Polypropylene composites with natural fibers and wood - General mechanical property profiles

Composites Science and Technology

Volumn 72, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 550-557

  Sobczak, Lukas ^a   Lang, Reinhold W ^b   Haider, Andreas ^a  

^a KOMPETENZZENTRUM HOLZ GMBH   (Austria)

^b JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITY LINZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

A. Short fiber composites; A. Wood; B. Mechanical properties; E. Injection molding; Natural Fiber Composites (NFCs)

Indexed keywords

LONG GLASS FIBERS; MARKET APPLICATIONS; MARKET PENETRATION; MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT; MECHANICAL FIBERS; MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE; NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES; NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES (NFCS); PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS; POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE; POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS; PROPERTY PROFILES; SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY; SHORT CARBON FIBERS; SHORT FIBER COMPOSITES; SHORT GLASS FIBER; WOOD POLYMER COMPOSITES;

COMMERCE; INJECTION MOLDING; NATURAL FIBERS; POLYPROPYLENES; THERMOPLASTICS;

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;

COMMERCE; COMPOSITES; INJECTION MOLDING; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; NATURAL FIBERS; POLYPROPYLENE; THERMOPLASTICS; WOOD;

EID: 84857139286     PISSN: 02663538     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.12.013     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Mohanty A.K., Misra M., Drzal L.T. Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites 2005, Taylor & Francis.
2. Vogt D., Karus M., Ortmann S. Wood-plastic-composites (WPCs) - studie 2005, nova-Institut GmbH.
3. Klyosov A.A. Wood-plastic composites 2007, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
4. Klein Gudrun Leichtbau wird immer wichtiger 2010, Kunststoffe, p. 05.
5. Karus M., Ortmann S., Vogt D. Naturfasereinsatz in Verbundwerkstoffen in der deutschen Automobilproduktion 1996 bis 2003 2004, nova-Institut GmbH.
6. Schuh T.G. Renewable materials for automotive applications 2000, Daimler-Chrysler AG, Stuttgart.
7. Eder A., Strobl S., Schwarzbauer P. World wide market report on wood plastic composites 2006, Wood K plus.
8. Hackwell Group. The European wood plastics composites market 2003 - Construction, furniture and automotive applications. Research and markets; 2003.
9. Anon. Venedigs boote legen an WPC an. K-Zeitung online; 2008.
10. Svoboda MA. Werkstoffe aus nachwachsenden rohstoffen. Thesis/dissertation, Montanuniversität Leoben; 2003.
11. Joshi S.V., Drzal L.T., Mohanty A.K., Arora S. Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites?. Composites Part A 2004, 35:371-376.
12. Beckmann A, Kleinholz R. Anforderungen an naturfasern aus der sicht eines kfz-zulieferers für innenraumteile. In: 2nd international wood and natural fibre composite symposium, Kassel/Germany; 1999.
13. Mohanty A.K., Misra M., Hinrichsen G. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Macromol Mater Eng 2000, 276/277.
14. Maya J.J., Anandjiwala R.D. Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Polym Compos 2007, 29(2):187-207.
15. Zampaloni M., Pourboghrat F., Yankovich S.A., Rodgers B.N., Moore J., Drzal L.T., et al. Kenaf natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: a discussion on manufacturing problems and solutions. Composites Part A 2007, 38:1569-1580.
16. Nyström B. Natural fiber composites - optimization of microstructure and processing parameters. Thesis/Dissertation, Lulea University of Technology; 2007.
17. Radovanovic I. Verarbeitung und optimierung der rezeptur von wood plastic composites (WPCs). Thesis/Dissertation, Universität Osnabrück; 2007.
18. Naylor L. Europe polypropylene prices reach highs seen before 2008. Reed Business Inform 2010.
19. Fu S.Y., Lauke B., Mäder E., Yue C.Y., Hu X. Tensile properties of short-glass-fiber-and short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Composites Part A 2000, 31(10):1117-1125.
20. Personal communcation, Schlarb AK, TU Kaiserslautern; 2010.
21. Personal communcation, Corvino G, PPG; 2009.
22. Personal communcation, Otte M, Borealis; 2010.
23. Datasheet, Tencel. Lenzing AG; 2009.
