메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 3-24

Cyclones in cyberspace: Information shaping and denial in the 2008 Russia-Georgia war

Author keywords

2008 South Ossetia war; cyberspace; information operations; international relations; strategic communications

Indexed keywords


EID: 84857207287     PISSN: 09670106     EISSN: 14603640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0967010611431079     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 84857223728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shadowserver Foundation. Available at: (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • AdairS (2008a) Georgian attacks: Remember Estonia? Shadowserver Foundation. Available at: http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/pmwiki.php/Calendar/20080813 (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Georgian attacks: Remember Estonia?
    • Adair, S.1
  • 3
    • 84857224688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shadowserver Foundation. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • AdairS (2008c) Georgian websites under attack - DDoS and defacement. Shadowserver Foundation. Available at: http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/pmwiki.php/Calendar/20080811 (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Georgian websites under attack - DDoS and defacement
    • Adair, S.1
  • 6
    • 84898313133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ethics of a computer network attack
    • Bayles WJ.The ethics of a computer network attack.Parameters. 2001;31 (1): 44-58.
    • (2001) Parameters , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 44-58
    • Bayles, W.J.1
  • 7
    • 84857228095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BBC News, 8August. Available at, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • BBC News (2008) Russian tanks enter South Ossetia. 8August. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7548715.stm (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Russian tanks enter South Ossetia
  • 8
    • 79956248989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democracy in cyberspace: What information technology can and cannot do
    • Bremmer I.Democracy in cyberspace: What information technology can and cannot do.Foreign Affairs. 2010;89 (6):.
    • (2010) Foreign Affairs , vol.89 , Issue.6
    • Bremmer, I.1
  • 9
    • 79959330092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview by the US-CCU of the Cyber Campaign Against Georgia in August of 2008
    • Available at: (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • BumgarnerJBorgS (2009) Overview by the US-CCU of the Cyber Campaign Against Georgia in August of 2008. The US Cyber Consequences Unit. Available at: http://www.registan.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/US-CCU-Georgia-Cyber-Campaign-Overview.pdf (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2009) The US Cyber Consequences Unit
    • Bumgarner, J.1    Borg, S.2
  • 11
    • 84857200345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carlisle, PA: Center for Strategic Leadership, US Army War College and the Advanced Network Research Group. Available at: (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • CollingsDRohozinskiR (2006) Shifting Fire: Information Effects in Counterinsurgency and Stability Operations. Carlisle, PA: Center for Strategic Leadership, US Army War College and the Advanced Network Research Group. Available at: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/DIME/documents/Shifting%20Fire%20-%20Full%20Version.pdf (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2006) Shifting Fire: Information Effects in Counterinsurgency and Stability Operations
    • Collings, D.1    Rohozinski, R.2
  • 12
    • 33750798363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Information technology adoption and political regimes
    • Corrales J,Westhoff F.Information technology adoption and political regimes.International Studies Quarterly. 2006;50 (4): 911-933.
    • (2006) International Studies Quarterly , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 911-933
    • Corrales, J.1    Westhoff, F.2
  • 13
    • 84882361815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coordinated Russia vs Georgia cyber attack in progress
    • 11August, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • DanchevD (2008) Coordinated Russia vs Georgia cyber attack in progress. Zdnet, 11August. Available at: http://blogs.zdnet.com/security/?p=1670 (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Zdnet
    • Danchev, D.1
  • 17
    • 84857223718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new cyber military industrial-complex
    • 28March. Available, (accessed 4 November 2011)
    • DeibertRRohozinskiR (2011) The new cyber military industrial-complex. Globe and Mail, 28March. Available at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/opinion/the-new-cyber-military-industrial-complex/article1957159/ (accessed 4 November 2011).
    • (2011) Globe and Mail
    • Deibert, R.1    Rohozinski, R.2
  • 18
    • 84857223719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Montreal, 16-19 March. Available at: (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • DeibertRRohozinskiRCrete-NishihataM (2011) Data fusion methodology and the geopolitics of cyberspace. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Montreal, 16-19 March. Available at: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p498717_index.html (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2011) Data fusion methodology and the geopolitics of cyberspace
    • Deibert, R.1    Rohozinski, R.2    Crete-Nishihata, M.3
  • 20
    • 84937280737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global swarming, virtual security, and Bosnia
    • Der Derian J.Global swarming, virtual security, and Bosnia.The Washington Quarterly. 1996;19 (3): 45-56.
    • (1996) The Washington Quarterly , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 45-56
    • der Derian, J.1
  • 21
    • 77955940009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liberation technology
    • Diamond L.Liberation technology.Journal of Democracy. 2010;21 (3): 69-83.
