Joseph maiden and the national and transnational circulation of wattle acacia spp.

Historical Records of Australian Science

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 35-54

  Frawley, Jodi ^a  

^a NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857240100     PISSN: 07273061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/HR09015     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Lionel Gilbert, The Little Giant: the Life and Work of Joseph Henry Maiden 1859-1925 (Sydney, 2001), pp. 22-23.
2. See also Mark Lyons and C. J. Pettigrew, 'Maiden, Joseph Henry (1859-1925)', in Australian Dictionary of Biography,Vol. 10 (Melbourne, 1986), pp. 381-383.
3. Ken Orchard, 'Regional Botany in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Australia: Mueller's Murray River Collecting Network', Historical Records ofAustralian Science, 11, no.3 (1997), 389-405
4. A. M. Lucas, 'Baron Von Mueller: Protege Turned Patron', in Australian Science in the Making, ed. R.W. Home (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 133-152.
5. Joseph Maiden, Wattles and Wattle-Barks, being Hints on the Conservation and Cultivation of Wattles together with Particulars of Their Value, 3rd ed. (Sydney, 1906), pp. 62-63.
6. Whilst at the Technological Museum, Maiden regularly sent letters and plant material toKew; New South Wales Victoria Letters, Vol.173, Correspondence,Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew.
7. Home, et al. show that Maiden was amongst Mueller's top twenty correspondents in terms of volume of material exchanged; R.W. Home et al., 'Introduction', in Regardfully Yours: Selected Correspondence of Ferdinand Von Mueller, Vol.3 (Bern, 2006), p. 45.
8. Ian R. Tyrrell, True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1860-1930 (Berkeley, Calif, 1999)
9. Ian Tyrrell, 'American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History', American Historical Review, 96 (1991), 1031-1055
10. Ian Tyrrell, Transnational Nation: United States History in Global Perspective since 1789 (New York, 2007).
11. Steven Vertovec, 'Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22 (1999), 447-462, p. 447.
12. Gilbert, Ethnic and Racial Studies. op. cit. (n. 1), p. 67.
13. Richard White, 'Imagining: RepresentingAustralia', in Yesterday's Tomorrows: The Powerhouse Museum and Its Precursors 1880-2005, ed. Graeme Davison and Kimberley Webber (Haymarket, NSW, 2005), pp. 127-141.
14. Joseph Maiden, Wattles and Wattle-Barks, being Hints on the Conservation and Cultivation of Wattles together with Particulars of Their Value (Sydney, 1890), p. v.
15. Jim Endersby, Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science (Chicago, 2008), pp. 7-12.
16. E. J. Dixon et al., 'Report of the Wattle Bark Board of Inquiry together with a Statement showing the Profit to be Derived from the Systematic Cultivation of Wattles' (Melbourne, 1878), p. 23.
17. F.A. Coombs, E. Swinbourne and G.W. Gabbs, 'Fellmongering and Tanning Sheepskins in New South Wales Part 2', Technical Gazette New South Wales, 6(2) (1916), 26-36
18. Coombs, Swinbourne and Gabbs, 'Fellmongering and Tanning Sheepskins in New South Wales Part 1', Technical Gazette New South Wales, 6(1) (1916), 25-40
19. Coombs, 'Wattle Bark andTanning Industry', Technical Gazette New South Wales (1912), 52-56
20. Henry Phillips, A Survey of Fellmongering, Calf Skin and Hide Production, Leather Manufacture in New Zealand and Australia (Egham, Surrey, 1957).
21. J. Mitchell, 'On the Export and Consumption of Wattle Bark and the Process of Tanning, , Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society ofVan Dieman's Land, 1 (1851), 219.
22. George Foord, 'Tanning', in Industrial and Technological Museum, Lectures 1871 (Melbourne, 1871), p. 182.
23. P. R. Cole, 'The Leather Industry and J. C. Ludowici', in Pioneers of Australian Industry: Australian Industries and Their Founders (Sydney, 1926), p. 135
24. Audrey Tate, Ludowici Limited: Pioneering the Past, Forging the Future 1858-2004 (St Leonards, NSW, 2005).
25. Ludowici Limited: Pioneering the Past, Forging the Future 1858-2004. Tate, 2005. ibid., p. 12.
26. Dixon et al., Ludowici Limited: Pioneering the Past, Forging the Future, 1858-2004. op. cit. (n. 12), p. 4.
27. Ludowici Limited: Pioneering the Past, Forging the Future, 1858-2004. Ibid., p. 3.
28. Suzette Searle, The Rise and Demise of the Black Wattle Bark Industry in Australia (Yarralumla, ACT, 1991), pp. 10-15.
29. John Ednie Brown, 'Report on Cultivation of Wattles' (Adelaide, 1884).
30. Maiden, Report on Cultivation of Wattles. op. cit. (n. 10), p. v.
31. Manuscript of the History of the Sydney Botanic Gardens, Maiden's Centennial Manuscripts, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Library Special Collections, p. 20.