24. Karus M., Kaup M., Lohmeyer D. Studie zur markt- und preissituation bei naturfasern (Deutschland und EU 2003). Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 2003.
25. Carus M., Gahle C., Pendarovski C., Vogt D., Ortmann S., Grotenhermen F., et al. Studie zur markt- und konkurrenz-situation bei naturfasern und naturfaser-werkstoffen (Deutschland und EU). Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe 2008.
26. Personal communcation; Frank B, BAFA; 2009.
27. Personal communcation; Clasen WG, WGC; 2009.
28. Datasheet, European spruce. MATBASE; 2010.
29. Personal communcation; Kampf A, JRS; 2009.
30. Ashby M., Shercliff H., Cebon D. Materials - engineering, science, processing and design 2010, Elsevier. 2nd ed.
31. Mueller D.H., Krobjilowski A. New discovery in the properties of composites reinforced with natural fibers. J Ind Text 2003, 33(2):111.
32. Datasheet, European oak. MATBASE; 2010.
33. Bastian Martin, Radovanovic Itana, Kurda Kersten Einfluss der haftvermittler. Kunststoffe 2005, 8:49-53.
34. Rana A.K., Mandal A., Mitra B.C., Jacobson R., Rowell R.M., Banerjee A.N. Short jute fiber reinforced polyproylene composites: effect of compatilbilizer. J Appl Polym Sci 1998, 69:329-338.
35. Rowell RM, Sanadi AR, Jacobson R, Caulfield DF. Chapter 32 - properties of kenaf polypropylene composites. Kenaf properties, processing and products. Mississippi State University; 1999. p. 381-93.
36. Datasheet, polypropylene compound GB205U. Borealis; 2008.
37. Datasheet, polyram polytron P50B01 homopolymer polypropylene, chemically coupled 50% lgf. Polyram; 2010.
38. Datasheet, RTP Company RTP 187 polypropylene. RTP Company; 2010.
39. Datasheet, RTP Company RTP 183 polypropylene. RTP Company; 2010.
40. Hornsby P.R., Hinrichsen E., Tarverdi K. Preparation and properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with wheat and flax straw fibres - Part II: analysis of composite microstructure and mechanical properties. J Mater Sci 1997, 32:1009-1015.
41. Burgstaller C., Ruf W., Stadlbauer W., Pilz G., Lang R.W. Utilizing unbleached cellulosic fibres in polypropylene matrix composites for injection moulding applications. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 2009, 3(3):226-231.
42. Biagiotti J., Puglia D., Torre L., Kenny J.M. A systematic investigation on the influence of the chemical treatment of natural fibers on the properties of their polymer matrix composites. Polym Compos 2004, 25:470-479.
43. Bledzki A.K., Mamun A.A., Lucka-Gabor M., Gutowski V.S. The effect of acetylation on properties of flax fibre and its polypropylene composites. Express Polym Lett 2008, 2(6):413-422.
44. Soleimani M., Tabil L., Panigrahi S., Opoku A. The effect of fiber pretreatment and compatibilizer on mechanical and physical properties of flax fiber-polypropylene composites. J Polym Environ 2008, 16:74-82.
45. Snijder M.H.B., Bos H.L. Reinforcement of polypropylene by annual plant fibers: optimisation of coupling agent efficiency. Compos Interf 2000, 7(2):69-75.
46. Arbelaiz A., Fernandez B., Ramos J.A., Retegi A., Llano-Ponte R., Mondragon I. Mechanical properties of short flax fibre bundle/polypropylene composites: influence of matrix/fibre modification, fibre content, water uptake, and recycling. Compos Sci Technol 2005, 65:1582-1592.
47. Li H., Sain M. High stiffness natural fiber-reinforced hybrid PP composites. Polymer Plast Tech Eng 2003, 42(5):853-862.
48. Panthapulakkal S., Sain M. Studies on the water absorption properties of short hemp-glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites. J Compos Mater 2007, 41:1871-1883.
49. Sain M., Suhara P., Law S., Bouilloux A. Interface modification and mechanical properties of natural fiber-polyolefin composite products. J Reinf Plast Compos 2005, 24(2):121-130.
50. Datasheet, centroplast centrolen PP GF Polypropylene 30% glass fiber. Centroplast; 2010.
51. Datasheet, polypropylene compound GB311U. Borealis; 2008.
52. Nourbakhsh A., Karegarfard A., Ashori A. Effects of particle size and coupling agent concentration on mechanical properties of particulate-filled polymer composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 2010, 23(2):169-174.
53. Bledzki A.K., Faruk O., Huque M. Physico-mechanical studies of wood fiber reinforced composites. Polymer Plast Tech Eng 2002, 41(3):435-451.
54. Karmaker A.C., Youngquist J.A. Injection molding of polypropylene reinforced with short jute fibers. J Appl Polym Sci 1996, 62:1147-1151.