    • (2010) Journal of Democracy , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 69-83
    • Diamond, L.1
  • 24
    • 8744310724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global governance of the Internet: Bringing the state back
    • Drezner DW.The global governance of the Internet: Bringing the state back.Political Science Quarterly. 2004;119 (3): 477-498.
    • (2004) Political Science Quarterly , vol.119 , Issue.3 , pp. 477-498
    • Drezner, D.W.1
  • 26
    • 33746787614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The information revolution, security, and international relations: (IR)relevant theory?
    • Eriksson J.The information revolution, security, and international relations: (IR)relevant theory?.International Political Science Review. 2006;27 (3): 221-244.
    • (2006) International Political Science Review , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 221-244
    • Eriksson, J.1
  • 31
    • 84857208639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georgia Update, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • Georgia Update (2008) Russian Cyberwar on Georgia. Available at: http:///www.georgiaupdate.gov.ge/doc/10006922/CYBERWAR-%20fd_2_.pdf. (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Russian Cyberwar on Georgia
  • 32
    • 34247170624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bangs for the buck: A cost-benefit analysis of cyberterrorism
    • Giacomello G.Bangs for the buck: A cost-benefit analysis of cyberterrorism.Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 2004;27 (5): 195-212.
    • (2004) Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 195-212
    • Giacomello, G.1
  • 34
    • 79952425991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russia never wanted a war
    • 19August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • GorbachevM (2008) Russia never wanted a war. New York Times, 19August. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/20/opinion/20gorbachev.html (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) New York Times
    • Gorbachev, M.1
  • 35
    • 71649085630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digital disaster, cyber security, and the Copenhagen School
    • Hansen L,Nissenbaum H.Digital disaster, cyber security, and the Copenhagen School.International Studies Quarterly. 2009;53 (4): 1155-1175.
    • (2009) International Studies Quarterly , vol.53 , Issue.4 , pp. 1155-1175
    • Hansen, L.1    Nissenbaum, H.2
  • 37
    • 77954100648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A treaty for cyberspace
    • Hughes R.A treaty for cyberspace.International Affairs. 2010;86 (2): 523-541.
    • (2010) International Affairs , vol.86 , Issue.2 , pp. 523-541
    • Hughes, R.1
  • 38
    • 84857200349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baiting the bear: Georgia plays Russian roulette
    • Baiting the bear: Georgia plays Russian roulette. 2008;:.
    • (2008)
  • 39
    • 84857224684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jane's sentinel security assessment - Russia and the CIS
    • Jane's sentinel security assessment - Russia and the CIS. 2008;:.
    • (2008)
  • 40
    • 84857200348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shadowserver Foundation, 12August. Available at: (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • JohnsonM (2008) Georgian websites under attack: Don't believe the hype. Shadowserver Foundation, 12August. Available at: http://www.shadowserver.org/wiki/pmwiki.php/Calendar/20080812 (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Georgian websites under attack: Don't believe the hype
    • Johnson, M.1
  • 42
    • 68849093614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Available at: (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • KellyJEtlingB (2008) Mapping Iran's Online Politics and Culture in the Persian Blogosphere. Cambridge, MA: Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Available at: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2008/Mapping_Irans_Online_Public (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Mapping Iran's Online Politics and Culture in the Persian Blogosphere
    • Kelly, J.1    Etling, B.2
  • 43
    • 44949208439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hacking into international humanitarian law: The principles of distinction and neutrality in the age of cyber warfare
    • Kelsey J TG.Hacking into international humanitarian law: The principles of distinction and neutrality in the age of cyber warfare.Michigan Law Review. 2008;106 (7): 1427-1452.
    • (2008) Michigan Law Review , vol.106 , Issue.7 , pp. 1427-1452
    • Kelsey, J.T.G.1
  • 44
    • 84857200351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russia sends tanks into Georgia
    • 9August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • KorenovskaS (2008) Russia sends tanks into Georgia. Washington Post, 9August. Available at: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/09/russia-sends-tanks-into-georgia/ (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Washington Post
    • Korenovska, S.1
  • 45
    • 85055398163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georgia's cyber left hook
    • Korns SW,Kastenberg JE.Georgia's cyber left hook.Parameters. 2008;38 (4): 60-76.
    • (2008) Parameters , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 60-76
    • Korns, S.W.1    Kastenberg, J.E.2
  • 46
    • 84857224683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with chief of armed forces' communications
    • Interview with chief of armed forces' communications. 2008;:.