32. Maiden, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Library Special Collections. op. cit. (n. 10), p. 7.
33. Harrie Wood, 'Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry' (Sydney, 1894-1895), p. 50.
34. Power house Museum Archives, 'Record of free publications 1890-1892', MRS 44-47.
35. Register of Letters received, 1897-1898, Sydney Botanic Gardens, State Records of NSW, 19/17192-8.
36. Maiden, Record of free publications, 1890-1892, op. cit. (n. 10), p. v.
37. Register of Plants received from the State Nursery Campbelltown, 1898-1924, Royal Botanic Gardens Library Special Collections.
38. Maiden, 'Report on Botanic Gardens and Domains for the Year 1896-7' (Sydney, 1897), p. 6.
39. Maiden, 'Report on Botanic Gardens and Domains, for the Year 1896-7' (1897). Ibid., p. 19.
40. V. Nicolaieff, 'Australian Acacias and an Experiment of Their Acclimatization', Bulletin of Applied Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding, 22 (1929), 362-404.
41. Ann Milligan, 'Historic Black Wattle', Trees and Natural Resources (1994), 13.
42. Harold Witt, 'The Emergence of Privately Grown Industrial Tree Plantations', in South Africa's Environmental History: Cases and Comparisons, ed. Stephen Dovers, Ruth Edgecombe, and Bill Guest (Cape Town, 2002), p. 91.
43. T. R. Sim,Tree Planting in Natal (Peitermaritzburg, 1905), pp. 125-126.
44. William Keit, 'Curator's Report, Natal Botanic Gardens for 1878' (Durban, 1879), p. 4
45. Keit, 'Curator's Report, Natal Botanic Gardens for 1880' (Durban, 1880), p. 2.
46. Sherry states that Medley Woods was distributing wattle seed from the Durban Botanic Gardens in the 1860s; see S. P. Sherry, The Black Wattle (Acacia Mearnsii De Wild.) (Pietermaritzburg, 1971). However, the reports of the Natal Botanic Gardens are authored by Medley Woods as the curator only from 1883
47. Donal P. McCracken and Eileen McCracken, The Way to Kirstenbosch (Pretoria, 1988), p. 68.
48. Register of plants sent away from the Botanic Gardens, 1890
49. State Records of NSW, 19/17204-7.
50. Sherry, The Way to Kirstenbosch. op. cit. (n. 39).
51. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney registers held at the State Records of NSW: 19/17187; 19/4831-36; 5/4869; 19/17200; 19/17192-98; 5/4806-30; X653; 19/17199; 19/17204-7.
52. Maiden, 'Report on Botanic Gardens and Domains forYear 1899' (Sydney, 1900), p. 10.
53. Register of plants and seeds despatched, 1900-1907
54. State Records of NSW 19/17189
55. Register of plants and seeds sent to and received from botanical institutions, State Records of NSW 19/17200.
56. BrettM.Bennet, 2009, 'GlobalizingAustralia's Forests: Reconsidering Ecological Imperialism and the Imperial Origins of the Globalization of Nature', unpublished paper, p. 1.
57. Charles Moore, A Census of the Plants of New SouthWales (Sydney, 1884).
58. Ernst Betche to L. Radlkofer, Botanical Museum, Munich, 11 August 1900
59. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Copies of letters sent re plants and seeds despatched, 1900-1907, State Records of NSW 19/17189.156.
60. Register of letters received 1897-1906, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, State Records of NSW 19/17192-98.
61. These eight copies are shelved within the general library collection at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Library.
62. Maiden, op. cit. (n. 10), p. 13.
63. Hamilton Fyfe, South Africa Today: with an Account of Modern Rhodesia (London, 1911), p. 161.
64. Henry Bale, 'Report of the Indian Immigration Commission' (Pietermaritzburg, 1909), pp. 637-638.
65. Witt explored the twentieth-century labour mix in relation to the wattle industry and found that the highest representation was in black labour emerging from the tenant farmer arrangements of the earlier era. He does not discuss Indian minorities as contributory. HaroldWitt, ' "Clothing the Once Bare Brown Hills of Natal": the Origin and Development ofWattle Growing in Natal, 1860-1960', South African Historical Journal, 53 (2005), 111-113.
66. E. Thorrington-Smith, Tugela Basin Regional Survey (Pietermaritzburg, 1952), p. 107.
67. J. Henderson, 'Wattle-Growing in South Africa', New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology (1930), 52;
68. 'A Thriving Wattle Plantation', New South Wales Agricultural Gazette (1900), 1164-1165.
69. 'A Thriving Wattle Plantation', New South Wales Agricultural Gazette (1900). Ibid., p. 1165.
70. A. J. O'Connor and I. J. Craib, 'Sylvicultural Investigation of the BlackWattle (Acacia mollissima Willd.)', South African Journal of Science, 26 (1929), 246.
