"Cars have their own faces": Cross-cultural ratings of car shapes in biological (stereotypical) terms

Evolution and Human Behavior

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 109-120

  Windhager, Sonja ^a,b   Bookstein, Fred L ^a,c   Grammer, Karl ^a   Oberzaucher, Elisabeth ^a   Said, Hasen ^d   Slice, Dennis E ^e   Thorstensen, Truls ^b   Schaefer, Katrin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b EFS Unternehmensberatung GmbH   (Austria)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY   (Ethiopia)

^e FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavioral anthropology; Cross cultural overgeneralization; Facial shape; Geometric morphometrics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857033307     PISSN: 10905138     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.06.003     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Aggarwal P., McGill A.L. Is that car smiling at me? Schema congruity as a basis for evaluating anthropomorphized products. Journal of Consumer Research 2007, 34:468-479.
2. Albright L., Kenny D.A., Malloy T.E. Consensus in personality judgements at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 55:387-395.
3. Alley T.R. Head shape and the perception of cuteness. Developmental Psychology 1981, 17:650-654.
4. Alley T.R. Infantile head shape as an elicitor of adult protection. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 1983, 29:411-427.
5. Argyle M. Körpersprache & Kommunikation: Das Handbuch zur nonverbalen Kommunikation 2002, Junfermann, Paderborn, [corresponds to Argyle, M. (1988, 2nd ed.) Bodily communication. London: Routledge]. 8th ed.
6. Ashmore R.D., Tumia M.L. Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory. I. A personality description approach to the assessment of sex stereotypes. Sex Roles 1980, 6:501-518.
7. Bookstein F.L. Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology 1991, Cambridge University Press, New York.
8. Boothroyd L.G., Jones B.C., Burt D.M., Cornwell R.E., Little A.C., Tiddeman B.P., et al. Facial masculinity is related to perceived age but not perceived health. Evolution and Human Behavior 2005, 26:417-431.
9. Borkenau P., Liebler A. Trait inferences: sources of validity at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 62:645-657.
10. Brown E., Perrett D.I. What gives a face its gender?. Perception 1993, 22:829-840.
11. Bruce V., Burton A.M., Hanna E., Healey P., Mason O., Coombes A., et al. Sex discrimination: how do we tell the difference between male and female faces?. Perception 1993, 22:131-152.
12. Bulygina E., Mitteroecker P., Aiello L. Ontogeny of facial dimorphism and patterns of individual development within one human population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2006, 131:432-443.
13. Coss R.G. The role of evolved perceptual biases in art and design. Evolutionary aesthetics 2003, 69-130. Springer, Berlin. E. Voland, K. Grammer (Eds.).
14. Ekman P. Basic emotions. Handbook of cognition and emotion 1999, 45-60. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Sussex, UK. T. Dalgleish, M. Power (Eds.).
15. Enlow D.H. Handbook of facial growth 1975, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
16. Enlow D.H., Hans M.G. Essentials of facial growth 1996, Saunders, Philadelphia.
17. Erk S., Spitzer M., Wunderlich A.P., Galley L., Walter H. Cultural objects modulate reward circuitry. NeuroReport 2002, 13:2499-2503.
18. Good P. Permutation tests: a practical guide to resampling methods for testing hypotheses 2000, Springer, New York. 2nd ed.
19. Grammer K., Thornhill R. Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comperative Psychology 1994, 108:233-242.
20. Guthrie R.D. Evolution of human threat display organs. Evolutionary biology 1970, Vol. 4:257-302. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. T. Dobzhansky, M.K. Hecht, W.C. Steere (Eds.).
21. Guthrie S.E. Faces in the clouds: a new theory of religion 1993, Oxford University Press, New York.
22. Henrich J., Heine S.J., Norenzayan A. The weirdest people in the world. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2010, 33:61-135.
23. Hess U., Adams R.B., Kleck R.E. Who may frown and who should smile? Dominance, affiliation, and the display of happiness and anger. Cognition and Emotion 2005, 19:515-536.
24. Hess U., Adams R.B., Grammer K., Kleck R.E. Face gender and emotion expression: are angry women more like men?. Journal of Vision 2009, 9:1-8.
25. Hess U., Blairy S. Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2001, 40:129-141.
26. Keating C.F., Mazur A., Segal M.H. Facial gestures which influence the perception of status. Sociometry 1977, 40:374-378.
