacognition in children: Evidence for developmental trends
    • Psychology Press, New York, J. Dunlosky, R.A. Bjork (Eds.)
    • Schneider W., Lockl K. Procedural metacognition in children: Evidence for developmental trends. Handbook of metamemory and memory 2008, 391-409. Psychology Press, New York. J. Dunlosky, R.A. Bjork (Eds.).
    • (2008) Handbook of metamemory and memory , pp. 391-409
    • Schneider, W.1    Lockl, K.2
  • 72
    • 85064100521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metacognitive neuroscience
    • Psychology Press, New York, J. Dunlosky, R.A. Bjork (Eds.)
    • Schwartz B.L., Bacon E. Metacognitive neuroscience. Handbook of metamemory and memory 2008, 355-372. Psychology Press, New York. J. Dunlosky, R.A. Bjork (Eds.).
    • (2008) Handbook of metamemory and memory , pp. 355-372
    • Schwartz, B.L.1    Bacon, E.2
  • 74
    • 85064097368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neurocognitive approach to metacognitive monitoring and control
    • Psychology Press, New York, J. Dunlosky, R.A. Bjork (Eds.)
    • Shimamura A.P. A neurocognitive approach to metacognitive monitoring and control. Handbook of metamemory and memory 2008, 373-390. Psychology Press, New York. J. Dunlosky, R.A. Bjork (Eds.).
    • (2008) Handbook of metamemory and memory , pp. 373-390
    • Shimamura, A.P.1
  • 75
    • 33244477633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between metacognitive monitoring and control
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, T. Perfect, B. Schwartz (Eds.)
    • Son L.K., Schwartz B.L. The relation between metacognitive monitoring and control. Applied metacognition 2002, 15-38. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. T. Perfect, B. Schwartz (Eds.).
    • (2002) Applied metacognition , pp. 15-38
    • Son, L.K.1    Schwartz, B.L.2
  • 77
    • 0001143917 scopus 로고
    • Qualitative effects of rehearsal on memories for perceived and imagined complex events
    • Suengas A.G., Johnnson M.K. Qualitative effects of rehearsal on memories for perceived and imagined complex events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1988, 117:377-389.
    • (1988) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.117 , pp. 377-389
    • Suengas, A.G.1    Johnnson, M.K.2
  • 79
    • 84857505104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Eds.).The missing link in cognition. Origins of self-reflective consciousness. New York, NY: Columbia University.
    • Terrace, H. S., & Metcalfe, J. (Eds.). (2005). The missing link in cognition. Origins of self-reflective consciousness. New York, NY: Columbia University.
    • (2005)
    • Terrace, H.S.1    Metcalfe, J.2
  • 81
    • 36048975778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Last night I had the strangest dream: Varieties of rational thought processes in dream reports
    • Wolman R.N., Kozmová M. Last night I had the strangest dream: Varieties of rational thought processes in dream reports. Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16(4):838-849.
    • (2007) Consciousness and Cognition , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 838-849
    • Wolman, R.N.1    Kozmová, M.2
  • 82
    • 33751393078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing competing factor models underlying the private self-consciousness scale with Chinese adolescents
    • Wu J.K.F., Watkins D. Testing competing factor models underlying the private self-consciousness scale with Chinese adolescents. Social Behavior & Personality 2006, 34(10):1245-1258.
    • (2006) Social Behavior & Personality , vol.34 , Issue.10 , pp. 1245-1258
    • Wu, J.K.F.1    Watkins, D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.