55. Oksman K., Clemons C.M. Mechanical properties and morphology of impact modified polypropylene-wood flour composites. J Appl Polym Sci 1998, 67:1503-1513.
56. Stark N.M. Wood fiber derived from scrap pallets used in polypropylene composites. Forest Prod J 1999, 49(6):39-46.
57. Datasheet, Arkema Group Appryl CWE 1020 polypropylene. Arkema Group; 2010.
58. Datasheet, polypropylene compound ME212U. Borealis; 2008.
59. Tou C. Biofiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Polym Eng Sci 1999, 37(2):476-483.
60. Datasheet, Arkema Group Appryl HXN 1240 polypropylene. Arkema Group; 2010.
61. Sanadi A.R., Caulfield D.F., Jacobson R.E., Rowell R.M. Renewable agricultural fibers as reinforcing fillers in plastics: mechanical properties of kenaf fiber polypropylene composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 1995, 34(5):1889-1896.
62. Joseph P.V., Mathew G., Joseph K., Thomas S., Pradeep P. Mechanical properties of short sisal fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: comparison of experimental data with theoretical predictions. J Appl Polym Sci 2003, 88:602-611.
63. Kalaprasad G., Joseph K., Thomas S., Pavithran C. Theoretical modelling of tensile properties of short sisal fibre-reinforced low-density polyethylene composites. J Mater Sci 1997, 32:4261-4267.
64. Datasheet, polypropylene HB 600 TF. Borealis; 2008.
65. Datasheet, polypropylene HK 060 AE. Borealis; 2008.
66. Wambua P., Ivens J., Verpoest I. Natural fibres: can they replace glass in fibre reinforced plastics?. Compos Sci Technol 2003, 63:1259-1264.
67. Datasheet, polypropylene HB601WG. Borealis; 2008.
68. Stark N.M., Rowlands R.E. Effects of wood fiber characteristics on mechanical properties of wood/polypropylene composites. Wood Fiber Sci 2003, 35(2):167-174.
69. Bledzki A.K., Faruk O. Wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites: effect of fibre geometry and coupling agent on physico-mechanical properties. Appl Compos Mater 2003, 10(6):365-379.
70. Stark NM, Berger MJ. Effect of particle size on properties of wood-flour reinforced polypropylene composites. In: The fourth international conference on woodfiber-plastic composites, USDA Forest Service; 1998.
71. Bledzki A.K., Faruk O. Creep and impact properties of wood fibre-polypropylene composites: influence of temperature and moisture content. Compos Sci Technol 2004, 64:693-700.
72. Burgstaller C., Stadlbauer W. Schlagzähmodifizierung von wood plastic composites. Holztechnologie 2008, 49(5):17-22.
73. Myers G.E., Chahyadi I.S., Coberly C.A., Ermer D.S. Wood flour/polypropylene composites: influence of maleated polypropylene and process and composition variables on mechanical properties. Int J Polym Mater 1991, 15(1):21-44.
74. Sanadi AR, Caulfield DF, Stark NM, Clemons CM. Thermal and mechanical analysis of lignocellulosic polypropylene composites. In: The fifth international conference on woodfiber-plastic composites; 1999.
75. La Mantia F.P., Morreale M. Improving the properties of polypropylene-wood flour composites by utilization of maleated adhesion promoters. Compos Interf 2007, 14(7-9):685-698.
76. Spinace M.A.S., Fermoseli K.K.G., De Paoli M.A. Recycled polypropylene reinforced with curaua fibers by extrusion. J Appl Polym Sci 2009, 112(6):3686-3694.
77. Huang H.X., Zhang J.J. Effects of filler-filler and polymer-filler interactions on rheological and mechanical properties of HDPE-wood composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009, 111(6):2806-2812.
78. Wu J., Yu D., Chan C.-M., Kim J., Mai Y.-W. Effect of fiber pretreatment condition on the interfacial strength and mechanical properties of wood fiber/PP composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2000, 76:1000-1010.
79. Lai S.M., Yeh F.C., Wang Y., Chan H.C., Shen H.F. Comparative study of maleated polyolefins as compatibilizers for polyethylene/wood flour composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2003, 87:487-496.
80. Hristov V.N., Vasileva S.T., Krumova N., Lach R., Michler G.H. Deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of modified polypropylene/wood fiber composites. Polym Compos 2004, 25(5):521-526.
81. Bledzki A.K., Reihmane S., Gassan J. Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 1996, 59:1329-1336.
82. George J., Sreekala M.S., Thomas S. A review on interface modification and characterization of natural fiber reinforced plastic composites. Polym Eng Sci 2001, 41(9):1471-1485.