71. Fred S. Wright, 'Wattles and Wattle Bark', Journal of Agriculture and Industry South Australia (1902), 940
72. A. H. Grey, ed.,The Cultivation of Wattle andWattle Bark, comprising the Most Interesting and Instructive Extracts Gathered from the Best Authorities on This Subject (Sydney, 1909), p. 7.
73. F. W. Vickery, 'Wattle Cultivation', Journal of Agriculture and Industry South Australia (1901), 60.
74. Wright, Journal of Agriculture and Industry South Australia. op. cit. (n. 59), p. 940.
75. Jared G. Smith, 'The Black Wattle (Acacia decurrens) in Hawaii', Vertical File Collection, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Library (no date), p. 8.
76. Grey, Vertical File Collection Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Library. op. cit. (n. 59), p. 8.
77. Maiden, op. cit. (n. 10), p. 5.
78. Maiden, Vertical File Collection Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Library. op. cit. (n. 3), p. 6.
79. Registers of Letters received, 1906, State Records of NSW, 19/17192-98.
80. Libby Robin, 'Wattle Nationalism', National Library of Australia News, 18(4) (2008), 3-6.
81. William Sowden, 'Australia: A Plea for Patriotic Sentiment - Order of theWattle Blossom', in An Australian Native's Standpoint (London, 1912)
82. Sowden, 'Outline History of theWattle Blossom Celebration in Australia' (Adelaide, 1913), p. 2.
83. Regarding the ANA, see also Richard White, InventingAustralia: Images and Identity 1688-1980 (Sydney, 1981), pp. 117-119.
84. Archibald James Campbell, GoldenWattle Our National Floral Emblem (Melbourne, 1921)
85. Ian Campbell, ' "Yellow-Haired September": A Reflection on the National Floral Emblem in A. J. Campbell's GoldenWattle', Australian Humanities Review, no.41 (2007).
86. Agnes L. Storrie, 'Wattle Day League', Vertical File Collection, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Library.
87. Maiden, 'Some National Flower Emblems', The Amateur Gardener (1908), 30.
88. Maiden, 'What Is an Empire?', Sydney Morning Herald, 25 May 1910.
89. Storrie, Sydney Morning Herald. op. cit. (n. 73).
90. Maiden, 'Some New South Wales Plants Worth Cultivating for Shade, Ornamental, and Other Purposes', NewSouthWalesAgricultural Gazette, 8(6) (1896), 350.
91. Stephen Muecke, 'What Makes a Carpet Fly? Cultural Studies in the Indian Ocean', Transforming Cultures ejournal, 3(2) (2008), 30.
92. Sarah Whatmore, Hybrid Geographies: Natures Cultures Spaces (London, 2002), p. 6.
93. Maiden, Hybrid Geographies: Natures Cultures Spaces, op. cit. (n. 32), pp. 18-19.
94. Maiden, 'Acacia Burkittii, F.v.M. Burkitt'sWattle', in The Forest Flora of New South Wales (Sydney, 1906-1908), p. 260.
95. R. T. Baker, 'The Waratah in Applied Art: New SouthWalesWaratah', Technical Gazette New South Wales, 2(1) (1911), 24-32
96. Baker, 'The Waratah in Applied Art: The Victorian Waratah', Technical Gazette New South Wales. ibid., 2(1) (1912), 17-27.
97. Baker, 'The Waratah in Applied Art: Tasmanian Waratah', ibid., 2(2) (1912), 9-18.
98. Baker, 'The Waratah in Applied Art: The VictorianWaratah', p. 14.
99. Maiden, 'The Botany of theWattle', The Lone Hand, September 1910, pp. 362-363.
100. E. S. Emerson, 'Australia's Acacias: an Appreciation for "Wattle Day" (September 1st)', The Lone Hand, September 1910, p. 355.
101. Searle, The Lone Hand. op. cit. (n. 21), p. 3.
102. Robert Burt and W. T. Williams, 'Plant Introduction in Australia', in Home, The Lone Hand. op. cit. (n. 2), pp. 252-260.
103. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia containing Authorative Statistics 1901 to 1907 and Corrected Statistics for http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/hras the Period 1788 to 1900 (Melbourne, 1908), p. 380.
104. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia containing Authorative Statistics 1901 to 1907 and Corrected Statistics for http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/hras the Period 1788 to 1900 (Melbourne, 1908), p. 380. Ibid.
105. Ibid., p. 417.
106. Edward S. Sorenson, 'The Wattle: Australia's National Flower', The Lone Hand, September 1912, p. 388.
107. Libby Robin and Jane Carruthers, 'Taxonomic Imperialism in the Battles for Acacia: Identity and Science in South Africa and Australia', Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 65 (2010), 27-31.
108. Nigel Thrift, Spatial Formations (London, 1996), p. 24.
109. It was Maiden's practice to report the tannic acid content as both a percentage of the sample, and a percentage of the sample, once this had been soaked and the coarse material removed.
110. Compiled from 'Register of Letters received 1897-8'.
111. Register of Letters Received, 1900-1901
112. State Records of NSW, 19/17192-98.