Green innovation systems in Swedish industry, 1960-1989

Business History Review

Volumn 85, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 677-698

  Bergquist, Ann Kristin ^a   Söderholm, Kristina ^b  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b LULEÅ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857250085     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: 2044768X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007680511001152     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. See, for example, Kenneth Lipartito and David Sicilia, "Corporate Technological Capabilities and the State: A Dynamic Historical Interaction", in Constructing Corporate America, ed. Kenneth Lipartito and David Sicilia (New York, 2004). Recently, a limited number of books have, however, been published on the state's role in shaping infrastructural development.
2. See, for example, Richard White, The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York, 2011)
3. and Richard R. John, Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications (Boston, 2010).
4. A recent overview was given by Keetie Sluyterman in her article "Royal Dutch Shell: Company Strategies for Dealing with Environmental Issues", Business History Review 84(Summer 2010):203-26.
5. Christine Meisner Rosen, "The Business-Environmental Connection", Environmental History (Jan. 2005).
6. Lipartito and Sicilia, "Corporate Technological Capabilities and the State."
7. Rosen and Sellers furthermore put forward that besides governmental influence, technology, the market, ideas, values, and perceptions are also important. See: Christine Meisner Rosen and Christopher Sellers, "The Nature of the Firm: Towards an Eco-Cultural History of Business", Business History Review 73(Winter 1999):577-600;
8. Christine Meisner Rosen, "Industrial Ecology and the Transformation of Corporate Environmental Management: A Business Historian's Perspective", in Inventing for the Environment, ed. Arthur Molella and Joyce Bedi (London, 2003).
9. Ann-Kristin Bergquist, Guld och Gröna Skogar? Miljöanpassningen av Rönnskärsverken, 1960-2000 [Going Green? A Case Study of the Rönnskär Smelter, 1960-2000], PhD diss., published as Umeå Studies in Economic History, no. 36/2007, Available at: http://umu.diva-portal. org/smash/record.jsf?searchld=1&pid=diva2:140796;
10. Ann-Kristin Bergquist and Kristina Söderholm, "R&D Collaboration and Environmental Adaptation: A Pilot Study of the Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry, 1900-1990", Umeå Papers in Economic History, no. 39/2010. Available at: http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2: 312526.
11. The Royal Majesty's Bill (Kungl. Maj: ts proposition), no. 154, 1965.
12. Bergquist and Söderholm, "R&D Collaboration and Environmental Adaptation. "
13. Magnus Lindmark and Ann-Kristin Bergquist, "Expansion for Pollution Reduction? Environmental Adaptation of a Swedish and a Canadian Metal Smelter, 1960-2005", Business History 50(2008):530-46;
14. Lennart Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policies in the United States and Sweden (Ann Arbor, 1980);
15. Lennart Lundqvist, "Sweden", in National Environmental Policies: A Comparative Study of Capacity Building, ed. Martin Jänicke and Helmut Weidner (Berlin, 1997).
16. Magnus Linderström, Industrimoderniteten och miljöfrågans utmaningar: en analys av LO, SAF, Industriförbundet och Miljöpolitiken, 1960-2000 (Linköping, 2002);
17. Ann-Kristin Bergquist and Kristina Söderholm, "Miljö forskning i Statens och Industrins Tjänst: Institutet för Vatten och Luftvårdsforskning (IVL), 1960-tal till 1980-tal", Umeå Papers in Economic History, no. 40/2010.
18. See, for example, John Haagedorn, "Inter-Firm Partnership: An Overview of Major Trends and Patterns since 1960", Research Policy 31(2002):477-92.
19. See Alain Cortat, "How Cartels Stimulate Innovation and R&D: Swiss Cable Firms, Innovation and the Cartel Question", Business History 51(2009):754-96.
20. Walter W. Powell, Kenneth W. Koput, and Laurel Smith-Doerr, "Interorganisational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology", Administrative Science Quarterly 41, no. 1(1996):116-45.
21. Mikael Hildén et al., Evaluation of Environmental Policy Instruments: A Case Study of the Finnish Pulp and Paper and Chemical Industries, Monographs of the Boreal Environment Research, no. 21 (2002).