    • (2008)
  • 48
    • 84857226369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russia backs independence of Georgian enclaves
    • 26August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • LevyCJ (2008) Russia backs independence of Georgian enclaves. New York Times, 26August. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/europe/27russia.html (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) New York Times
    • Levy, C.J.1
  • 49
    • 84857200350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsena pobedy [The price of victory]
    • 18August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • LukaninM (2008) Tsena pobedy [The price of victory]. Trud, 18August. Available at: http://www.trud.ru/issue/article.php?id=200808181520301 (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Trud
    • Lukanin, M.1
  • 50
    • 85055404562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russia's conventional armed forces and the Georgian war
    • McDermont RN.Russia's conventional armed forces and the Georgian war.Parameters. 2009;39 (1): 65-80.
    • (2009) Parameters , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-80
    • McDermont, R.N.1
  • 51
    • 77954585167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From global village to virtual battle space: The colonizing of the internet and the extension of realpolitik
    • Manjikian M.From global village to virtual battle space: The colonizing of the internet and the extension of realpolitik.International Studies Quarterly. 2010;54 (2): 381-401.
    • (2010) International Studies Quarterly , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 381-401
    • Manjikian, M.1
  • 52
    • 78049420934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8August. Available at: (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • MedvedevD (2008) Statement on the situation in South Ossetia. 8August. Available at: www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/08/1553_type82912type82913_205032.shtml (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Statement on the situation in South Ossetia
    • Medvedev, D.1
  • 53
    • 84857224685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert: Cyber attacks on Georgia websites tied to mob, Russian government
    • 13August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • MennJ (2008) Expert: Cyber attacks on Georgia websites tied to mob, Russian government. LA Times, 13August. Available at: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2008/08/experts-debate.html (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) LA Times
    • Menn, J.1
  • 54
    • 80051761453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An army of ones and zeroes: How I became a solider in the Georgia-Russia cyberwar
    • 14August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • MorozovE (2008) An army of ones and zeroes: How I became a solider in the Georgia-Russia cyberwar. Slate, 14August. Available at: http://www.slate.com/id/2197514/ (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Slate
    • Morozov, E.1
  • 55
    • 34250703764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The internet and global governance: Principles and norms for a new regime
    • Mueller M,Mathiason J,Klein H.The internet and global governance: Principles and norms for a new regime.Global Governance. 2007;13 (2): 237-254.
    • (2007) Global Governance , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 237-254
    • Mueller, M.1    Mathiason, J.2    Klein, H.3
  • 56
    • 84857200356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All commercial banks in Georgia are operating business as usual
    • National Bank of Georgia,18August. Available at, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • National Bank of Georgia (2008) All commercial banks in Georgia are operating business as usual. Statement, 18August. Available at: http://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=340&newsid=832 (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Statement
  • 57
    • 84857200357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georgia DDoS attacks: A summary of observations
    • 12August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • NazarioJ (2008) Georgia DDoS attacks: A summary of observations. Arbor Networks, 12August. Available at: http://asert.arbornetworks.com/2008/08/georgia-DDoS-attacks-a-quick-summary-of-observations/ (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Arbor Networks
    • Nazario, J.1
  • 59
    • 84857223721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georgia's leader under siege online and off
    • 11August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • NizzaM (2008) Georgia's leader under siege online and off. The Lede (New York Times news blog), 11August. Available at: http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/georgias-leader-under-siege-online-and-off/ (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) The Lede (New York Times news blog)
    • Nizza, M.1
  • 61
    • 73449118218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Park KWillinger W, ed., New York: Oxford University Press
    • The Internet as a Large-Scale Complex System. Park KWillinger W, ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005:.
    • (2005) The Internet as a Large-Scale Complex System
  • 62
    • 84857224687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georgia says phone taps show Russia launched war
    • 16September. Available at: (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • RobinsonMAntidzeM (2008) Georgia says phone taps show Russia launched war. Reuters, 16September. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLG70183 (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Reuters
    • Robinson, M.1    Antidze, M.2
  • 63
    • 78049326219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internet research: The question of method - A keynote address from the YouTube and the 2008 election cycle in the United States conference
    • Rogers R.Internet research: The question of method - A keynote address from the YouTube and the 2008 election cycle in the United States conference.; 2010; 2010. 241.
    • (2010) Journal of Information Technology and Politics , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 241-260
    • Rogers, R.1
  • 64
    • 43449088261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Palestinian-Israeli peace process and transnational issue networks: The complicated place of the Israeli NGO
    • Rogers R,Ben-David A.The Palestinian-Israeli peace process and transnational issue networks: The complicated place of the Israeli NGO.New Media and Society. 2008;10 (3): 41-72.