27. Kuefner D., Macchi Cassia V., Picozzi M., Bricolo E. Do all kids look alike? Evidence for an other-age effect in adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance 2008, 34:811-817.
28. Mark L.S., Shaw R.E., Pittenger J.B. Natural constraints, scales of analysis, and information for the perception of growing faces. Social and applied aspects of perceiving faces 1988, 11-49. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Hillsdale, NJ. T.R. Alley (Ed.).
29. Marsh A.A., Yu H.H., Schechter J.C., Blair R.J.R. Larger than life: humans' nonverbal status cues alter perceived size. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e5707.
30. McCrae R.R., Costa P.T. Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist 1997, 52:509-516.
31. Mitteroecker P., Gunz P. Advances in geometric morphometrics. Evolutionary Biology 2009, 36:235-247.
32. Montepare J.M., Zebrowitz L.A. Person perception comes of age: the salience and significance of age in social judgments. Advances in experimental social psychology 1998, Vol. 30:93-163. Academic Press, New York. M.P. Zanna (Ed.).
33. Morewedge C.K., Preston J., Wegner D.M. Timescale bias in the attribution of mind. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93:1-11.
34. Nettle D. Adaptive illusions: optimism, control and human rationality. Emotion, evolution and rationality 2004, 193-208. Oxford University Press, Oxford. D. Evans, P. Cruse (Eds.).
35. Perrett D.I., Lee K.J., Penton-Voak I., Rowland D., Yoshikawa S., Burt D.M., et al. Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature 1998, 394:884-887.
36. Pittenger J.B., Shaw R.E., Mark L.S. Perceptual information for the age level of faces as a higher order invariant of growth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1979, 5:478-493.
37. Rohlf F.J. tpsDig2 (Version 2.12): Department of Ecology and Evolution 2008, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York.
38. Rohlf F.J. tpsRegr, shape regression (Version 1.36): Department of Ecology and Evolution 2009, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York.
39. Rohlf F.J., Slice D.E. Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Systematic Zoology 1990, 39:40-59.
40. Russell J.A. Reading emotions from and into faces: resurrecting a dimensional-contextual perspective. The psychology of facial expression 1997, 295-320. Cambridge University Press, Paris. J.A. Russell, J.M. Fernández-Dols (Eds.).
41. Schaefer K., Mitteroecker P., Fink B., Bookstein F.L. Psychomorphospace - from biology to perception, and back: towards an integrated quantification of facial form variation. Biological Theory 2009, 4:98-106.
42. Schaefer K., Mitteroecker P., Gunz P., Bernhard M., Bookstein F.L. Craniofacial sexual dimorphism patterns and allometry among extant hominids. Annals of Anatomy 2004, 186:471-478.
43. Senior C., Barnes J., Jenkins R., Landau S., Phillips M.L., David A.S. Attribution of social dominance and maleness to schematic faces. Social Behavior and Personality 1999, 27:331-337.
44. Sperber D. The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations. Mapping the mind: domain specificity in cognition and culture 1994, 39-67. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. L.A. Hirschfeld, S.A. Gelman (Eds.).
45. Todorov A., Said C.P., Engell A.D., Oosterhof N.N. Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2008, 12:455-460.
46. Trenouth M.J., Joshi M. Proportional growth of craniofacial regions. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics 2006, 67:92-104.
47. Waytz A., Epley N., Cacioppo J.T. Social cognition unbound: insights into anthropomorphism and dehumanization. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2010, 19:58-62.
48. Weston E.M., Friday A.A., Liò P. Biometric evidence that sexual selection has shaped the Hominin face. PloS ONE 2007, 2:e710.
49. Williams J.E., Satterwhite R.C., Best D.L. Pancultural gender stereotypes revisited: the five factor model. Sex Roles 1999, 40:513-525.
50. Windhager S., Bookstein F.L., Grammer K., Thorstensen T., Schaefer K. Principles of growth perception: does the human face processing pathway generalize to cars?. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2009, 138:274-275.
51. Windhager S., Hutzler F., Carbon C.C., Oberzaucher E., Schaefer K., Thorstensen T., et al. Laying eyes on headlights: eye movements suggest facial features in cars. Collegium Antropologicum 2010, 34:1075-1080.
52. Windhager S., Slice D.E., Schaefer K., Oberzaucher E., Thorstensen T., Grammer K. Face to face - the perception of automotive designs. Human Nature 2008, 19:331-346.