83. Keener T.J., Stuart R.K., Brown T.K. Maleated coupling agents for natural fiber composites. Composites Part A 2004, 35:357-362.
84. Zhang C., Li K., Simonsen J. Improvement of interfacial adhesion between wood and polypropylene in wood-polypropylene composites. J Adhes Sci Technol 2004, 18(14):1603-1612.
85. Viksne A., Bledzki A.K., Rence L., Berzina R. Water uptake and mechanical characteristics of wood fiber-polypropylene composites. Mech Compos Mater 2006, 42(1):73-82.
86. Lin Q., Zhou X., Dai G. Effect of hydrothermal environment on moisture absorption and mechanical properties of wood flour filled polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2002, 85(14):2824-2832.
87. Wang W., Sain M., Cooper P.A. Study of moisture absorption in natural fiber plastic composites. Compos Sci Technol 2006, 66(3-4):379-386.
88. Bledzki A.K., Letman M., Viksne A., Rence L. A comparison of compounding processes and wood type for wood fibre - PP composites. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf 2005, 36(6):789-797.
89. Taib R., Ishak Z.A., Rozman H.D., Glasser W.G. Effect of moisture absorption on the tensile properties of steam-exploded acacia mangium fiber/polypropylene composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 2006, 19(5):475-489.
90. Cantero G., Arbelaiz A., Mugika F., Valea A., Mondragon I. Mechanical behavior of wood/polypropylene composites: effects of fibre treatments and ageing processes. J Reinf Plast Compos 2003, 22(1):37-50.
91. Pilarski J.M., Matuana L.M. Durability of wood flour-plastic composites exposed to accelerated freeze-thaw cycling. II. High density polyethylene matrix. J Appl Polym Sci 2006, 100:35-39.
92. Stark N.M. Influence of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of wood flour-PP composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 2001, 14:421-432.
93. Joseph P.V., Rabello M.S., Mattoso L.H.C., Joseph K., Thomas S. Environmental effects on the degradation behaviour of sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol 2002, 62(10-11):1357-1372.
94. Thwe M.M., Liao K. Durability of bamboo-glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Compos Sci Technol 2003, 63(3-4):375-387.
95. Doan T.T.L., Gao S.L., Mader E. Jute/polypropylene composites I. Effect of matrix modification. Compos Sci Technol 2006, 66(7-8):952-963.
96. Stamboulis A., Baillie C.A., Garkhail S.K., Van Melick H.G.H., Peijs T. Environmental durability of flax fibres and their composites based on polypropylene matrix. Appl Compos Mater 2000, 7(5):273-294.
97. George J., Bhagawan S.S., Thomas S. Effects of environment on the properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with pineapple-leaf fibre. Compos Sci Technol 1997, 58(9):1471-1485.
98. Thwe M.M., Liao K. Effects of environmental aging on the mechanical properties of bamboo-glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Composites Part A 2002, 33(1):43-52.
99. Chow C.P.L., Xing X.S., Li R.K.Y. Moisture absorption studies of sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol 2007, 67(2):306-313.
100. Espert A., Vilaplana F., Karlsson S. Comparison of water absorption in natural cellulosic fibres from wood and 1year crops in polypropylene composites and its influence on their mechanical properties. Composites Part A 2004, 35(11):1267-1276.
101. Ashori A. Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries. Bioresour Technol 2008, 99(11):4661-4667.
102. Brosius D. Natural fiber composites slowly take root. Compos Technol 2/2006. http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/natural-fiber-composites-slowly-take-root.
103. Herrera-Franco P.J., Valadez-Gonzalez A. A study of the mechanical properties of short natural-fiber reinforced composites. Composites Part B 2005, 36(8):597-608.
104. Stadlbauer W., Sehnal E., Weiermayer L. Wood plastic composites. Bundesministerium für verkehr, Innovation und Technologie 2006, [Report no.: 68/2006].
105. Toloken S. China's WPC makers urged to innovate. Plastic News.com 2010. http://www.plasticsnews.com/china/english/printer_en.html?id=1288753799.
106. Karus M., Kaup M. Naturfasern für die europäische automobilindustrie 2001, nova-Institut GmbH.
107. Bledzki A.K., Sperber V.E., Wolff S. Möglichkeiten der geruchsmessung und -minderung bei naturfaserverbunden. Mat -wiss u Werkstofftech 2003, 34:272-275.
108. Bledzki A.K., Mamun A.A., Faruk O. Abaca fibre reinforced PP composites and comparison with jute and flax fibre PP composites. Express Polym Lett 2007, 1:755-762.
