Carcinogenic tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in US cigarettes: Three decades of remarkable neglect by the tobacco industry

Tobacco Control

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 44-48

  Stepanov, Irina ^a   Knezevich, Aleksandar ^a   Zhang, Liqin ^b   Watson, Clifford H ^b   Hatsukami, Dorothy K ^a   Hecht, Stephen S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGEN; NITROSAMINE;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; MARKETING; SMOKE; SMOKING; TOBACCO; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; UNITED STATES;

CARCINOGENS; HUMANS; MARKETING; NITROSAMINES; SMOKE; SMOKING; TOBACCO; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84857030295     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: 14683318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.042192     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Hecht SS, Chen CB, Hoffmann D. Tobacco specific nitrosamines: occurrence, formation, carcinogenicity, and metabolism. Accts Chem Res 1979;12:92-8.
2. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Smokeless tobacco and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol 89. Lyon, FR: IARC, 2007:427-51, 548-53.
3. Hoffmann D, Hecht SS, Ornaf RM, et al. Nitrosonornicotine: presence in tobacco, formation and carcinogenicity. In: Walker EA, Bogovski P, Griciute L, eds. Environmental N-Nitroso Compounds: Analysis and Formation. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1976:307-20.
4. Hecht SS, Chen CB, Dong M, et al. Studies on non-volatile nitrosamines in tobacco. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung 1977;9:1-6.
5. Hoffmann D, Adams JD, Brunnemann KD, et al. Assessment of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in tobacco products. Cancer Res 1979;39:2505-9.
6. Hoffmann D, Dong M, Hecht SS. Origin in tobacco smoke of N'-nitrosonornicotine, a tobacco-specific carcinogen: brief communication. J Natl Cancer Inst 1977;58:1841-4.
7. Adams JD, Lee SJ, Vinchkoski N. On the formation of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone during smoking. Cancer Lett 1983;17:339-46.
8. Fischer S, Spiegelhalder B, Eisenbarth J, et al. Investigations on the origin of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke of cigarettes. Carcinogenesis 1990;11:723-30.
9. Wu W, Zhang L, Jain RB, et al. Determination of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke from U.S.-brand and non-U.S.-brand cigarettes from 14 countries. Nicotine Tob Res 2005;7:443-51.
10. Brunnemann KD, Mitacek EJ, Liu Y, et al. Assessment of major carcinogenic tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in Thai cigarettes. Cancer Detect Prev 1996;20:114-21.
11. Djordjevic MV, Sigountos CW, Brunnemann KD, et al. Formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid in vitro and in mainstream cigarette smoke. J Agric Food Chem 1991;39:209-13.
12. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol 83. Lyon, FR: IARC, 2004:60-7.
13. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Smokeless tobacco and tobaccospecific nitrosamines. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, v.89. Lyon, FR: IARC, 2007:427-51.
14. Ashley DL, Beeson MD, Johnson DR, et al. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco from U.S. brand and non-U.S. brand cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2003;5:323-31.
15. Rickert WS, Joza PJ, Sharifi M, et al. Reductions in the tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) content of tobaccos taken from commercial Canadian cigarettes and corresponding reductions in TSNA deliveries in mainstream smoke from such cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008;51:306-10.
16. PR Newswire. Reynolds Tobacco discloses potential method to reduce controversial compounds in flue-cured tobacco, 1999. http://www.thefreelibrary.com (accessed 1999).
17. PR Newswire. Reynolds Tobacco will use flue-cured tobacco low in nitrosamines. Action on Smoking and Health, 1999. http://www.no-smoking.org (accessed 1999).
18. Gray N, Boyle P. The case of the disappearing nitrosamines: a potentially global phenomenon. Tob Control 2004;13:13-16.
19. Richter P, Pechacek T, Swahn M, et al. Reducing levels of toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke: a new Healthy People 2010 objective. Public Health Rep 2008;123:30-8.
20. Maxwell JC. The Maxwell Report: Year End & Fourth Quarter 2009 Sales Estimates for the Cigarette Industry. Richmond, VA: John C. Maxwell, Jr, 2010.
21. Reynolds American Inc. RAI's 2009 performance highlights underlying strength and resilience. 4 Feb, 2010. www.reynoldsamerican.com/releasedetail.cfm? ReleaseID=442900.
22. Stepanov I, Jensen J, Hatsukami D, et al. New and traditional smokeless tobacco: comparison of toxicant and carcinogen levels. Nicot Tob Res 2008;10:1773-82.
23. Prokopczyk B, Wu M, Cox JE, et al. Improved methodology for the quantitative assessment of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in tobacco by supercritical fluid extraction. J Agric Food Chem 1995;43:916-22.
24. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans vol. 83. Lyon, FR: IARC, 2004:53-119.
25. Hecht SS, Hoffmann D. The relevance of tobacco-specific nitrosamines to human cancer. Cancer Surv 1989;8:273-94.
26. Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1194-210.
27. Hecht SS. Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Chem Res Toxicol 1998;11:559-603.
28. Burns DM, Anderson CM, Gray N. Do changes in cigarette design influence the rise in adenocarcinoma of the lung? Cancer Causes Control 2011;22:13-22.
29. Yuan JM, Koh WP, Murphy SE, et al. Urinary levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolites in relation to lung cancer development in two prospective cohorts of cigarette smokers. Cancer Res 2009;69:2990-5.
30. Church TR, Anderson KE, Caporaso NE, et al. A prospectively measured serum biomarker for a tobacco-specific carcinogen and lung cancer in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;19:260-6.
31. Ashley DL, O'Connor RJ, Bernert JT, et al. Effect of differing levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke on the levels of biomarkers in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:1389-98.