22. Lipartito and Sicilia, "Corporate Technological Capabilities and the State."
23. Hildén et al., Evaluation of Environmental Policy Instruments.
24. Innovation systems have been studied from different angles. On national innovation systems, see Bengt Åke Lundvall, National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning (London, 1992);
25. Charles Edquist, ed., Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organisations (London, 1997).
26. On regional innovation systems, see Hans-Joachim Braczyk, Philip Cooke, and Martin Heidenreich, eds., Regional Innovation Systems (London, 1998).
27. On sectoral innovation systems, see Bo Carlsson and Rikard Stankiewitz, "On the Nature, Function and Composition of Technological Systems", Journal of Evolutionary Economics 1, no. 2(1991):93-118;
28. Stefano Breschi and Franco Malerba, "Sectorial Systems of Innovation", in Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organisations, ed. Charles Edquist (London, 1997).
29. Also the term technological system (see Carlsson and Stankiewitz, "On the Nature, Function and Composition of Technological Systems" and Daniele Archibugi and Bengt-Åke Lundvall, The Globalizing Learning Economy [New York, 2001]) has been referred to as a version of innovation system, but it should, however, not be confused with the notion of Large Technological Systems (LTS) introduced by the historian of technology Thomas Hughes.
30. See Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 (Baltimore, 1983).
31. Pier-Paolo Saviotti, "On the Co-Evolution of Technologies and Institutions", in Towards Environmental Innovations Systems, ed. Matthias Weber and Jens Hemmelskamp (Berlin, 2010).
32. Edquist, Systems of Innovation.
33. Lipartito and Sicilia, "Corporate Technological Capabilities and the State."
34. For functions in literature overviews, see: Anna Johnson, "Functions in Innovation System Approaches", Paper for DRUID's Nelson-Winter Conference, Aalborg, Denmark (2001);
35. and Marko P. Hekkert et al., "Functions of Innovation Systems: A New Approach for Analysing Technological Change", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 74, no. 4(2007):413-32; (Pubitemid 46554827)
36. Lundvall, National Systems of Innovation; Edquist, ed., Systems of Innovation.
37. For further description of the functions, see Hekkert et al., "Functions of Innovation Systems", 421-25.
38. John Bessant and Howard Rush, "Building Bridges for Innovation: The Role of Consultants in Technology Transfer", Research Policy 24(1995):97-114.
39. See also Edgar H. Schein, Process Consultation: Its Role in Organization Development (Reading, Mass., 1969).
40. "Many user firms lack the resources or experience to understand and prioritize their problems in such a way that external resources and opportunities can be effectively utilized. Consultants can provide a valuable input to this first stage of innovation, by creating a strategic framework for change; they can also move from identifying needs in this fashion to suggesting means whereby the identified problems can be solved", Bessant and Rush, "Building Bridges for Innovation", 102.
41. The literature on the social constructionist approach to technology (SCOT) literature explains how this occurs. This literature typically focuses on individual consumers' appropriation of technology (see Nelly Oudshoorn and Trevor Pinch, eds., How Users Matter: The Co-construction of Users and Technology [Cambridge, Mass., 2003]).
42. On how firms as users can influence and get influenced by a technology, see Joanne Yates, Structuring the Information Age: Life Insurance and Technology in the Twentieth Century (Baltimore, 2005).
43. Kristina Söderholm, "Environmental Awakening in the Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry: Pollution Resistance and Firm Responses in the Early Twentieth Century", Business Strategy and the Environment 18, no. 1(2009):32-42.
44. Bergquist and Söderholm, "R&D Collaboration and Environmental Adaptation. "
45. Söderholm, "Environmental Awakening in the Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry."
46. Lars J. Lundgren, "Från Miljöproblem till Miljövård: Ett genombrott med fördröjning", Deadalus, Tekniska Museets Årsbok (1999).