109. Espert A., de las Heras L.A., Karlsson S. Emission of possible odourous low molecular weight compounds in recycled biofibre/polypropylene composites monitored by head-space SPME-GC-MS. Polym Degrad Stab 2005, 90(3):555-562.
110. Bledzki A.K., Faruk O. Microcellular wood fiber reinforced PP composites: cell morphology, surface roughness, impact, and odor properties. J Cell Plast 2005, 41(6):539.
111. Kim H.S., Kim H.J. Influence of the zeolite type on the mechanical-thermal properties and volatile organic compound emissions of natural flour filled polypropylene hybrid composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008, 110(5):3247-3255.
112. Jayaraman K. Manufacturing sisal-polypropylene composites with minimum fibre degradation. Compos Sci Technol 2003, 63:367-374.
113. Burgstaller C. Processing of thermal sensitive materials - a case study for wood plastic composites. Monatsh Chem 2007, 138:343-346.
114. Hunnicutt B. Injection molding wood-plastic composites. Plastics technology online 12/2007. http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200712fa2.html.
115. Nechwatal A., Mieck K.P., Reußmann T. Developments in the characterisation of natural fibre properties and in the use of natural fibres for composites. Compos Sci Technol 2003, 63:1273-1279.
116. Falk RH, Lundin T, Felton C. The effects of weathering on wood-thermoplastic composites intended for outdoor applications; 1997.
117. Kiguchi M., Kataoka Y., Matsunaga H., Yamamoto K., Evans P.D. Surface deterioration of wood - flour polypropylene composites by weathering trials. J Wood Sci 2007, 53(3):234-238.
118. Fabiyi J.S., McDonald A.G., Wolcott M.P., Griffiths P.R. Wood plastic composites weathering: visual appearance and chemical changes. Polym Degrad Stab 2008, 93:1405-1414.
119. Adhikary K.B., Pang S., Staiger M.P. Accelerated ultraviolet weathering of recycled polypropylene sawdust composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 2009, 22(6):661.
120. Ndiaye D., Fanton E., Morlat-Therias S., Vidal L., Tidjani A., Gardette J.L. Durability of wood polymer composites: Part 1. Influence of wood on the photochemical properties. Compos Sci Technol 2008, 68:2779-2784.
121. Adhikary KB, Pang S, Staiger MP. Durability of wood flour-recycled thermoplastics composites under accelerated environmental conditions. In: 7th global WPC and natural fibre composites congress and exhibition; 2008.
122. Beg M.D.H., Pickering K.L. Accelerated weathering of unbleached and bleached Kraft wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2008, 93(10):1939-1946.
123. Kozlowski R., Wladyka-Przybylak, Maria Flammability and fire resistance of composites reinforced by natural fibers. Polym Adv Technol. 2008.
124. Sain M., Park S.H., Suhara F., Law S. Flame retardant and mechanical properties of natural fibre-PP composites containing magnesium hydroxide. Polym Degrad Stab 2004, 83:363-367.
125. Bakar M., Ishak Z., Taib R., Rozman H., Jani S. Flammability and mechanical properties of wood flour-filled polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010, 2714-2722.
126. Garcia M., Hidalgo J., Garmendia I., Garcia-Jaca J. Wood-plastics composites with better fire retardancy and durability performance. Composites Part A 2009, 40(11):1772-1776.
127. Schartel B., Braun U., Schwarz U., Reinemann S. Fire retardancy of polypropylene/flax blends. Polymer 2003, 44(20):6241-6250.
128. Li B., He J. Investigation of mechanical property, flame retardancy and thermal degradation of LLDPE-wood-fibre composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2004, 83:241-246.
129. Suppakarn N., Jarukumjorn K. Mechanical properties and flammability of sisal/PP composites: effect of flame retardant type and content. Composites Part B 2009, 40(7):613-618.
130. Markarian J. Outdoor living space drives growth in wood-plastic composites. Plast Add Comp 2008, 07(/08):20-25.
131. Michaud F., Castera P., Fernandez C., Ndiaye A. Meta-heuristic methods applied to the design of wood-plastic composites, with some attention to environmental aspects. J Compos Mater 2009, 43(5):533-548.
132. Xu X., Jayaraman K., Morin C., Pecqueux N. Life cycle assessment of wood-fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites. J Mater Process Technol 2008, 198(1-3):168-177.
133. Pervaiz M., Sain M.M. Carbon storage potential in natural fiber composites. Resour Conserv Recycl 2003, 39(4):325-340.