    • (2008) New Media and Society , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 41-72
    • Rogers, R.1    Ben-David, A.2
  • 66
    • 84894712548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russia is the West's challenge
    • 14August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • SaakashviliM (2008) Russia is the West's challenge. The Washington Post, 14August. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/13/AR2008081303364.html (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) The Washington Post
    • Saakashvili, M.1
  • 67
    • 84857224686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obsolete hardware revealed in military analysis
    • Saradzhyan S.Obsolete hardware revealed in military analysis.The Moscow Times. 2008;:.
    • (2008) The Moscow Times
    • Saradzhyan, S.1
  • 68
    • 70349122587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyzing spatial drivers in quantitative conflict studies: The potential and challenges of geographic information systems
    • Stephenne N,Burnley C,Ehrlich D.Analyzing spatial drivers in quantitative conflict studies: The potential and challenges of geographic information systems.International Studies Review. 2009;11 (3): 502-522.
    • (2009) International Studies Review , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 502-522
    • Stephenne, N.1    Burnley, C.2    Ehrlich, D.3
  • 69
    • 84857223724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estonia sending cyber defense experts to Georgia
    • 11August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • StiennonR (2008) Estonia sending cyber defense experts to Georgia. Network World, 11August. Available at: http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/30935 (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Network World
    • Stiennon, R.1
  • 70
    • 84857200352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georgian president's web site moves to Atlanta
    • 11August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • SvenssonP (2008a) Georgian president's web site moves to Atlanta. AP News, 11August. Available at: http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-08-11-2416394828_x.htm (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) AP News
    • Svensson, P.1
  • 71
    • 84857223723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russian hackers continue attacks on Georgian websites
    • 12August. Available at, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • SvenssonP (2008b) Russian hackers continue attacks on Georgian websites. USA Today, 12August. Available at: http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/computersecurity/hacking/2008-08-12-russia-hackers-georgia_N.htm (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) USA Today
    • Svensson, P.1
  • 72
    • 84857226371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Google embroiled in Georgian conflict
    • 12August. Available, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • SwabeyP (2008) Google embroiled in Georgian conflict. Information Age, 12August. Available at: http://www.information-age.com/home/information-age-today/460666/google-embroiled-in-georgian-conflict.html (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Information Age
    • Swabey, P.1
  • 73
    • 33644645969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Richland, WA: National Visualization and Analytics Center, US Department of Homeland Security. Available at, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • ThomasJJCookKA (eds) (2005) Illuminating the Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics. Richland, WA: National Visualization and Analytics Center, US Department of Homeland Security. Available at: http://nvac.pnl.gov/agenda.stm#book (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2005) Illuminating the Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics
    • Thomas, J.J.1    Cook, K.A.2
  • 74
    • 33750684729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manipulating the mass consciousness: Russian and Chechen 'information war' tactics in the second Chechen conflict
    • Aldis A, ed., London: Strategic and Combat Studies Institute
    • Thomas TL., Manipulating the mass consciousness: Russian and Chechen 'information war' tactics in the second Chechen conflict., The Second Chechen War. Aldis A, ed. London: Strategic and Combat Studies Institute; 2000:.
    • (2000) The Second Chechen War
    • Thomas, T.L.1
  • 75
    • 85064784718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bear went through the mountain: Russia appraises its five-day war in South Ossetia
    • Thomas TL.The bear went through the mountain: Russia appraises its five-day war in South Ossetia.Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 2009;22 (1): 31-67.
    • (2009) Journal of Slavic Military Studies , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-67
    • Thomas, T.L.1
  • 76
    • 54949083144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: US Department of Defense
    • Information Operations Roadmap. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense; 2003:.
    • (2003) Information Operations Roadmap
  • 79
    • 84857226370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ru-Ge skepticism
    • 25August. Available at, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • VilleneuveN (2009) Ru-Ge skepticism. Nart Villeneuve: Malware Explorer, 25August. Available at: http://www.nartv.org/2009/08/25/ru-ge-skepticism/ (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2009) Nart Villeneuve: Malware Explorer
    • Villeneuve, N.1
  • 81
    • 84857223727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georgia has won the PR war
    • 18August. Available at, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • WilbyP (2008) Georgia has won the PR war. The Guardian, 18August. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/aug/18/pressandpublishing.georgia (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) The Guardian
    • Wilby, P.1
  • 82
    • 84857223725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Georgia clings to the 'net
    • 10August. Available at, (accessed 18 October 2011)
    • ZmijewskiE (2008) Georgia clings to the 'net. Renesys Blog, 10August. Available at: http://www.renesys.com/blog/2008/08/georgia-clings-to-the-net.shtml (accessed 18 October 2011).
    • (2008) Renesys Blog
    • Zmijewski, E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.