47. See Jan Darpö, Vem har ansvaret? Rättslaget idag och förslag på framtiden: Eefterbehandling och sanering, SNV (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) Report no. 4354 (Stockholm, 1994);
48. Hydén, Rättens Samhälleliga Funktioner.
49. Bergquist and Söderholm, "R&D Collaboration and Environmental Adaptation. "
50. SSVL, Reports, 1970-2001, available on CD-ROM at the Swedish Forest Industries, Stockholm.
51. See Table 3 in Kristina Söderholm and Ann-Kristin Bergquist, "Firm Collaboration and Environmental Adaptation: The Case of the Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry, 1900-1990", in Scandinavian Economic History Review (forthcoming).
52. Skogsindustriernas miljödatabas (Forest industries' environmental database) (http://miljodatabas.skogsindustrierna.org/si/main/main. aspx?li=home).
53. See Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise.
54. Swedish National Code SFS 1969:387.
55. Martin Jänicke, "Conditions for Environmental Policy Success: An International Comparison", The Environmentalist 12, no. 1(1992):47-58.
56. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise.
57. Lennart Lundqvist, Förvaltningen i det politiska systemet (Lund, 1971).
58. Andreas Reinstaller, "The Technological Transition to Chlorine Free Pulp Bleaching Technologies: Lessons for Transition Policies", Journal of Cleaner Production 16, no. 1(2008):133-47. (Pubitemid 50008299)
59. Kathryn Harrison, "Ideas and Environmental Standard Setting: A Comparative Study of Regulation of the Pulp and Paper Industry", Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions 15, no. 1(2002):65-96.
60. The Royal Majesty's Bill (Kungl. Maj: ts proposition), no. 154, 1965;
61. "Skrivelse från Sveriges Industriförbund till regeringen 9 September 1964", Immissionssakkunniga vol. 1, National Archives, Stockholm, Sweden.
62. See, for instance, IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1980/81, archive of Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Stockholm.
63. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80, 1986/87, archive of IVL, Stockholm; interview with Stig Freyshuss, president of the Water Laboratory of the Forest Industry in 1958 to 1964 and of IVL in 1966 to 1982, Stockholm, 8 Oct. 2009.
64. Interview with Arne Jernelöv, research leader at IVL in the 1970s, Stockholm, 19 May 2010; IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1967/68, 1975/76, 1976/77, and 1981/82, archive of IVL, Stockholm;
65. IVL styrelseprotokoll 20 Sept. 1973 and 3 Oct. 1974, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
66. See the IVL Web site, www.ivl.se, accessed March 2011.
67. Bergquist and Söderholm, "Miljöforskning i Statens och Industrins Tjänst."
68. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966/67, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
69. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80, 1986/87, archive of IVL, Stockholm; interview with Ame Jernelöv; interview with Stig Freyschuss.
70. As entrepreneurial activities suggested by Hekkert et al., "A New Approach for Analysing Technological Change."
71. See Bessant and Rush, "Building Bridges for Innovation. "
72. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80, 1986/87, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
73. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966/67, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
74. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80, 1986/87, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
75. During the same period, the total turnover increased from 44 employees and 2.4 million SEK in 1970 to over 150 employees and 30 million SEK in 1979 (about 16 million USD in today's money). In current prices, the activity of IVL grew by an average of 30 and 45 percent annually during the 1960s and the 1970s, respectively. See Bergquist and Söderholm, "Miljöforskning i Statens och Industrins Tjänst."
76. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
77. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1980/81.
78. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80.
79. See IVL styrelseprotokoll 1 Sept. 1966, 24 Jan. 1967, and 17 Sept. 1971, archive of IVL, Stockholm;
80. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
81. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80, 1986/87, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
82. Bergquist, Guld och Gröna Skogar?
83. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1975/76 and 1978/79, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
84. IVL Konferensen 1975, IVL-publikation, 1976, Stockholm.
85. IVL styrelseprotokoll 31 Jan. 1975, archive of IVL, Stockholm.
86. Bergquist and Söderholm, "R&D Collaboration and Environmental Adaptation. "
87. It was taken over by another large consulting company, ÅF-Energi-Konsult-AB (IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1980/81, archive of IVL, Stockholm).
88. IVL verksamhetsberättelse 1966-1979/80, archive of IVL, Stockholm; interview with Arne Jernelov; interview with Stig Freyschuss.